AP Biology Biotechnology

True or false? Comparison of the sequences of the same gene across species can give some insight into the existence of a common ancestor with that gene. True False

True

manipulation of genes of organisms for our benefit

biotechnology

How many DNA molecules would there be after four rounds of PCR if the initial reaction mixture contained two molecules? 8 32 64 16

32

What is the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)? A method to amplify a fragment of DNA. A method to determine the sequence of bases in a gene. A method to join two fragments of DNA together. A method to propagate a gene in bacteria.

A method to amplify a fragment of DNA.

What is genetic cloning? A method to find the gene that encodes a certain protein A method to produce many copies of a gene A method to grow a large amount of protein

A method to produce many copies of a gene

Which of the following events occurs during the process of translation? A protein is modified. DNA is replicated. An RNA is synthesized. A polypeptide is synthesized.

A polypeptide is synthesized.

Produce 2 exactly the same copies (prokaryotes)

Binary fission

Antibiotic-resistant bacteria are becoming an increasing problem. Some bacteria that were once killed by common antibiotics have acquired the ability to survive in the presence of those antibiotics. How can bacteria acquire antibiotic resistance? Select all that apply. Bacteria can acquire random mutations that allow them to grow in the presence of antibiotics. Bacteria can acquire antibiotic-resistance genes by becoming infected with a virus that contains an antibiotic-resistance gene. Bacteria can gain an antibiotic-resistance gene by conjugating with another species of bacteria. Bacteria can pick up an antibiotic-resistance gene from the environment through transformation

Bacteria can acquire random mutations that allow them to grow in the presence of antibiotics. Bacteria can acquire antibiotic-resistance genes by becoming infected with a virus that contains an antibiotic-resistance gene. Bacteria can gain an antibiotic-resistance gene by conjugating with another species of bacteria. Bacteria can pick up an antibiotic-resistance gene from the environment through transformation

What enzyme forms covalent bonds between restriction fragments? DNA primase DNA helicase single-strand binding protein DNA polymerase DNA ligase

DNA ligase

Which of the following tools of recombinant DNA technology is incorrectly paired with its use? DNA ligase-cutting DNA, creating sticky ends of restriction fragments reverse transcriptase-production of cDNA from mRNA electrophoresis-separation of DNA fragments DNA polymerase-polymerase chain reaction to amplify sections of DNA restriction enzyme-analysis of RFLPs

DNA ligase-cutting DNA, creating sticky ends of restriction fragments

Which of the following do you think contributed the most to the success of Rhys' gene therapy? Rhys' illness was never severe or life-threatening. Rhys was very young at the time of the gene therapy procedure. Doctors were able to supplement his gene therapy with numerous rounds of bone marrow transplants. Doctors were replacing only one gene, and they only had to insert that gene into bone marrow cells.

Doctors were replacing only one gene, and they only had to insert that gene into bone marrow cells.

Which of the following statements correctly describes one of the main differences between embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells? Embryonic stem cells only differentiate into only eggs and sperm, and adult stem cells differentiate into any type of cell. One aim of using embryonic stem cells is to provide cells for repair of diseased tissue. Embryonic stem cells can give rise to all cell types in the organism, and adult stem cells cannot. Embryonic stem cells can continue to reproduce for an indefinite period, and adult stem cells cannot.

Embryonic stem cells can give rise to all cell types in the organism, and adult stem cells cannot.

During which step in the PCR cycle are nucleotides used? Extension. Annealing. Denaturation. All of these steps.

Extension.

Bacteria that have it called F+ Form a pilus

F plasmid

fragment length/agarose consistency/time/ and voltage

Factors of gel electrophoresis

True or false? The Taq enzyme is a type of DNA polymerase that allows researchers to separate the DNA strands during the annealing step of the PCR cycle without destroying the polymerase. True False

False

True or false? The use of growth hormone isolated from cadavers was banned mainly because there were not enough cadavers to supply the hormone. True False

False

Which of the following is currently true? Gene drives would work on slow reproducing sloths, but not on fast reproducing mice. Gene drives would work on fast reproducing mice and on slow reproducing sloths. Gene drives would work on fast reproducing mice, but not on slow reproducing sloths. Gene drives would not work on fast reproducing mice or on slow reproducing sloths.

Gene drives would work on fast reproducing mice, but not on slow reproducing sloths.

What is the most logical sequence of steps for splicing foreign DNA into a plasmid and inserting the plasmid into a bacterium? I. Transform bacteria with a recombinant DNA molecule. II. Cut the plasmid DNA using restriction enzymes (endonucleases). III. Extract plasmid DNA from bacterial cells. IV. Hydrogen-bond the plasmid DNA to non-plasmid DNA fragments. V. Use ligase to seal plasmid DNA to non-plasmid DNA. IV, V, I, II, III III, IV, V, I, II III, II, IV, V, I II, III, V, IV, I

III, II, IV, V, I

Which one of the following statements is correct? If a restriction enzyme is cut at its restriction site, the result is one or more restriction fragments. If a restriction fragment is cut with a restriction enzyme, even more restriction fragments will be produced. If a restriction enzyme is combined with a piece of DNA that contains its restriction site, the result will be restriction fragments. If a restriction site is cut with a restriction fragment, the results will be multiple restriction enzymes.

If a restriction enzyme is combined with a piece of DNA that contains its restriction site, the result will be restriction fragments.

Which of the following would not be true of cDNA produced using human brain tissue as the starting material? It could be amplified by the polymerase chain reaction. It lacks the introns of the human genes. It was produced from mRNA using reverse transcriptase. It could be used to create a complete genomic library. It could be used as a probe to detect genes expressed in the brain.

It could be used to create a complete genomic library.

Which of the following statements best describes the function of reverse transcriptase? It cuts DNA strands at specific sequences. It synthesizes double-stranded DNA molecules from single-stranded DNA molecules. It makes complementary DNA (cDNA) from mRNA. It seals DNA fragments together.

It makes complementary DNA (cDNA) from mRNA.

What defect causes pituitary dwarfism? Lack of a pituitary gland One defective allele Neurodegeneration Lack of growth hormone

Lack of growth hormone

Which of these genes codes for a protein that plays a role in white blood cell function? DCP1 KRTHA1 MPO GLUT4 RP13

MPO

Which of the following steps would be performed last when screening a cDNA library? Spread bacterial cells containing the library on a plate to form colonies. Match the region of radioactivity on the filter with the corresponding plate. Incubate the filters with a gene-specific probe. Treat DNA on the filter to make it single-stranded.

Match the region of radioactivity on the filter with the corresponding plate.

Reproduce by binary fission-108 in 12 hrs!!

Nucleoid Region

Organisms share many conserved core processes and features, including transcription and translation using a uniform genetic code. Scientists have used these shared processes and features in biotechnology. For example, for the process of some transformations, a plasmid is constructed when a eukaryotic gene of interest is added with an antibiotic resistant gene such beta-lactamase, which is used for ampicillin resistance. This plasmid is then inserted into a prokaryotic bacterial cell, such as E-coli, through a transformation process that leads to the production of the product protein from the eukaryotic organism. To culture the bacteria and obtain the protein product, the bacteria must grow. Select the appropriate condition to determine if the plasmid has entered the E-coli bacterial cell. Water to which ampicillin has been added. Nutrient broth to which no antibiotic has been added. Nutrient broth to which other resistant bacteria have been added. Nutrient broth to which ampicillin has been added.

Nutrient broth to which ampicillin has been added.

Your cousin is developing a way to control Lyme disease, which is caused by bacteria and spread by ticks. With currently available technology, which of the following will he be altering with gene drives to achieve his goal? Neither the bacteria nor the ticks. Only the ticks. Only the bacteria. Both the bacteria and the ticks.

Only the ticks.

How can large quantities of protein be produced from a bacterial colony containing the gene of interest? Use reverse transcriptase to make cDNAs. Insert the plasmid containing the cDNA into bacteria. Put a cDNA encoding the protein into a plasmid with a bacterial promoter sequence. Construct a probe that matches part of the gene's sequence.

Put a cDNA encoding the protein into a plasmid with a bacterial promoter sequence.

introduction of double-stranded RNA into a cell to inhibit gene expression

RNA interference (RNAi)

A researcher is preparing to insert a human gene of interest into a bacterial plasmid in order to clone the human gene. She has genetically engineered the plasmid to carry a gene amp R , which confers resistance to the antibiotic ampicillin. She will include ampicillin in the plating medium when she grows the recombinant bacteria. Why has she engineered the plasmid to include an antibiotic resistance gene? Choose the best answer. Recombinant bacteria that have taken up the plasmid can be recognized because they are able to survive in the presence of ampicillin. Recombinant bacteria that have taken up the plasmid can be recognized because the antibiotic resistance gene produces a blue color. Recombinant bacteria that have taken up the plasmid are vulnerable to infection and require antibiotic resistance.

Recombinant bacteria that have taken up the plasmid can be recognized because they are able to survive in the presence of ampicillin.

used to identify genes/sequences (gel electrophoresis)

Southern Blotting

Which of the following is true of generalized bacteriophage transduction? The bacteriophage packages fragments of bacterial DNA into new phage particles. The bacteriophage chromosome has a region homologous to the bacterial chromosome. The bacteriophage must enter the lysogenic cycle.

The bacteriophage packages fragments of bacterial DNA into new phage particles.

Cold case detectives are investigating a homicide that took place 30 years ago. In reexamining the evidence, they find a tiny spot of blood on the victim's clothing that was likely left by the murderer. The DNA in the blood has partially degraded over time. What technique(s) would the blood lab technicians use in their examination of this tiny, degraded blood sample? Select all that apply. They would use reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to determine the genes expressed in this DNA. They would use a restriction enzyme and DNA ligase to make recombinant DNA from this sample. They would use PCR to amplify the DNA.

They would use PCR to amplify the DNA.

Taking in of DNA from viruses

Transduction

uptake of naked foreign DNA from environment

Transformation

True or false? The term "sticky ends" refers to the overhanging ends on DNA that are generated by restriction enzymes, which can base pair with any DNA molecules that contain complementary sticky ends. True False

True

In an experiment, DNA from the linear form of the bacteriophage Lambda was cut into fragments using the restriction enzyme Hind III. Restriction enzymes are isolated from bacteria and cut DNA in specific locations. Hind III cuts the Lambda DNA between the adenine nucleotides on the complimentary strands in a specific sequence, as indicated in the diagram, producing eight different size fragments. These fragments are then separated with an electrical current based on size after the DNA fragments are placed in a porous gel, a process called gel electrophoresis. Select an observation that best describes a correct aspect of the two processes of restriction digest and gel electrophoresis: If an electrical current is not used, eight separate DNA bands would be visible, but they would not be separated as much as when an electrical current is used. When separated on a gel, the pattern of DNA bands will be characteristic of those cut with Hind III, different restriction enzymes will not produce these same fragments. Only the restriction enzyme Hind III can be used to cut Lambda DNA since restriction enzymes are specific to the type of DNA they can cut. The sequence AAGCTT is found eight times in the Lambda genome and the restriction enzyme Hind III finds each location.

When separated on a gel, the pattern of DNA bands will be characteristic of those cut with Hind III, different restriction enzymes will not produce these same fragments.

What information can not be obtained from the sequence of a gene? Relationship between two species. Effects of mutation on gene function. Amino acid sequence of the protein. Whether the gene is methylated.

Whether the gene is methylated.

In recombinant DNA methods, the term vector can refer to a SNP marker. a DNA probe used to identify a particular gene. the sticky end of a DNA fragment. a plasmid used to transfer DNA into a living cell. the enzyme that cuts DNA into restriction fragments.

a plasmid used to transfer DNA into a living cell.

In order to insert a human gene into a plasmid, both must _____ have identical DNA sequences originate from the same type of cell code for the same gene product be cut by the same restriction enzyme be the same length

be cut by the same restriction enzyme

Which of the following have NOT already been done by scientists? genetic engineering to create sheep that produce pharmaceuticals in their milk cloning of a dinosaur from genes found in the blood of a fossil mosquito cloning of mammals, such as sheep, cows, horses, and dogs fertilization of a human egg in a petri dish, called in vitro fertilization gene therapy that uses a virus to deliver healthy genes into the cells of sick patients

cloning of a dinosaur from genes found in the blood of a fossil mosquito

In DNA sequencing, the pattern on the gel is ___________________ to the strand tested

complementary

Taking in of DNA from one bacteria to another

conjugation

You are a genetic engineer working on Zika. You develop a gene for causing populations of Aedes aegyptii to die. Which of the following did you create? immunizing drive reversal drive crash drive variant drive

crash drive

Theoretically, which of the following diseases should be the easiest to treat through gene therapy, considering the targeted organs and tissues where the corrected gene must be delivered? diabetes, since the target cells are found only in the pancreas cystic fibrosis, since the target cells are found in both the lungs and the GI tract Down syndrome, since there is an extra copy of chromosome 21 in every cell of the body Gaucher's disease, where fat deposits accumulate in cells throughout the body

diabetes, since the target cells are found only in the pancreas

A technique to introduce recombinant DNA into cells by applying a brief electrical pulse to a solution containing the cells. The pulse creates temporary holes in the cells' plasma membrane, through which DNA can enter.

electroporation

Which "ingredients" for PCR and for the dideoxy chain-termination method of DNA sequencing are the same? nucleic acid probes, DNA polymerase, DNA ligase mRNA, reverse transcriptase, free nucleotides template DNA, reverse transcriptase, DNA primers free nucleotides, DNA polymerase, DNA primers enucleated eggs, reverse transcriptase, free nucleotides

free nucleotides, DNA polymerase, DNA primerse

directly changing genes of an organism

genetic engineering

Which of the following is LEAST likely to be a health problem for someone with cystic fibrosis? nutritional deficiencies obesity frequent infections diabetes

obesity

a thin, rigid fiber made of protein that protrudes from the cell surface. The primary function is to attach a bacterial cell to specific surfaces or to other cells.

pilus

DNA technology has many medical applications. Which of the following is not done routinely at present? genetic testing for carriers of harmful alleles production of microbes that can metabolize toxins prenatal identification of genetic disease alleles production of hormones for treating diabetes and dwarfism introduction of genetically engineered genes into human gametes

introduction of genetically engineered genes into human gametes

The RP13 gene of chromosome 17 codes for a protein _____. involved in glucose transport that is a component of hair and nails in the regulation of blood pressure involved in eye development involved in the determination of personality

involved in eye development

The TP53 gene of chromosome 17 codes for a protein _____. that plays a role in the digestive process that, in a particular variant, may play a role in Alzheimer's disease involved in glucose transport involved in the regulation of the cell cycle that is like a white blood cell protein

involved in the regulation of the cell cycle

The allele that causes cystic fibrosis is recessive. An individual who is heterozygous for cystic fibrosis cannot have children with cystic fibrosis. is a carrier. will have children who are all carriers of cystic fibrosis. cannot reproduce.

is a carrier.

Gel electrophoresis separates DNA fragments on the basis of what characteristic? length sequence charge mutations restriction sites

length

cDNA is synthesized from what molecule using an enzyme known as what? tRNA ... RNA polymerase DNA ... DNA polymerase mRNA ... DNA polymerase HIV ... RNA polymerase mRNA ... reverse transcriptase

mRNA ... reverse transcriptase

In gel electrophoresis DNA molecules migrate from _____ to _____ ends of the gel. acidic ... basic negative ... positive basic ... acidic long ... short positive ... negative

negative ... positive

A paleontologist has recovered a bit of tissue from the 400-year-old preserved skin of an extinct dodo (a bird). To compare a specific region of the DNA from the sample with DNA from living birds, which of the following would be most useful for increasing the amount of dodo DNA available for testing? Southern blotting gel electrophoresis electroporation polymerase chain reaction (PCR) RFLP analysis

polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

Expression of a cloned eukaryotic gene in a bacterial cell involves many challenges. The use of mRNA and reverse transcriptase is part of a strategy to solve the problem of post-transcriptional processing. restriction fragment ligation. electroporation. post-translational processing. nucleic acid hybridization.

post-transcriptional processing.

An enzyme encoded by some certain viruses (retroviruses) that uses RNA as a template for DNA synthesis.

reverse transcriptase

A single base-pair site in a genome where nucleotide variation is found in at least 1% of the population.

single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)

The unpaired nucleotides produced by the action of restriction enzymes are referred to as _____. sticky ends base sequences single strands restriction fragments ligases

sticky ends

"Jumping genes" Approx. 45% of human genome Can cause mutations Can be used to trace genetic origin

transposons