AP Biology Chapter 1 Review Questions

How does the fossil record help support the theory of evolution by natural selection?

- It demonstrates that simple organisms predate more complex organisms - it provides evidence of change in the form of organisms over time

What are the intricate chemical workings of cells based on?

- chemistry

Cells are information-processing systems

Cells can sense and respond to environmental changes through proteins located on their cell membranes. Differential expression of stored genetic info is the basis for different cell types

Cell theory describes the organization of living systems

The cell is the basic unit of life and is the foundation for understanding growth and reproduction in all organisms

The relationship between structure and function underlies living systems

The function of macromolecules and their complexes is dictated by and dependent on their structure. Similarity of structure and function from one life form to another may indicate an evolutionary relationship

Living systems show hierarchical organization

The hierarchical organization of living systems progresses from atoms to the biosphere. At each higher level, emergent properties arise that are greater than the sum of the parts.

Biology unifies much of the natural sciences

The study of biological systems is interdisciplinary because solutions require many different approaches to solve a problem

Evolutionary conservation explains the unity of living systems

The underlying similarities in biochemistry and genetics supports the connection that all life evolved from a single source

Describe the organization of the biological world in one word

hierarchial---each level builds on the level below it

Why is science purely descriptive

in order to understand anything, first step is to describe it completely biology concerned with arriving at an increasingly accurate description of nature

What does Darwin's theory of evolution show?

it shows how a scientist develops a hypothesis and sets forth evidence, as well as how a scientific theory grows and gains acceptance

Homeostasis

maintain relatively constant internal conditions that are different from environment

animals, plants, algae, fungi

multicellular

Classic version of scientific method

observations lead to hypotheses that in turn make experimentally testable predictions -in this way, we evaluate new ideas to arrive at increasingly accurate view of nature

bacteria

single-celled

biology

study of living things --the science of life

photosynthesis

the conversion of energy from the sun into organic molecules

The Biosphere

the entire planet can be thought of as an ecosystem called the biosphere

Emergent properties

-As move up hierachy, novel properties emerge -emergent properties result from way in which components interact -often cannot be deduced just from looking at parts themselves -ex: emamining inv cells gives little hint about the whole animal -humans have same array of cells as giraffe

Why do scientists attempt to be as objective as possible in interpretatioin of the data and observatioins they have collected?

-Because they are human, not completely possible -science = collective endeavor subject to scrutinty and self-correcting - one person's results verified by others and if results cannot be repeated, they are rejected

Why is biology a point of convergence for the info and tools from all of the natural sciences?

-Biological systems = most complex chemical systems on Earth -many functions determined and constrained by prinicples of chemistry and physics - no new laws of nature can be gleaned from the study of biology, instead it illustrates the workings of these natural laws

What do we assume in science?

-all natural forces acting now have always acted -fundamental nature of the universe has not changed since its inception and that it is not changing now -there is no one "right" way of approaching science

Growth, development, and reproduction

-all organisms capable of growing and reproducing -all have hereditary molecules that are passed to offspring ensuring offspring are of same species

Cellular organization

-all organisms consist of one or more cells -cells are tiny -carry out basic funtions of life -each cell bounded by a membrane that separates it from its surroundings

Sensitivity

-all organisms respond to stimuli -plants grow towards souce of light -pupils of eyes dilate when you walk into a dark room

Organismal Level

-cells in complex multicellular organisms exhibit 3 levels of organization: 1. tissues = groups of similar cells that act as functional unit 2. organs = body structures composed of several different tissues that act as structural and functional units ex: brain composed of nerve cells and variety of associated tissues that form protective coverings and contribute blood 3. organ systems ex: nervous system consists of sensory organs --brain and spinal cord and neurons that convey signals

example of descriptive science

-classifying all life on Earth -lead to better understanding of biodiversity and the effect our species has on biodiversity

How is the complexity of living systems made possible?

-constant source of energy, the Sun -Biological systems do not represent any new forms of matter -most complex organization of matter known

The theory of evolution by natural selection is a good example of how science proceeds because

-it rationalizes a large body of observations -it makes predictions that have been tested by a variety of approaches

Ordered Complexity

-living things= complex and highly ordered -body composed of many kinds of cells, each containing many complex molecular structures

What is every level of biological organization governed by?

-nature of energy transactions learned from study of thermodynamics

Why has the "scientific method" generated confusion among nonscientists about the nature of science?

-nature of life defies simple description -scientists written about method as if there is only one way of doing science -oversimplified

example of descriptive science

-study of biodiversity -has implications for other aspects of biology in addition to societal implications

Energy Utilization

-take in energy and use it to perform many kinds of work -every muscle in body powered with energy you obbtain from food you eat

7 characteristics of life

1. Cellualar organization 2. Energy ultilization 3. Stimulus 4. Homeostasis 5. Growth, development, and reproduction 6. Evolutionary adaptation 7. Ordered complexity

List organization of biological world

1. The Cellular Level: -Atoms -Molecules -Macromolecules -Organelle -Cell 2. The Organismal Level" -Tissue -Organ -Organ System -Organism 3. The Populational Level: -Population -Species -Community 4. The Ecosystem Level 5. Biosphere

Hypothesis-driven science makes and tests predictions

A hypothesis is constructed based on observations and must generate experimentally testable predictions. Experiments involve a test in which a varibale is manipulated, and a control in which the variable is held constant. Hypotheses are rejected if their predictions cannot be verified by observation or experiment

Biologists construct models to explain living systems

A model provides a way of organizing our thinking about a problem; models may also suggest experimental approaches

The idea of evolution existed prior to Darwin

A number of naturalists and philosophers had suggested living things had changed during Earth's history. Darwin's contribution was the concept of natural selection.

Which of the following is the best evidence of evolutionary conservation? A) Certain proteins can consistently be found in three different kingdoms of organisms (Plantae, Animalia, and Fungi). B) Plants, animals, and fungi all are multicellular. C) Animals have fur, while plants are photosynthetic. Fungi are neither. D) Plants and fungi are both sedentary (they don't move about rapidly) and are therefore more primitive than animals. E) All organisms are made of cells.

A) Certain proteins can consistently be found in three different kingdoms of organisms (Plantae, Animalia, and Fungi).

Why was Darwin's book "On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection" considered one of the most influential books of all time? A) It proposed that evolution is factual, and provides evidence. B) It proposes a mechanism for evolution to occur. C) Its propositions cannot be falsified. D) "a" and "b" are both correct. E) All of the above are correct.

A) It proposed that evolution is factual, and provides evidence. B) It proposes a mechanism for evolution to occur.

When scientists talk about a scientific theory, they are talking about something that A) has been tested frequently and is supported by a lot of evidence. B) has been proven true. C) is wild speculation. D) is likely to never change. E) has been tested a few times but that there is no evidence to support it.

A) has been tested frequently and is supported by a lot of evidence.

Modern scientific hypotheses are based on A) inductive reasoning. B) deductive reasoning. C) description. D) subjectivity. E) guesses.

A) inductive reasoning.

A young person is fascinated by bicycles and is determined to figure out how they work. He decides to disassemble one of them and examine each part independently. He removes one of the tires and proceeds to learn all he can about the tire. He then removes one of the brakes and proceeds to learn all he can about it. What type of approach is he taking to learn about the bike? A) reductionism B) deductive reasoning C) inductive reasoning D) positivism E) objectivism

A) reductionism

Life defies simple definition

Although life is difficult to define, living systems have seven characteristics in common. They are composed of one or more cells; are highly complex and highly ordered; can respond to stimuli; can grow, can reproduce, and transmit genetic information to their offspring; need energy to accomplish work; can maintain relatively constant internal conditions (homeostasis); and are capable of evolutionary adaptation to the environment

How is the process of natural selection different from that of artificial selection?

Artificial selection is a result of human intervention.

Ecosystem Level

At highest tier of biological organization, biological community and the physical habitat within which it lives together consitute an ecological system, or ecosystem

Ecosysyem

At highest tier of biological organization, biological community and the physical habitat within which it lives together consitute an ecological system, or ecosystem ex: the soil, water, and atmosphere of a mountain ecosystem interact with the biological community of a mountain meadow in many important ways

At its core, what is science concerned with?

At its core, science is concerned with understanding the nature of the world by using observation and reasoning.

The more closely related two species are, the A) less similar their DNA is. B) more similar their DNA is. C) Neither of these is correct; no pattern is found. D) None of these are correct; we don't have the technology to analyze DNA. E) None of the above are correct.

B) more similar their DNA is.

Who else came up with the idea of evolution by natural selection at the same time as Darwin? A) Charles Lyell B) Alfred Russel Wallace C) Thomas Malthus D) Eratosthenes E) No one

B) Alfred Russel Wallace

Of the following reasons for performing science, which best represents the core purpose of scientific investigation? A) To disprove superstition. B) Understanding the world around us. C) To provide better medicines. D) Promote rational thinking. E) To determine ways in which the nature of the universe has changed since its inception.

B) Understanding the world around us.

Research designed to solve specific problems is called A) basic research. B) applied research. C) peer review. D) the scientific method. E) progression.

B) applied research.

In which domain of life would you find only single-celled organisms?

Bacteria and Archaea

Research can be basic or applied

Basic research extends the boundaries of what we know; applied research seeks to use scientific findings in practical areas such as agriculture, medicine, and industry

Recent discoveries of microscopic fossils have extended the known history of life on Earth back to about A) 5.5 billion years. B) 4.5 billion years. C) 3.5 billion years. D) 2.5 billion years. E) 1.5 billion years.

C) 3.5 billion years.

Which one of the following properties is not a characteristic of all living organisms? A) Maintenance of relatively stable internal conditions B) Adaptation to environmental factors in ways that influence survival C) Production of nutrients by photosynthesis D) Growth and reproduction E) Response to stimuli

C) Production of nutrients by photosynthesis

Which of these levels of life would contain "species"? A) Molecular organization B) Cellular organization C) The population level D) Ecosystem level E) The biosphere

C) The population level

A control experiment has all of the conditions identical to the primary experiment except that it A) uses twice as many experimental subjects. B) runs for a longer period of time. C) does not have the variable being tested. D) has more of the variable being tested. E) None of these are correct; it is completely different.

C) does not have the variable being tested.

Structures that have the same evolutionary origin even though they may now have different structures or functions are said to be A) phylogenetic. B) analogous. C) homologous. D) immutable. E) geometric.

C) homologous.

How was Thomas Malthus important in shaping Darwin's proposal for the mechanism of evolution? A) He noticed that populations in nature are always growing, rather than staying constant over time. B) His atheism made him view the world in a way that was not influenced by God or creationism. C) His proposals of evolution paved the way for lines of thought that Darwin knew to be radical for its time. D) His essays outlined how populations tend to increase in number geometrically (2, 4, 8?), while cultivated resources increase arithmetically (1, 2, 3?). E) All of the above are reasons that influenced Darwin.

D) His essays outlined how populations tend to increase in number geometrically (2, 4, 8?), while cultivated resources increase arithmetically (1, 2, 3?).

Darwin explained his theory of evolution in a book called A) The Principle of Population. B) Survival of the Fittest. C) The Descent of Man. D) On the Origin of Species. E) Around the World in Eighty Days.

D) On the Origin of Species.

Scientists currently classify life into three major groups called A) genomes. B) kingdoms. C) phylogenetic trees. D) domains. E) biological communities.

D) domains.

The process of careful review on research results in scientific journals, is knows as A) applied research. B) deductive reasoning. C) theory building. D) peer-review. E) reductionism.

D) peer-review.

Darwin proposed natural selection as a mechanism for evolution

Darwin noted that species produce many offspring, but only a limited number survive and reproduce. He observed that the traits of offspring can be changed by artificial selection. Darwin proposed that individuals possessing traits that increase survival and reproduction success become more numerous in populations over time. This is the essence of descent with modification (natural selection). Alfred Russel Wallace independently came to the same conclusions from his own studies

Science uses both deductive and inductive reasoning

Deductive reasoning applies general principles to predict specific results. Inductive reasoning uses specific observations to construct general scientific priniciples

Darwin observed differences in related organisms

During the voyage of the HMS Beagle, Darwin had an opportunity to observe worldwide patterns of diversity.

Which of the following are analogous structures? A) the front leg of a horse and a human arm B) the front leg of a frog and a bat wing C) the front flipper of a porpoise and a human arm D) the wing of a bird and a bat wing E) the wing of a bird and a butterfly wing

E) the wing of a bird and a butterfly wing

Bones that have the same evolutionary origin, but they now differ in structure and function are said to be analogous. A) TRUE B) FALSE

False

Exobiology is the study of life on other planets. In recent years, scientists have sent various spacecraft out into the galaxy in search for extraterrestrial life. Assuming that all life shares common properties, what should exobiologists be looking for when they explore other worlds?

For something to be considered living, it would demonstrate organization, possibly including a cellular structure. The organism would gain and use energy to maintain homeostasis, respond to its environment, and grow and reproduce. These latter properties would be difficult to determine if the evidence of life from other planets comes from fossils. Similarly, the ability of an alien organism to evolve would be difficult to establish.

The molecular basis of inheritance explains the continuity of life

Hereditary info, ecoded in genes found in the DNAmolecule, is passed on from one generation to the next

Evolutionary conservation occurs when a characteristic is?

Important to the life of the organism

The Populational Level

Individual organisms can be categorized into several hierarchial levels within the living world -population = a group of organisms of the same species living in the same place -species = all populations of a particular kind of organism together form a species -biological community = consists of all the populations of different species living together in one place

The diversity of life arises by evolutionary change

Living organisms appear to have had a common origin from which a diversity of life arose by evolutionary change. They can be grouped into three domains comprising 6 kindgoms based on their differences

Which of the following is NOT a property of life? -Energy Utilization -Movement -Order -Homeostasis

Movement

The nature of scientific theories

Scientists use the word theory in two main ways: -as a proposed explanation for some natural phenominon - as a body of concepts that explains facts in an area of study

The predictions of natural selection have been tested

Natural selection has been tested using data from many fields. Among these are the fossil record, the age of the Earth, determined by rates of radioactive decay to 4.5 billion years ago, genetic experiments such as those of Gregor Mendel, showing that traits can be inherited as discrete units, comparative anatomy, and the study of homologous structure, and molecular data that provides evidence in chnages in DNA and proteins over time Taken together, these findings strongly support evolution by natural selection. No data to conclusively disprove evolution has been found

Can you study biology without studying other sciences?

No. the study of biology encompasses info/tools from chemistry, physics, geology, literally all of the "natural sciences"

Living systems exist in a nonequillibrium state

Organisms are open systems that need a constant supply of energy to maintain their nonequillibrium state. Living things are able to self-organize, creating levels of complexity that may exhibit emergent properties

Reductionism breaks larger systems into their component parts

Reductionism attempts to understand a complex system by breaking it down into its component parts. It is limited because parts may act differently when isolated from the larger system.

Much of science is descriptive

Science is concerned with developing an increasingly accurate description of nature through observation and experimentation

-population

a group of organisms of the same species living in the same place

The classic experiment by Pasteur tested the hypothesis that cells arise from other cells. In this experiment cell growth was measured following sterilization of broth in a swan-neck flask or in a flask with a broken neck. a. Which variables were kept the same in these two experiments? b. How does the shape of the flask affect the experiment? c. Predict the outcome of each experiment based on the two hypotheses. d. Some bacteria (germs) are capable of producing heat-resistant spores that protect the cell and allow it to continue to grow after the environment cools. How would the outcome of this experiment have been affected if spore-forming bacteria were present in the broth?

a. the variables that were held the same include the broth, the flask, and the sterilization step. b. because any cells present in the air can enter the flask with the broken neck, but they are trapped in the neck of the other flask c. If cells can arise spontaneously, then cell growth will occur in both flasks. If cells can only arise from preexisting cells (cells in the air), then only the flask with the broken neck will grow cells. Breaking the neck exposes the broth to a source of cells. d. If the sterilization step did not actually remove all cells, then growth would have occurred in both flasks. This result would seem to support the hypotheses that life can arise spontaneously.

A hypothesis in biology is best described as: a. a possible explanation of an observation b. an observation that supports a theory c. general principle that explains some aspect of life d. an unchanging statement that correctly predicts some aspect of life.

a.) a possible explanation of an observation

Evolutionary adaptation

all organisms interact with other organisms and nonliving environment in ways that influence their survival---organisms evolbe adaptations to their environment

species

all populations of a particular kind of organism together form a species, its members similar in appearance and able to interbreed

Cellular Level

atoms= fundamental elements of matter, joined together into clusters called molecules. Complex biological molecules assembled into tiny structures= organelles, within membrane-bounded units called cells cell= basic unit of life

The molecule DNA is important to biological systems because: a. it can be replicated b.it encodes the info for making a new individual c. it forms a complex, double-helical structure d. nucleotides form genes

b. - it encodes the info for making a new individual

A scientific theory is: a. a guess about how things work in the world b. a statement of how the world works that is supported by experimental data c. a belief held by many scientists d. both a and c

b. - a statement of how the world works that is supported by experimental data

Why is it difficult to define "life"

b/c living world exhibits many emergent properties

The ideas of evolution: a. was original to Darwin b. was original to Wallace c. predated Darwin and Wallace d. both a and b

c. -Predated Darwin and Wallace

The organization of living systems is: a. linear with cells at one end and the biosphere at the other b. circular with cells in the center c. hierarchical with cells at the base, and the biosphere at the top d. chaotic and beyond description

c. - hierarchical with cells at the base, and the biosphere at the top

The process of inductive reasoning involves: a. the use of general principles to predict a specific result b. the generation of specific predictions based on a belief system c. the use of specific observations to develop general principles d. the use of general principles to support a hypothesis

c. the use of specific observations to develop general principles

How is science becoming more interdisciplinary?

combines expertise from various fields such as nanotechnology biology at heart of multidisiplinary approach b/c biological problems require several different apporaches to arrive at solutions

biological community

consists of all the populations of different species living together in one place

The cell theory states that: a. cells are small b. cells are highly organized c. there is only one basic type of cell d. all living things are made up of cells

d. all living things are made up of cells

Which of the following is NOT an example of reductionism? a. Analysis of an isolated enzyme's function in an experimental assay. b. Investigation of the effect of a hormone on cell growth in a Petri dish c. Observation of the change in gene expression in response to specific stimulus d. an evaluation of the overall behavior of a cell

d. - an evaluation of the overall behavior of a cell

What is the significance of Pasteur's experiment to test the germ hypothesis? a. It proved that heat can sterilize a broth b. It demonstrated that cells can arise spontaneously c. it demonstrated that some cells are germs d. it demonstrated that cells can only arise from other cells

d. - it demonstrated that cells can only arise from other cells

Much of science is purely....

descriptive

What is science concerned with at its core?

developing an increasingly accurate understanding of the world around us using observation and reasoning