AP Chemistry Semester Test Study Guide

A 500.mL aqueous solution of Na3PO4 (molarmass=164g/mol) was prepared using 82g of the solute. What is the molarity of Na3PO4 in the resulting solution?

1.0 M

A 42.0g sample of compound containing only C and H was analyzed. The results showed that the sample contained 36.0g of C and 6.0g of H. Which of the following questions about the compound can be answered using the results of the analysis?

What is the empirical formula of the compound?

What charge does Al typically have in ionic compounds, and why?

+3 , because it has three valence electrons.

How many unpaired electrons are in the atom represented by the electron configuration above?

0

How many grams of NaCl (molarmass=58g/mol) are needed to prepare 100.mL of a 0.25M NaCl solution?

1.5g

Based on the Lewis diagram for NH3, shown above, the H-N-H bond angle is closest to which of the following?

109.5.

Based on the mass spectrum of a pure element represented above, the average atomic mass of the element is closest to which of the following?

186.3amu

Which of the following is the correct electron configuration for a ground-state atom of magnesium (atomic number 12)?

1s22s22p63s2

At 10.°C, 20.g of oxygen gas exerts a pressure of 2.1atm in a rigid, 7.0L cylinder. Assuming ideal behavior, if the temperature of the gas was raised to 40.°C, which statement indicates the new pressure and explains why?

2.3atm , because the pressure P increases by the proportion 313/283 .

The two gas samples represented in the graph above are at the same temperature. Which of the following statements about the gases is correct?

Gas Z has a smaller molar mass than gas X.

Which of the following best helps explain why an atom of Rb gas more easily loses an electron in a chemical reaction than an atom of Li gas?

In the Rb atom the valence electron is farther from its nucleus than the valence electron of Li is from its nucleus.

A student obtains a 10.0g sample of a white powder labeled as BaCl2. After completely dissolving the powder in 50.0mL of distilled water, the student adds excess Na2SO4(s), which causes a precipitate of BaSO4(s) to form, as represented by the equation above. The student filters the BaSO4(s), rinses it, and dries it until its mass is constant. Which of the following scientific questions could best be answered based on the results of the experiment?

Is the BaCl2(s) used in the experiment pure?

In a lab a student is given a 21g sample of pure Cu metal. Which of the following pieces of information is most useful for determining the number of Cu atoms in the sample? Assume that the pressure and temperature in the lab are 1.0atm and 25°C.

The molar mass of Cu.

A student obtains a mixture of the chlorides of two unknown metals, X and Z. The percent by mass of X and the percent by mass of Z in the mixture is known. Which of the following additional information is most helpful in calculating the mole percent of XCl(s) and of ZCl(s) in the mixture?

The molar masses of X and Z

A solid compound of a group 1 (alkali) metal and a group 17 (halogen) element dissolves in water. The diagram above represents one type of solute particle present in the solution. Which of the following identifies the solute particle and best helps explain how the solute particle interacts with water molecules?

The particle is a positive ion, and the interactions are ion-dipole attractions.

The absorption spectrum of a certain red dye is shown above. If a student analyzing the same concentration of this dye neglected to wipe fingerprints off the cuvette before placing it in the spectrophotometer, how would the absorption curve be affected?

The peak of the curve would be higher because more light would be absorbed.

The diagrams above represent two allotropes of solid phosphorus. Which of the following correctly identifies the allotrope with the higher melting point and explains why?

Allotrope II , because it has covalent bonds between the phosphorous atoms that are stronger than the dispersion forces between the P4 molecules in allotrope I.

The particulate-level diagram shown above best helps to explain which of the following properties of ionic solids?

Brittleness.

Equimolar samples of CH4(g) and C2H6(g) are in identical containers at the same temperature. The C2H6(g) deviates much more from ideal behavior than the CH4(g) does. Which of the following best helps explain this deviation?

C2H6 molecules have a larger, more polarizable electron cloud than CH4 molecules do.

Which of the Lewis diagrams shown above is the more likely structure of CO2, and why?

Diagram 1, because all the atoms have a formal charge of 0.

Which of the following indicates whether the solid substance represented by the particulate diagram shown above conducts electricity and explains why or why not?

It conducts electricity because electrons are free to move through the substance.

Molten (liquid) NaCl is represented by the particulate diagram shown above. Which of the following indicates whether NaCl(l) conducts electricity and best explains why or why not?

It conducts electricity because ions are free to move.

The diagram above best illustrates which of the following phenomena associated with solids that have metallic bonding?

Malleability, because it shows how adjacent layers of positive ions can move relative to one another while remaining in full contact with the electron sea.

A jar labeled NaCl contains a powder. The table above contains information determined by analyzing a sample of the powder in the laboratory. What information in the table is the most helpful in determining whether the powder is pure NaCl?

Mass percent of Na

The diagram above represents four cations, all shown to the same scale. Which cation would be predicted by Coulomb's law to have the strongest ion-dipole attraction to water, and why?

Mg2+, because it has the largest charge-to-size ratio.

A 1.0 mol sample of which of the following compounds has the greatest mass?

N2O5

Which of the following methods is most appropriate to use to determine the number of different-colored components in a sample of black ink?

Paper chromatography using different solvents with a range of polarities as the mobile phase

The complete photoelectron spectrum of an element is given above. Which labeled peak corresponds to the 1s electrons and why?

Peak X , because 1s electrons have the strongest attractions to the nucleus.

The graph above shows how a particular real gas deviates from ideal behavior at very high pressures. Based on this information, which of the following is most likely the gas and gives the reason based on kinetic molecular theory?

SO2 , because it has the largest molecular volume.

The diagram above shows thin-layer chromatograms of the same mixture of two compounds. Based on the chromatograms, which solvent would be most effective at separating the two compounds if the same stationary phase is used for column chromatography?

Solvent C.

One type of organic molecule can be converted to another type of organic molecule through an oxidation-reduction process, as represented in the diagram above. Which of the following best explains why infrared spectroscopy is an appropriate method to confirm that the product contains a carbonyl?

The absorption of infrared radiation leads to an increase in molecular vibrational level associated with the stretching of the carbonyl.

The atomic radii of the elements in the nitrogen group in the periodic table are given in the table above. Which of the following best helps explain the trend of increasing atomic radius from N to Bi?

The attractive force between the valence electrons and the nuclei of the atoms decreases.

Which of the following claims about a binary compound composed of elements with the same electronegativity is most likely to be true?

The bonding in the compound is nonpolar covalent.

Which of the following correctly compares the strength of the two carbon-to-carbon bonds in the molecule represented in the Lewis diagram shown above?

The carbon-to-carbon bond on the left is stronger because it is a double bond..

Which of the following best helps to explain why the atomic radius of K is greater than that of Br?

The effective nuclear charge experienced by valence electrons is smaller for K than for Br.

Which of the following claims about a binary compound in which the bonding is ionic is most likely to be scientifically valid?

The electronegativity difference between the elements in the compound is relatively large.

A student adds a 1g sample of an unknown, brittle solid to distilled water, stirs the mixture, and then measures its conductivity. The student repeats this procedure with more samples of the unknown solid and then produces the graph above. Which of the following statements about the graph and the properties of the solid is correct?

The increase in conductivity indicates that the unknown is an ionic solid that dissociates into ions when it dissolves in water.

The photoelectron spectrum for the element boron is represented above. Which of the following best explains how the spectrum is consistent with the electron shell model of the atom?

The spectrum shows a single electron in the 2p subshell.

The complete photoelectron spectrum of the element carbon is represented above. Which of the following best explains how the spectrum is consistent with the electron shell model of the atom?

The spectrum shows equal numbers of electrons in the three occupied electron subshells.

Two sealed, rigid 5.0L containers each contain a gas at the same temperature but at a different pressure, as shown above. Also shown are the results of transferring the entire contents of container 1 to container 2. No gases escape during the transfer. Assuming ideal behavior, which statement is correct regarding the total pressure of the gases after they are combined?

The total pressure of the gases in the mixture is the sum of the initial pressures of oxygen gas and nitrogen gas because pressure only depends on the total amount of gas when volume and temperature are held constant.

Which of the following best helps explain why the first ionization energy of K is less than that of Ca?

The valence electron of K experiences a lower effective nuclear charge than the valence electrons of Ca.

On the basis of electronegativity differences between atoms, which of the following scientific claims is the most accurate regarding the bonding in Mg(NO3)2(s) ?

There is ionic bonding between Mg2+ ions and NO3− ions.

A student measures the mass of a sample of a metallic element, M. Then the student heats the sample in air, where it completely reacts to form the compound MO. The student measures the mass of the compound that was formed. Which of the following questions can be answered from the results of the experiment?

What is the molar mass of M?

The frequency and energy ranges of photons in some parts of the electromagnetic spectrum are given in the table above. Which of the following could be the energy of a photon in the visible range?

4×10−19J

Which of the following numerical expressions gives the number of moles in 5.0g of CaO?

5.0g/56 g/mol

Electromagnetic radiation with a maximum wavelength of 540 nm (5.4×10−7 m ) is needed for the study of the photoelectric effect in potassium atoms. What is the approximate frequency that corresponds to this wavelength?

5.6×10^14s−1

In an experiment on the photoelectric effect, a photon with a frequency of 7×1014s−1 was absorbed by a sample. What is the approximate energy of this photon?

5×10−19J

What volume of a 0.100 M HCl stock solution should be used to prepare 250.00 mL of 0.0250 M HCl?

62.5 mL

The mass spectrum for an unknown element is shown above. According to the information in the spectrum, the atomic mass of the unknown element is closest to

91amu

A gaseous air‑fuel mixture in a sealed car engine cylinder has an initial volume of 600.mL at 1.0atm. To prepare for ignition of the fuel, a piston moves within the cylinder, reducing the volume of the air‑fuel mixture to 50.mL at constant temperature. Assuming ideal behavior, what is the new pressure of the air‑fuel mixture?

About 12atm, because the volume of the gas mixture decreased by a factor of 12.

The gases CO2(g) and NH3(g) can be liquefied at 20°C by compressing them to sufficiently high pressures. A student claims that NH3(g) can be liquefied at a lower pressure than CO2(g) can be liquefied. Which of the following is the best justification for this claim?

CO2 is a nonpolar molecule that has London dispersion intermolecular forces that are weaker than the dipole-dipole and London dispersion forces between the polar NH3 molecules.

Which of the following best explains what happens as photons of visible light are absorbed by dye molecules?

Certain electrons in the dye molecule move to a higher energy level, with the difference in energy between the lower and higher energy levels being the same as the energy of the absorbed photons.

The crystal structure of NaBr is represented in the diagram above. Which statement correctly compares crystalline NaBr(s) to molten NaBr(l) in terms of electrical conductivity?

Crystalline NaBr contains no freely moving electrons to conduct electricity, but molten NaBr is composed of freely moving Na+ and Br− ions, which allows it to be a good conductor of electricity.

Rb reacts with O in a mole ratio of 2 to 1, forming the ionic compound Rb2O. Which of the following elements will react with O in a mole ratio of 2 to 1, forming an ionic compound, and why?

Cs, because it is in the same group as Rb .

Which of the diagrams above best represents the interactions that are responsible for the relatively large solubility of KCl crystals in water, and why?

Diagram 1, because strong ion-dipole interactions between KCl and water help to dissociate the solute.

Which of the diagrams above best represents the CH2O molecule, and why?

Diagram 2, because all atoms have a formal charge of 0.

Which particle diagram shown above best represents the strongest intermolecular force between two ethanol, C2H6O, molecules?

Diagram 2, because it shows the formation of a hydrogen bond between an H atom bonded to an O atom with an O atom from another molecule.

The diagrams above use arrows to represent the speed of a gas particle. Which of the diagrams best represents the speed of the particles of a gas at a fixed temperature, and why?

Diagram 2, because the particles have a variety of different speeds.

The particles in solid KI, a stable ionic compound, are arranged to maximize coulombic attractions while minimizing coulombic repulsions among the particles. Which of the following diagrams best represents the structure of solid KI?

Diagram A

Based on formal charges, which of the following is the best Lewis electron-dot diagram for H3NO?

Diagram A,

Which of the following particulate-level diagrams best represents an interstitial alloy?

Diagram A.

Which of the following represents the electron configuration of an oxygen atom in the ground state?

Diagram C

Methanol, CH3OH, dissolves completely in water to form a solution that does not conduct electricity. Which of the following diagrams best shows the major type of attractive force that exists between the particles in the solution?

Diagram C.

The diagram above shows the distribution of speeds for a sample of O2(g). Which of the following graphs shows the distribution of speeds for the same sample at a higher temperature (dashed line) ?

Diagram C.

Which of the following Lewis diagrams represents a molecule that is polar?

Diagram C.

When methanol and water are mixed together, they form a homogeneous mixture. Based on the information in the table above, which of the following would be the best procedure for separating a mixture of methanol and water?

Distillation.

The mass spectrum represented above is most consistent with which of the following elements?

Gd

The infrared spectrum above represents the absorption of certain wavelengths of radiation by molecules of CO2. Which of the following best explains what occurs at the molecular level as the CO2 molecules absorb photons of the infrared radiation? A

The atoms in the CO2 molecules increase their vibration as the bonds between the atoms bend and stretch.

A student measures the absorbance of a solution containing FeSCN2+ ion using a spectrophotometer. The cuvette used by the student has two frosted walls and two transparent walls. The student properly orients the cuvette so that the path of the light goes through the transparent sides of the cuvette when calibrating the spectrophotometer. How will the measured absorbance of the FeSCN2+ be affected if the student incorrectly orients the cuvette so that the path of the light is through the frosted sides of the cuvette?

The measured absorbance of the FeSCN2+ solution will be higher than the actual absorbance.

A student uses a spectrophotometer to analyze a solution of blue food dye. The student first rinses a cuvette with distilled water. Then the student adds the blue dye solution to the cuvette, forgetting to rinse the cuvette with the blue dye solution first. The student places the cuvette in the spectrophotometer and measures the absorbance of the solution. Assuming that some distilled water droplets were still in the cuvette when the blue dye solution was added, how would the measured absorbance be affected?

The measured absorbance would be too low, because the distilled water left in the cuvette would slightly dilute the solution.

A vessel contains a mixture of gases. The mass of each gas used to make the mixture is known. Which of the following information is needed to determine the mole fraction of each gas in the mixture?

The molar mass of each gas