AP Biology Chapter 17

According to Beadle and Tatum's hypothesis, how many genes are necessary for this pathway?

2

You add polynucleotide phosphorylase to a solution of ATP, GTP, and UTP. How many artificial mRNA 3 nucleotide codons would be possible?

27

A part of an mRNA molecule with the following sequence is being read by a ribosome: 5' CCG-ACG 3' (mRNA). The anticodon loop of the first tRNA that will complement this mRNA is?

3' GGC 5'

A particular triplet of bases in the template strand of DNA is 5' AGT 3'. The corresponding codon for the mRNA transcribed is?

3' UCA 5'

Given the locally unwound double strand above, in which direction does the RNA polymerase move?

3' to 5' along the template strand

Which components of the previous molecule will also be found in mRNA in the cytosol?

5' UTR E1 E2 E3 E4 UTR 3' (the longest one)

If a protein is coded for by a single gene and this protein has six clearly defined domains, which number of exons below is the gene likely to have?

8

You add polynucleotide phosphorylase to a solution of adenosine triphosphate. How many artificial mRNA 3 nucleotide codons would be possible?

8

In order for a eukaryotic gene to be engineered into a bacterial colony to be expressed, what must be included in addition to the coding exons of the gene?

A BACTERIAL

The most commonly occurring mutation in people with cystic fibrosis is a deletion of a single codon. This results in?

A POLYPEPTIDE

Which of the following mutations is most likely to cause a phenotypic change?

A SINGLE nucleotide

Which small-scale mutation would be most likely to have a catastrophic effect on the functioning of a protein?

A base deletion near the START

Which of the following DNA mutations is the most likely to be damaging to the protein it specifies?

A base-pair

Which of the following types of mutation resulting in an error in the mRNA just after the AUG start translation, is likely to have the most serious effect on the polypeptide product?

A deletion of TWO

Of the following, which is the most current description of a gene?

A dna SEQUENCE

The genetic code is essentially the same for all organisms. From this, one can logically assume which of the following?

A gene

Which of the following does not occur in a prokaryotic eukaryotic gene expression, but does in eukaryotic gene expression?

A poly-A tail

Which of the following mutation would be most likely to have a harmful effect on an organism?

A single nucleotide INSERTION

Which of the following nucleotide triplets best represents a codon?

A triplet in the SAME

A part of the promoter, called the TATA box, is said to be highly conserved in evolution. Which of the following might this illustrate?

ANY mutation

The nitrogenous base adenine is found in all members of which group?

ATP

What is a ribozyme?

An RNA

Accuracy in the translation of mRNA into the primary structure of a polypeptide depends on specificity in the?

Bonding of the anticodon to the codon and the ATTACHMENT (the longest one)

Which component is not directly involved in translation?

DNA

Which of the following provides some evidence that RNA probably evolved before DNA?

DNA uses PRIMER

Gene expression in the domain Archaea in part resembles that of bacteria and in part that of the domain Eukarya. In which way is it most like the domain Eukarya?

Domain ARCHAEA

Where does tRNA #2 move to after this bonding of lysine to the polypeptide?

E site

A frameshift mutation could result from?

EITHER insertion or deletion

Which of the following is not true of RNA processing?

EXONS are cut out

What is the function of GTP in translation?

GTP energizes

What type of bonding is responsible for maintaining the shape of the tRNA molecule?

Hydrogen Bonding

Suppose exposure to a chemical mutagen results in a change in the sequence that alters the 5' end of intron 1 (EI). What might occur?

INclusion

The "universal" genetic code is now known to have exceptions. Evidence for this can be found if which of the following is true?

If UGA

Which of the following is a useful feature of introns for this model?

Introns ALLOW

Which of the following is a function of a poly-A tail signal sequence?

It CODES

Which of the following is not true of a codon?

It EXTENDS

What is the effect of a nonsense mutation in a gene?

It INTRODUCES

Which of the following is true about transcription in domain Archaea?

It Is Roughly

RNA polymerase in a prokaryote is composed of several subunits. Most of these subunits are the same for the transcription of any gene, but one, known as sigma, varies considerably. Which of the following is the most probable advantage for the organism of such sigma switching?

It MIGHT allow the POLYMERASE

Why might a point mutation in DNA make a difference in the level of a protein's activity?

It might SUBSTITUTE an AMINO ACID

When the function of the newly made polypeptide is to be secreted from the cell where it has been made, what must occur?

Its signal sequence must TARGET

Garrod hypothesized that "inborn errors of metabolism" such as alkaptonuria occur because?

METABOLIC

Which component of the complex described enters the exit tunnel through the large subunit of the ribosome?

NEWLY formed polypeptide

Garrod's information about the enzyme alteration resulting in alkaptonuria led to further elucidation of the same pathway in humans. Phenylketonuria (PKU) occurs when another enzyme in the pathway is altered or missing, resulting in a failure of phenylalanine (phe) to be metabolized to another amino acid: tyrosine. Tyrosine is an earlier substrate in the pathway altered in alkaptonuria. How might PKU affect the presence or absence of alkaptonuria?

NO efffect, TYROSINE

Suppose that a mutation alters the formation of a tRNA such that it still attaches to the same amino acid (phe) but its anticodon loop has the sequence AAU that binds to the mRNA codon UUA (that usually specifies leucine leu)?

ONE mutated

A part of an mRNA molecule with the following sequence is being read by a ribosome: 5' CCG-ACG 3' (mRNA). The dipeptide that will form will be?

PROLINE

A mutant bacterial cell has a defective aminoacyl synthase that attaches a lysine to tRNAs with the anticodon AAA instead of the normal phenylalanine, The consequence of this for the cell will be that?

PROTIENS in the cell

During splicing, which molecular component of the spliceosome catalyzes the excision reaction?

RNA

Which of the following statements best describes the termination of transcription in prokaryotes?

RNA transcribes through the TERMINATOR sequence

In eukaryotic cells, transcription cannot begin until?

SEVERAL transcription

Transcription in eukaryotes requires which of the following in addition to RNA polymerase?

Several

Which of the following variations on translation would be most disadvantageous for a cell?

TRANSLATING

The tRNA shown in the figure has its 3' end projecting beyond its 5' end. What will occur at this 3' end?

The AMINO ACID binds

In comparing DNA replication with RNA transcription in the same cell, which of the following is true only of replication?

The ENTIRE

In the structural organization of many eukaryotic genes, individual exons may be related to which of the following?

The VARIOUS

When the genome of a particular species is said to include 20,000 protein-coding regions, what does this imply?

There are also GENES

In the transcription event of the previous DNA, where would the promoter be located?

To the RIGHT of the TEMPLATE

Which of the following statements is true about protein synthesis in prokaryotes?

Translation can BEGIN

A particular triplet of bases in the coding sequence of DNA is AAA. The anticodon on the tRNA that binds to the mRNA codon is?

UUU

In the 1920s Muller discovered that X-rays caused mutation in Drosophila. In a related series of experiments in the 1940s, Charlotte Auerbach discovered that chemicals-she used nitrogen mustards-have a similar effect. A new chemical food additive is developed by a cereal manufacturer. Why do we test for its ability to induce mutation?

We want to PREVENT

When translating secretory or membrane proteins, ribosomes are directed to the ER membrane by?

a signal-recognition

A mutation results in a defective enzyme A. Which of the following would be a consequence of that mutation?

an accumulation of A and NO Production of B and C. (A,NO,B,C)

When the ribosome reaches a stop codon on the mRNA, no corresponding tRNA enters the A site. If the translation reaction were to be experimentally stopped at this point, which of the following would you be able to isolate?

an assembled ribosome with a polypeptide ATTACHED

Alternative RNA splicing?

can allow the production of PROTEINS

The anticodon of a particular tRNA molecule is?

complementary to the corresponding mRNA CODON

What is the function of the release factor (RF)?

it BINDS

A transcription unit that is 8,000 nucleotides long may use 1,200 nucleotides to make a protein consisting of approximately 400 amino acids. This is best explained by the fact that?

many NON-CODING

If A, B, and C are all required for growth, a strain that is mutant for the gene-encoding enzyme B would be capable of growing on which of the following media?

minimal medium supplemented with C only. (C)

If A, B, and C are all required for growth, a strain that is mutant for the gene-encoding enzyme A would be able to grow on which of the following media?

minimal medium supplemented with nutrient B only. (B)

The process of translation, whether in prokaryotes or eukaryotes, requires tRNAs, amino acids, ribosomal subunits, and which of the following?

polypeptide factors plus GTP

Suppose that an induced mutation removes most of the 5' end of the 5' UTR. What might result?

removal of the 5' UTR also REMOVES

In eukaryotes there are several different types of RNA polymerase. Which type is involved in transcription of mRNA for a globin protein?

rna polymerase II TWO

An experimenter has altered the 3' end of the tRNA corresponding to the amino acid methionine in such a way as to remove the 3' AC. Which of the following hypotheses describes the most likely result?

the AMINO ACID

The TATA sequence is found only several nucleotides away from the start site of transcription. This most probably relates to which of the following?

the NUMBER

There are 61 mRNA codons that specify an amino acid, but only 45 tRNAs. This is best explained by the fact that?

the RULES

Which of the following is the first event to take place in translation in eukaryotes?

the SMALL subunit

In an experimental situation, a student researcher inserts an mRNA molecule into a eukaryotic cell after he has removed its 5' cap and poly-A tail. Which of the following would you expect him to find?

the molecule is DIGESTED by EXON-NUCLEASES

When the spliceosome binds to elements of this structure, where can it attach?

to the END

Which of the following is a function of a single peptide?

to transLOCATE