ap classroom - sensation and perception

B.

Hyrum is at a concert when a flute player hits a very high note at the end of a song. Which of the following best explains why the pitch of the note sounds so high? A. It has a long wavelength and high frequency. B. It has a short wavelength and high frequency. C. It has a long wavelength and low frequency. D. It has a large amplitude

A.

Research on intelligence tests must be especially mindful of ethical principles related to confidentiality of data. A major reason for this is best described by which of the following? A. Intelligence test scores have been used to determine access to opportunities such as jobs and education. B. Intelligence test scores are correlated with other personal characteristics such as personality. C. Institutions are required to report data on intelligence test scores. D. Research on intelligence often involves deception.

C.

A group of 25 American college students who were taking introductory psychology during the spring semester participated in a study about cognition. Participants were first asked to read a story about a Russian battle from the 19th century. Later, participants were asked to write down as many details as they could remember from the story. Twenty-two out of 25 of the students changed some of the details of the story, such as referring to a "house" instead of using the Russian word "dacha" that was used in the story. Which of the following best describes the type of sample used in this study? A. It was a study that involved a sample from a case study. B. It was a study that involved random assignment. C. It was a study that involved convenience sampling. D. It was a study that involved random sampling.

D.

A group of 25 American college students who were taking introductory psychology during the spring semester participated in a study about cognition. Participants were first asked to read a story about a Russian battle from the 19th century. Later, participants were asked to write down as many details as they could remember from the story. Twenty-two out of 25 of the students changed some of the details of the story, such as referring to a "house" instead of using the Russian word "dacha" that was used in the story. Which of the following would explain why the students changed details in their recall of the study? A. Confirmation bias B. Bottom-up processing C. Hindsight bias D. Availability heuristic

C.

A researcher evaluated over 300 studies where algorithms were used to predict the future of the stock market. This study determined that Algorithms accurately predicted the stock market within three percentage points on average. These findings were later provided to individuals who follow the market to inform them about when to sell or buy stocks. Which of the following research techniques best represents the research described? A. Experiment B. Case Study C. Meta-analysis D. Correlational Study

A.

Amirah attended a concert for her favorite band. As the band played her favorite song, Amirah sang along and repeated one of the lyrics incorrectly. Another person nearby heard the mistake and told her she had made a mistake, Amirah was confident she heard and sang the lyric correctly. What term best describes Amirah's belief? A. Overconfidence B. Bottom-up processing C. Inattention blindness D. Hindsight bias

A.

Audra is working on a puzzle book and comes across the following figure. Which of the following Gestalt laws would best explain Audra's perception of the image? A. closure B. similarity C. proximity D. continuity

D.

Darnayia has been seeing a lot of social media ads about an exciting new sports simulation game. While several of her friends say that the game is their ideal example of a video game, others who have played the game complain that it was too expensive and not as fun as they expected. Darnayia buys the game. When her mother asks her why she chose that game, Darnayia only mentions the advice she heard about the game was the best one they've ever played. Which of the following cognitive processes explains why Darnayia can justify her purchase of the expensive game and ignore her concerns over the cost? A. Mental set B. Schemas C. Priming D. Confirmation bias

A.

Dr. Adeyemi obtains IRB approval for a study examining the effects of growth mindset versus fixed mindset on people's motivation for learning new information. They recruit 80 participants and receive informed consent from them. Participants then complete a questionnaire about learning strategies. Next, the participants are told that, based on their results, they are either able to readily learn new information or that they will struggle to learn new information. In reality, this questionnaire is meaningless, and participants are randomly told fake results. After hearing their results, the participants are then tested on their ability to learn complex new information. In terms of ethical procedures, after the data are collected, it will be important for Dr. Adeyemi to do which of the following? A. Fully debrief the participants on the deception involved in the study. B. Report each participant's results to the IRB. C. Destroy all informed consent forms. D. File the results with IRB.

A.

Dr. Carvalho performed a study to examine the relationships among measures of general intelligence and specific types of intelligence. They recruited 80 college students to complete a set of intelligence tests. Participants gave their informed consent to participate. After the data were collected, the researchers examined the test scores for correlations among the different measures of intelligence. In terms of ethical procedures, after the data are collected, it will be important for Dr. Carvalho to do which of the following? A. Ensure confidentiality of the data B. Make sure the results are part of the students' records C. Inform the students' professors about the results D. Destroy the data after the study, since intelligence test scores can be used to discriminate against individuals

A.

Fatima tries out for the debate team at her school because she believes that debate team members are the smartest kids in school. She is not chosen as a team member. After failing to make the debate team, Fatima remembers that the students who made the team last school year were juniors and members of the History Club. She now decides that she knew she should not have tried out since she is a sophomore and not a member of the History Club. Which of the following cognitive processes is Fatima using to justify her failure to make the team? A. Hindsight bias B. The representativeness heuristic C. Accommodation D. Assimilation

A.

Which of the following monocular depth cues is most represented in the image? A. Linear perspective B. Texture gradient C. Shading D. Relative size

B. (kinesthetic sense tells us the position and location of our limbs)

Which of the following scenarios most clearly describes the effects of a strong kinesthetic sense? A. Developing a craving for a food after smelling it B. Being able to tell exact bodily position without looking at the body C. Being able to locate where a sound is coming from D. Balancing oneself on a ladder

A.

A computer company wants to hire a large group of employees to work in a newly opened branch of the company. The human resources department determines that the most effective way to screen applicants would be the use of intelligence testing. Which of the following is the main reason that the implementation of this screening policy would be inappropriate? A. Intelligence tests can be subject to bias. B. Intelligence testing can be expensive and time consuming. C. Intelligence tests are only used to identify students who require educational services. D. Intelligence testing can be too complex to be useful.

D.

A group of 25 American college students who were taking introductory psychology during the spring semester participated in a study about cognition. Participants were first asked to read a story about a Russian battle from the 19th century. Later, participants were asked to write down as many details as they could remember from the story. Twenty-two out of 25 of the students changed some of the details of the story, such as referring to a "house" instead of using the Russian word "dacha" that was used in the story. If this study were to run as an experiment, which of the following would be necessary? A. The study must examine at least 200 participants to be valid. B. There must be a predictable relationship between the variables examined in the study. C. The results of the study must be significant. D. The participants must be randomly assigned to a control or experimental condition.

C. (removing the impact of vision will allow her to collect a base,one of how the taste is perceived without the influence of vision.)

Dr. Felder is studying whether the color of a drink impacts how a person experiences the taste of the drink. She has an orange-flavored liquid that she dyes either orange, purple, or blue, and gives it to participants to drink. She then asks them to describe the taste. Which of the following would best help her evaluate the impact of vision on taste? A. Have participants taste it as a group and take turns describing the taste out loud. B. Obscure the purpose of the experiment until after participants have completed the study. C. Create an additional control condition in which participants wear blindfolds while they taste the drink. D. Use participants who have the same gender identity.

C. (the data indicate that older subjects have less ability to detect high frequency sounds.)

Dr. Handler conducted research to explore the extent to which hearing acuity changes with age. She tested the absolute threshold for hearing in 10 subjects of various ages. The results are presented in the table. Which of the following is an appropriate conclusion based on the data presented in the table? A.There is no relationship between age and pitch perception. B. There is a causal relationship between age and pitch perception. C. As age increases, the ability to detect higher pitched sounds tends to decrease. D. No conclusions can be drawn because the subjects were not randomly assigned.

An experiment

Dr. Schmidt was interested in the relationship between sensation of a stimulus and the sensation of change in a stimulus. She tested this using sensation of weight. Participants were blindfolded and given two equal weights to hold one in each hand. With each trial, she added a slightly heavier weight to one hand than the other. The participant was asked to notify her if or when one felt heavier. She found that it was more difficult for the participants to determine the difference in the weights when the equal weights from the first trial were heavy. What type of research study did Dr. Schmidt conduct?

The heaviness of weights

Dr. Schmidt was interested in the relationship between sensation of a stimulus and the sensation of change in a stimulus. She tested this using sensation of weight. Participants were blindfolded and given two equal weights to hold one in each hand. With each trial, she added a slightly heavier weight to one hand than the other. The participant was asked to notify her if or when one felt heavier. She found that it was more difficult for the participants to determine the difference in the weights when the equal weights from the first trial were heavy. What was the independent variable in this research study?

A.

Dr. Schmidt was interested in the relationship between sensation of a stimulus and the sensation of change in a stimulus. She tested this using sensation of weight. Participants were blindfolded and given two equal weights to hold one in each hand. With each trial, she added a slightly heavier weight to one hand than the other. The participant was asked to notify her if or when one felt heavier. She found that it was more difficult for the participants to determine the difference in the weights when the equal weights from the first trial were heavy. Dr. Schmidt's findings best support which of the following psychological concepts? A. Weber's law B. The Law of Effect C. Sensory Adaption D. Yerkes-Dodson Law

B.

In a groundbreaking study, a researcher shared a translation of an American Indian folk tale with middle-class British participants. Later, the participants were asked to repeat the story. The researcher measured the accuracy of their recollections when they were repeating the story. Several of the participants changed the words "canoes" to "boats" and "hunting seals" to "fishing". Which of the following explains why the participants made errors in their recollections? A. The participants only had the chance to repeat the story five times. B. The participants had difficulty repeating the story because the details didn't fit with their cultural schema. C. The participants were experienced drive-reduction and, therefore, could not carefully to the story. D. The participants experienced the serial position effect.

A.

In a study on visual perception, participants were presented with the figure depicted and asked to describe what they saw. Of the 100 participants in the study, 97 saw a cube. Which of the following Gestalt principles best describes the phenomenon that has impacted these results? A. Closure B. Proximity C. Relative Height D. Similarity

Participants in the Reward condition are more likely to report seeing a horizontal line even when there isn't one.

In an experiment, participants sat at a computer and were told to focus on an X on the screen for 50 milliseconds. After this, a horizontal or vertical line was presented for 100 milliseconds. Participants were instructed to press a button every time a horizontal line appeared. Participants in the Reward condition received ten cents for each time they correctly pressed the button when the horizontal line appeared, while participants in the Punishment condition started the experiment with $10 and lost ten cents every time they incorrectly pressed the button when there was no horizontal line. The results are given in the table.Which of the following is the best conclusion based the data in the table?

B.

Intelligence tests have been used throughout history to purposefully discriminate against groups of people. Claims that minority groups have lower IQ scores because of genetic factors fail to consider which of the following? A. IQ tests are not valid measures of intelligence. B. IQ test scores are dependent on social factors such as educational opportunity and poverty. C. IQ tests only measure verbal skills, which might impact some groups due to language barriers. D. IQ tests are unreliable measures of intelligence.

C. (high amplitude = high sounds)

Julia is practicing her trumpet and produces a loud sound. Which of the following is the best explanation for the loudness of the sound? A. The sound has a long wavelength. B. The sound has a short wavelength. C. The sound has a high-amplitude sound wave. S. The sound has a low-amplitude sound wave.

B.

Ms. Ritter is a high school math teacher. She believes that some people are born good at math and others are not. At the beginning of the new school term, she was informed that her incoming class had poor performance on prior standardized tests. Which of the following is a likely outcome for Ms. Ritter and the upcoming school year? A. Ms. Ritter will foster a growth mindset in her class and challenge her students to do better. B. Ms. Ritter will likely see her students' poor test results during the school year as confirmation of her beliefs that math abilities are fixed. C. Ms. Ritter will Identify each student's needs to maximize their individual potential. D. Ms. Ritter will blame herself after a poor performance on an exam.

D.

One night, Noel went to a new restaurant. While waiting for her meal, she could not ignore the slurping sound the other diners made while eating. She was so focused on that sound that she could not even enjoy her meal. Which of the following concepts explains Noel's experience? A. Gestalt principle of proximity B. Monocular cue of texture gradient C. Change blindness D. Selective attention

C. (Randomly placing participants into either the control or experimental condition should minimize any differences between groups. If differences are found at the conclusion of the study, they can more likely be explained by the independent variable.)

Researchers randomly assigned 50 elementary school children to place a plug on their nose to limit their sense of smell. The children were then presented with a series of different foods and asked to rate the taste, texture, and intensity on a scale from 1 to 5. Another 50 children were randomly placed in a group with no nose plug and asked to rate the same food using the same scale. Using random assignment in this study can help with which of the following? A. Random assignment can eliminate the need for a control group. B. Random assignment allows researchers to generalize the findings to the target population. C. Random assignment to groups would allow researchers to understand if the differences between groups was due to the independent variable (the nose plug). D. Random assignment will allow researchers to determine if the results are statistically significant.

A.

Researchers were interested in whether the rods or the cones in the retina were more sensitive to detecting the movement and the color of objects in the environment. Research participants were asked to stare at a focus point while the researcher, starting at 0º, moved a red-colored object slowly around the edge of the arc apparatus. The degree of the angle when the participants first observed movement and color were documented. The mean degrees for each are presented in the table. Which of the following conclusions is best supported by this data? A. The average angle the participant first notices movement will be larger than the average angle for first noticing the color. B. The average angle the participant first notices the color will be larger than the average angle for first noticing movement. C. The average angle the participant first notices the color will be the same as the average angle for first noticing movement.The average angle the participant first notices the color will be the same as the average angle for first noticing movement. D.There is not enough evidence to predict how each person will perceive based on the photoreceptors of the retina.