AP Biology Chapter 35

Which statement best describes the difference in responses of effector B cells (plasma cells) and cytotoxic T cells?

B cells secrete antibodies against a pathogen; cytotoxic T cells kill pathogen-infected host cells.

The ability of one person to produce over a million different antibody molecules does not require over a million different genes; rather, this wide range of antibody production is due to

DNA rearrangements.

Arrange these components of the mammalian immune system as it first responds to a pathogen in the correct sequence.

III → IV → II → I → V

Septic shock, a systemic response including high fever and low blood pressure, is a response to

certain bacterial infections.

The cell-mediated immunity that destroys virally infected cells involves

cytotoxic T cells.

Adaptive immunity depends on

pathogen-specific recognition.

A systemic inflammatory response that is often life threatening is

septic shock.

An epitope is

that part of an antigen that actually binds to an antigen receptor.

Immunological memory accounts for

the ancient observation that someone who had recovered from the plague could safely care for those newly diseased.

An epitope associates with which part of an antigen receptor or antibody?

variable regions of a heavy chain and light chain combined

Which of the following statements is not true?

A lymphocyte has receptors for multiple different antigens.

An immune response to a tissue graft will differ from an immune response to a bacterium because

MHC molecules of the donor may stimulate rejection of the graft tissue, but bacteria lack MHC molecules.

A patient who can produce antibodies against some bacterial pathogens, but not against viral infections, probably has a disorder in his

T cells.

Bacterial infection in a previously uninfected house cat would most quickly activate its

Toll-like receptors that bind to lipopolysaccharides.

The complement system is

a group of antimicrobial proteins that act together in a cascade fashion.

Bacteria entering the body through a small cut in the skin

activate a group of proteins called complement.

Which of these is not part of insect immunity?

activation of natural killer cells

In some insects, such as Drosophila, fungal cell wall elements can activate the protein Toll, which

acts as a receptor that, when activated, signals synthesis of antimicrobial peptides.

Clonal selection is an explanation for how

an antigen can provoke production of high levels of specific antibodies.

In the human disease known as lupus, there is an immune reaction against a patient's own DNA from broken or dying cells, which categorizes lupus as

an autoimmune disease.

A patient who undergoes a high level of mast cell degranulation, dilation of blood vessels, and an acute drop in blood pressure is likely suffering from

anaphylactic shock immediately following exposure to an allergen.

Among the last line of defenses against prolonged exposure to an extracellular pathogen is

antibody production by plasma cells.

Clonal selection implies that

antigens increase mitosis in specific lymphocytes.

The receptors on T cells and B cells bind to

antigens.

A patient complaining of watery, itchy eyes and sneezing after being given a flower bouquet as a birthday gift should first be treated with

antihistamines.

A newborn who is accidentally given a drug that destroys the thymus would most likely

be unable to differentiate and mature T cells.

B cells have antigen receptors that bind to antigens that are either freely dissolved or present on the surface of invading/foreign cells. T cells have antigen receptors that

bind to antigen fragments presented on major histocompatability complexes by host cells.

Preventing the appearance of the symptoms of an allergy attack would be the likely result of

blocking the attachment of the IgE antibodies to the mast cells.

Antihistamine treatment reduces

blood vessel dilation.

Select the pathway that would lead to the activation of cytotoxic T cells.

body cell becomes infected with a virus → new viral proteins appear → class I MHC molecule-antigen complex displayed on cell surface

An otherwise healthy student in your class is infected with EBV, the virus that causes infectious mononucleosis. The same student had already been infected when she was a child, at which time she had merely experienced a mild sore throat and swollen lymph nodes in her neck. This time, although infected, she does not get sick. The EBV antigen fragments will be presented by the virus-infected cells along with

class I MHC molecules.

Which of the following cells are involved in cell-mediated immunity and also respond to class I MHC molecule-antigen complexes?

cytotoxic T cells

An otherwise healthy student in your class is infected with EBV, the virus that causes infectious mononucleosis. The same student had already been infected when she was a child, at which time she had merely experienced a mild sore throat and swollen lymph nodes in her neck. This time, although infected, she does not get sick. Her immune system's recognition of the second infection involves the

cytotoxic T cells.

T cells of the immune system include

cytotoxic and helper cells.

The MHC is important in a T cell's ability to

distinguish self from nonself.

Normal immune responses can be described as polyclonal because

diverse antibodies are produced for different epitopes of a specific antigen.

Mammals have Toll-like receptors (TLRs) that can recognize a kind of macromolecule that is absent from vertebrates but present in/on certain groups of pathogens, including viral

double-stranded RNA.

The number of MHC protein combinations possible in a given population is enormous. However, an individual in that diverse population has a far more limited array of MHC molecules because

each of the MHC genes has a large number of alleles, but each individual only inherits two for each gene.

A bone marrow transplant may not be appropriate from a given donor (Jane) to a given recipient (Jane's cousin Bob), even though Jane has previously given blood for one of Bob's needed transfusions, because

even though Jane's blood type is a match to Bob's, her MHC proteins may not be a match.

Antigens are

foreign molecules that trigger the generation of antibodies.

A cell type that interacts with both the humoral and cell-mediated immune pathways is a

helper T cell.

B cells interacting with helper T cells are stimulated to differentiate when

helper T cells release cytokines.

The ability of some viruses to remain inactive (latent) for a period of time is exemplified by

herpes simplex viruses (oral or genital) whose reproduction is triggered by physiological or emotional stress in the host.

An inflammation-causing signal released by mast cells at the site of an infection is

histamine.

Antibodies of the different classes IgM, IgG, IgA, IgD, and IgE differ from each other

in their heavy-chain structure.

Inflammatory responses typically include

increased activity of phagocytes in an inflamed area.

Which of the following would not help a virus avoid triggering an adaptive immune response?

infecting cells that produce very few MHC molecules

An individual who has been bitten by a poisonous snake that has a fast-acting toxin would likely benefit from

injection of antibodies to the toxin.

Acidity in human sweat is an example of

innate immunity.

A nonfunctional CD4 protein on a helper T cell would result in the helper T cell being unable to

interact with a class II MHC-antigen complex.

Innate immunity

is activated immediately upon infection.

A fruit fly, internally infected by a potentially pathogenic fungus, is protected by

its antimicrobial peptides.

Vaccination increases the number of

lymphocytes with receptors that can bind to the pathogen.

An invertebrate, such as an insect, has innate immunity activity in its intestine that likely includes

lysozyme.

The function of antibodies is to

mark pathogenic cells for destruction.

Secondary immune responses upon a second exposure to a pathogen are due to the activation of

memory cells.

Engulfing-phagocytic cells of innate immunity include all of the following except

natural killer cells.

An immunoglobulin (Ig) molecule, of whatever class, with regions symbolized as C or V, H or L, has a light chain made up of

one C region and one V region.

This type of immunity is present only when a newborn infant is being fed by actively nursing its mother and ends when nursing ends.

passive immunity

Naturally acquired passive immunity results from the

placental transfer of antibodies.

Yearly vaccination of humans for influenza viruses is necessary because

rapid mutation in flu viruses alters the surface proteins in infected host cells.

Within a differentiated B cell, the rearrangement of DNA sequences between variable regions and joining regions is accomplished by

recombinase.

Histamines trigger dilation of nearby blood vessels as well as an increase in their permeability, producing

redness, heat, and swelling.

Clonal selection of B cells activated by antigen exposure leads to production of

short-lived plasma cells that secrete antibodies for the antigen.

Infection by a bacterium that has elements on its surface that enhance its resistance to lysozyme will likely result in

successful reproduction of the bacterium and continued progression of the disease.

Cave art by early humans recognized the existence of the major signs of inflammation. The most inclusive set of symptoms of inflammation that might appear in such early human art is

swelling, heat, redness, and pain.

Phagocytosis of microbes by macrophages is enhanced by

the binding of antibodies to the surface of microbes and antibody-mediated agglutination of microbes only.

An example of a pathogen that undergoes rapid changes resulting in antigenic variation is

the influenza virus, which expresses alternative envelope proteins.

The cells and signaling molecules that initiate inflammatory responses are

the mast cells and the histamines.

Salmonella bacterial poisoning can be initiated when

the microbe survives the acidic environment of the stomach and resists lysosomal degradation in macrophages.

When antibodies bind antigens, the clumping of antigens results from

the multivalence of the antibody having at least two binding regions.

A key part of the humoral immune response is

the production of antibodies by plasma cells.

The switch of one B cell from producing one class of antibody to another antibody class that is responsive to the same antigen is due to

the rearrangement of immunoglobulin heavy-chain C-region DNA.

In active immunity, but not passive immunity, there is

the requirement for direct exposure to a living or simulated pathogen.

The eyes and the respiratory tract are both protected against infections by

the secretion of lysozyme onto their surfaces.

Which of the following should be the same in identical twins?

the set of MHC molecules produced

For the successful development of a vaccine to be used against a pathogen, it is necessary that

the surface antigens of the pathogen do not change.

Jenner's successful use of cowpox virus as a vaccine against the smallpox virus is due to the fact that

there are some antigenic determinants common to both pox viruses.

The primary function of humoral immunity is

to protect the body against extracellular pathogens.

The activation of helper T cells is likely

when an antigen is displayed by a dendritic cell.