AP Biology Unit 7 Test

Assuming the population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, what is the frequency of the non-taster allele?

0.29

Over a ten-year period, the average frequency of albino squirrels in the population was 0.18. If the population is assumed to be in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, the average frequency of the dominant allele is closest to which of the following?

0.58

Gaucher disease type 1 (GD1) is a recessive genetic disease that affects 1 in 900 individuals in a particular population. GD1 is caused by a mutation in the enzyme glucocerebrosidase.Assuming the population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, calculate the frequency of the wild-type (nonmutant) allele for the enzyme glucocerebrosidase.

0.967

Which of the following best describes the cause of the rapid increase in the number of mammalian species between 65 and 55 million years ago?

After the dinosaur extinction, many ecological niches became available, leading to the adaptive radiation of mammals.

Which of the following rows of data listed in table 1 best supports the possibility of a common ancestor for the organisms listed there?

Cell wall composed of cellulose

Which of the following best predicts how phylogenetic relationships might be revised if transposon 1 was not found in chimpanzees?

Chimpanzees would be more closely related to humans than to bonobos.

Paleoclimatic analysis has generated a claim that there is a possible correlation between an extinction event around 29 million years ago that allowed grasslands to become abundant and the adaptive radiation of several groups of butterflies. Which of the following proposes the best alternative hypothesis for the claim?

Climate analysis conducted by sampling pollen preserved in amber shows an increase in grass pollen 29 million years ago, which indicates there was an increase in grasslands that correlates to an increase in butterfly speciation during the same time period.

Figure 1. Macaque hemoglobin binding ability of different strains of S. aureus. Which of the following experiments would be most appropriate to determine whether populations of S. aureus are continuously adapting in order to obtain iron from hosts more effectively?

Culture S. aureus bacteria with hemoglobin from a novel host species as the only source of iron for many generations, then compare protein structure from bacteria in this culture with bacteria from the original culture.

Figure 1. Current locations of populations of fish species A, B, C, D, and E. Which of the following data could best support the claim that species B arose from a speciation event in Lake I?

DNA analysis shows fewer differences between species A and species B in Lake I I than between species B and the populations in Lake II

Figure 1. Macaque hemoglobin binding ability of different strains of S. aureus Which of the following processes is most consistent with the differences in the amino acid sequences listed in Table 1 ?

Each strain is best adapted to a specific host species.

Figure 1. Finch beak depth before and after the 1977 drought. Using the evidence provided, which of the following best justifies the researchers' claim?

Finch beak depth increased as a consequence of selective pressure after the drought because the remaining seeds were larger and harder.

Which of the following best represents the next step the researchers should take with respect to experimental design?

Group 1: low dose of streptomycin + no dose of additional antibiotic- Group 2: low dose of streptomycin + low dose of additional antibiotic

Which of the following best describes the process responsible for the change in the percent of tuskless female elephants in the Gorongosa National Park population shown in Figure 1?

Human hunting of elephants with tusks between 1977 and 1992.

Which of the following best explains how the ecological conditions are likely to be different in the two models?

In model A the ecological conditions change gradually over a long period of time; in model B the ecological conditions remain unchanged for long periods of time and then change drastically.

Which of the following best justifies the claim that alleles that may be adaptive in one type of environment can be deleterious in another because of different selective pressures?

Light-colored mice are significantly more susceptible to predation by owls in habitats with lava rocks than in habitats with sandy soil.

Which of the following data sets is most likely to provide reliable information about the evolutionary relationships among these three snail species?

Location of fossils and shell orientation

Which of the following best explains the directional shift in beak length in these birds?

Longer beaks allow the birds to better access seeds in bird feeders.

Which organism would the researchers most likely predict to be the most distantly related to eukaryotes?

Organism 1

Figure 1. Beak depth and offspring survival in a species of finch. Based on the data in Figure 1, which of the following best describes the concept illustrated?

Parental pairs with a specific beak depth had the highest reproductive fitness

Which of the following experiments would specifically determine which gene is responsible for ceftazidime-avibactam sensitivity in P. aeruginosa ?

Perform gene knockout (targeted mutation) of either the hmgA, galU, or mexXY gene on separate cultures of the wild-type P. aeruginosa. For each individual mutant, determine whether or not ceftazidime-avibactam resistance has occurred.

A scientist is attempting to provide support for the hypothesis that RNA was the first genetic material. Which of the following would be a workable alternate hypothesis?

RNA can be observed to self-replicate without the assistance of proteins, while DNA always requires protein-based enzymes to replicate.

Based on the information provided, which of the following best describes the source of the rapid increase in milk production from 1976 to 2015 ?

Starting in the 1970s, farmers increased the selective breeding of cows and bulls for offspring that produced more milk.

The California newt, Taricha torosa, lives in the coastal areas around Los Angeles. Which of the following is a valid null hypothesis relating fitness to survival of a bottleneck event in a coastal area where a small, isolated population of California newts resides?

Surviving the bottleneck event will be random, so any change in the allelic frequencies of the salamander population is not attributed to fitness.

Figure 1. Current locations of populations of fish species A, B, C, D, and E. Which of the following mechanisms could most likely account for the origin of species B in Lake I?

Sympatric Speciation

A current challenge for doctors involves the bacterial strain Clostridioides difficile, which no longer responds to traditional antibiotic treatments. Which of the following best explains why this particular strain of bacteria is resistant to antibiotic treatment?

The bacteria have high genetic variability and high reproductive rates.

Which of the following best provides reasoning supporting a method that would help protect commercial banana crops from infection by pathogenic organisms such as Fusarium fungi?

The commercial banana strains should not be grown in monocultures, since many pathogenic organisms are able to evolve rapidly in response to a single selective pressure.

Some scientists claim that amphibians are currently experiencing a period of mass extinction. Which of the following should be included in an alternative hypothesis that would best support this claim?

The current extinction rate of amphibians compared with the background rate of extinction as determined by the fossil record

Which of the following best predicts a long-term effect of the differences between the E and Z strains?

The difference between the forms of the sex pheromone 11−TDA produced by E and Z strains will act as a prezygotic reproductive barrier leading to sympatric speciation.

Based on the information in Table 1, which of the following statements best describes the production of nearly identical AFGPs in these two species of fish?

The fish live in environments with similar selective pressures, and those that produce AFGPs are better able to survive.

Which of the following could best explain the increase in the frequency of the allele in the population after five years?

The frequency of the B allele increased due to the selective pressures of the environment.

A small number of lizards from a mainland population have been deposited on four isolated islands because of the effects of a rare strong storm. Which of the following best predicts the outcome of these lizards reproducing for many generations on the islands?

The isolation prevents gene flow; thus, the lizards on different islands experience prezygotic isolation.

Which of the following could best account for the change in genotypic frequencies over the ten generations?

The population is not exhibiting random mating between individuals.

Which of the following is an appropriate null hypothesis regarding the phenotypic frequencies of this population of salamanders before and after the flood?

The proportions of black, dark-brown, and light-brown salamanders before and after the flood are not significantly different, and any observed differences are due to random chance.

Many scientists claim that the synthesis of the first organic molecules from inorganic precursors was possible because of the highly reducing atmosphere found on primitive Earth. Which of the following is an appropriate null hypothesis that could be used when investigating the claim?

The synthesis of organic molecules from inorganic molecules is possible under current atmospheric oxygen levels as well as those found on primitive Earth.

Dr. Robert Hazen has worked to develop a hypothesis that explains the origin of life on Earth. His work has focused on hydrothermal vents, which are cracks in the ocean floor. Water heated by molten rock beneath the crust escapes from these vents at very high temperatures, producing hot, high‑pressure environments at the vents on the ocean floor. In order to provide evidence that these vents may be areas where life originated, which of the following states a null hypothesis Hazen might have used to begin his research?

The temperatures and pressures found in hydrothermal vents resemble conditions described in currently accepted origins of life hypotheses.

Which of the following states a valid null hypothesis about the future distribution of APOE alleles in future generations in the United States?

The variant protects an individual from a condition that is only common among humans beyond reproductive age, so the frequency of the allele will likely not change much in the future because it is not influenced by natural selection.

Table 1. The average percent of extinctions of 252 protected vertebrate species in 2,365 counties in China from 1950 to 2000. Which of the following is the null hypothesis most relevant for evaluating the data in Table 1 ?

There is no significant difference between the extinction rate of animals between 1950 and 2000 in China and the background extinction rate.

Which of the following best describes the importance of the number of amino acid differences indicated in Table 1 ?

They reflect the number of base pair changes in the DNA.

Figure 1. Model of spliceosome activity. Which of the following best predicts the importance of this process?

This process is common to all members of Eukarya and allows noncoding regions of RNA to be removed so that proteins with the correct amino acid sequence are produced.

Which of the following best explains why the brown-feathered phenotype in tawny owls has increased over the past 28 years?

With milder winters, the advantage of gray feathers that blend into a snowy environment has decreased.

Which of the following statements best explains how a condition of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium results in a population that exhibits stable allele frequencies (i.e., a nonevolving population) ?

Without migration or mutation, new alleles cannot be introduced to the population

The phenotypic variation in behavior between the two populations can best be described as resulting from

artificial selection.