AP Comparative Final - AP Classroom Mock Tests

Which of the following two governments have most significantly limited citizens' media access to maintain political control? A China and Mexico B Iran and Russia C Nigeria and the United Kingdom D Mexico and Russia

Iran and Russia

Which of the following is the greatest limitation to using this data to decide whether government should pursue population growth policies? A Population growth rates in 2016 are irrelevant to population structures in subsequent years. B It indicates that authoritarian countries have a greater population growth rate than do democratic countries. C It does not provide information about the current population size of a country. D It does not account for the cost of goods and services in each country.

It does not provide information about the current population size of a country.

Which of the following best describes the data presented in the infographic? A 60 percent of Russians approve of the way President Putin is handling energy policy. B 78 percent of Russians disapprove of the way President Putin is handling relations with China. C 40 percent of Russians approve of the way President Putin is handling the economy. D 49 percent of Russians disapprove of the way President Putin is handling corruption.

60 percent of Russians approve of the way President Putin is handling energy policy.

Which of the following best describes a regime change? A A successful coup d'état occurs in which one political leader replaces another as head of state. B A change occurs in a country's political institutions and practices, as from totalitarian to democratic rule. C One longtime ruler dies or retires and is replaced by another, who in turn rules the country for a long period of time. D A country's political leader is replaced by a competitor, either by election or by military force. E An authoritarian ruler is defeated by military force, and a new leader emerges from the lower ranks of the military to replace the former ruler.

A change occurs in a country's political institutions and practices, as from totalitarian to democratic rule.

Which of the following explains why a country would choose a parliamentary system over a presidential system? A A parliamentary system fuses its branches of government, which increases citizen participation since there are more elected offices. B A parliamentary system divides governmental power between a central power and regional governments, so policy making is more effective. C A parliamentary system allows citizens to directly elect its head of government, so it offers more accountability. D A parliamentary system does not divide powers among as many branches of government, so it is more efficient.

A parliamentary system does not divide powers among as many branches of government, so it is more efficient.

Which of the following is an accurate explanation of state sovereignty? A A state is sovereign when it makes independent, binding decisions for its population and territory. B A state is sovereign when it relies on other states to protect its borders. C A state is sovereign when it is forced to abide by decisions made by another state. D A state is sovereign when the international community does not recognize it.

A state is sovereign when it makes independent, binding decisions for its population and territory.

Which of the following is an implication of gender inequality in Mexico? A Gender inequality is almost nonexistent because of social reforms implemented by the PRI. B Although gender inequality still exists, gender quotas in the party list system have helped to increase female representation. C Gender inequality is only a concern in northern Mexico where the maquiladoras are located. D Gender inequality is growing because of the focus on economic reforms at the cost of most social issues.

Although gender inequality still exists, gender quotas in the party list system have helped to increase female representation.

Which of the following accurately compares civil liberties in authoritarian and democratic regimes? A Democratic regimes provide citizens access to state-controlled media, while authoritarian regimes restrict citizen access to state-controlled media. B Authoritarian regimes limit citizen control of the media, while in democratic regimes media is largely in the hands of private citizens. C Authoritarian regimes encourage privatization of the media to increase legitimacy, while democratic regimes support some privatization along with state control. D While democratic and authoritarian regimes restrict access to free media, authoritarian regimes have increasingly allowed access to the Internet to increase legitimacy.

Authoritarian regimes limit citizen control of the media, while in democratic regimes media is largely in the hands of private citizens.

Which of the following do Great Britain and Nigeria have in common? A Both countries have parliamentary systems of government with directly elected presidents. B Both countries have ethnic diversity and strong regional identities C Both countries have powerful executive branches and very weak legislatures and judiciaries. D Both countries have economies dominated by the export of crude oil. E Both countries have a strong sense of national unity with minimal social cleavages.

Both countries have ethnic diversity and strong regional identities

Which of the following is a similarity between the political systems of Mexico and Iran? A Both countries have popularly elected presidents. B Both countries have a dominant-party system. C Both countries have legal systems based on Sharia law. D Both countries exclusively use single-member district elections.

Both countries have popularly elected presidents.

Which of the following accurately describes a similarity between the parliamentary system of the United Kingdom and the presidential system of Mexico? A Both systems have separate popular elections for the chief executive and for the national legislature. B Both systems have a cabinet that advises the chief executive. C Both systems combine the lawmaking and executive functions into a single branch. D Both systems have a chief executive that serves as head of state and head of government.

Both systems have a cabinet that advises the chief executive.

Which answer best describes one of the author's claims in the passage? A Both the president and legislature have democratic legitimacy, but conflicts may arise between the two institutions over policy disputes. B Parliamentary government is prone to divided government because legislators belong to disciplined parties with clear ideological perspectives. C Presidential government is better able than parliamentary government to respond to disagreement between the executive and legislature. D Fixed terms in both presidential and parliamentary governments are problematic because they leave no room for readjustments that events may demand.

Both the president and legislature have democratic legitimacy, but conflicts may arise between the two institutions over policy disputes.

Which of the following best describes how a government can maintain political legitimacy? A By instituting presidential term limits B By limiting the investigatory powers of the media C By decreasing political corruption D By creating political cleavages

By decreasing political corruption

Which of the following practices is more common in authoritarian political systems than in democratic political systems? A Censorship of citizens' use of the Internet and social media B Proportional representation for legislative elections C The incorporation of the principle of federalism in the constitution D The presence of a monarch as the symbolic head of state

Censorship of citizens' use of the internet and social media

For citizens involved in legal disputes with the government in China and the United Kingdom, which of the following best explains the likely outcome? A Citizens are unlikely to receive a fair trial in both countries because both countries' judicial systems are controlled by the ruling party. B Citizens are likely to receive a fair trial in both countries because both countries' judicial systems hold government and citizens to the same standards. C Citizens in China are less likely to receive a fair trial because the judicial system is governed by rule by law, whereas the United Kingdom's judicial system is governed by rule of law. D Citizens in China are more likely to receive a fair trial because Chinese courts are an important part of the Chinese government's program to suppress corruption, while British courts have not been given the same task.

Citizens in China are less likely to receive a fair trial because the judicial system is governed by rule by law, whereas the United Kingdom's judicial system is governed by rule of law.

Which of the following describes civil society in Russia and Iran? A Civil society groups in Russia and Iran must be connected to religious organizations. B Civil society groups in Russia and Iran are either prohibited or severely limited. C Since the early 2000s, there was a vibrant civil society in Russian and Iran. D Although participation is low, Russian and Iranian citizens are free to join civil society groups.

Civil society groups in Russia and Iran are either prohibited or severely limited.

Which of the following best describes the role of civil society organizations in the AP Comparative Government and Politics course countries? A Civil society organizations are mostly free of government interference. B Civil society organizations resist involvement in international issues. C Civil society organizations are focused on reducing government regulations. D Civil society organizations vary in their ability to expose government corruption.

Civil society organizations vary in their ability to expose government corruption.

A theocracy is best described as a political system based on A military authority B maternal authority C clerical authority D popular sovereignty E major party dominance

Clerical authority

Which of the following best describes a pluralist interest-group system's policy-making process? A Competition among autonomous groups B Equal representation of key economic sectors C Government-controlled accessibility to policy makers D Representation of multiple parties in the legislature

Competition among autonomous groups

The United Kingdom has used a referendum in the past ten years to A pass legislation dealing with immigration B ratify structural adjustment policies C amend international trade agreements D decide whether to leave the European Union

Decide whether to leave the European Union

Which of the following recommendations would the author most likely agree with in regard to democratic transitions? A Domestic economic and international development policies that do not address economic inequality will negatively affect the emergence of civil society groups. B Policy makers in new democracies should continue to focus on deindustrialization and labor market deregulation, which will positively affect the emergence of civil society groups. C International development actors such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF) should continue to support economic liberalization, which will positively affect the emergence of civil society groups. D New democracies should work to globalize their economies, which will positively affect economic growth and the emergence of civil society groups.

Domestic economic and international development policies that do not address economic inequality will negatively affect the emergence of civil society groups.

Which of the following would most likely increase legitimacy in Iran? A A disputed transfer of power B Jailing of religious leaders C Selection of a less charismatic leader D Economic growth

Economic growth

Which of the following is found in illiberal democracies? A Elections B Local government transparency C Guaranteed civil liberties D Enfranchisement for all social cleavage groups E Strong civil society

Elections

Which of the following best demonstrates that a country has transitioned from an authoritarian government to a democratic government? A Elected officials are better able to influence judicial rulings. B Multiple political parties join to form a single dominant political party. C The chief executive has greater authority than the legislature. D Elections for public office are more transparent and competitive.

Elections for public office are more transparent and competitive.

Which of the following explains a potentially negative consequence of executive term limits? A Executive term limits undermine democracy. B Executive term limits usually harm consistent application of rule of law. C Executive term limits can force effective executives out of office. D Executive term limits make the legislative branch too strong.

Executive term limits can force effective executives out of office.

Which of the following describes a difference between fascism and populism? A Fascism is the belief in the abolition of private property with near total governmental control over the economy, and populism is the belief in rights of the common people over elites. B Fascism is an extreme nationalist ideology that favors authoritarian rule and the rights of the ethnic majority over that of ethnic minorities, and populism is the belief in the reduction of income disparities. C Fascism is an extreme nationalist ideology that favors authoritarian rule and the rights of the ethnic majority over that of ethnic minorities, and populism is the belief in rights of the common people over elites. D Fascism is the belief in individual civil liberties and freedom over governmental restrictions, and populism is the belief in limited governmental intervention in the economy and society.

Fascism is an extreme nationalist ideology that favors authoritarian rule and the rights of the ethnic majority over that of ethnic minorities, and populism is the belief in rights of the common people over elites.

When David Cameron replaced Gordon Brown as prime minister, there was a change in which of the following? A Culture B Regime C Nation D State E Government

Government

Which of the following best explains why governments seek to devolve power? A Governments seek to devolve power to allow regional governments more power over local issues. B Governments seek to devolve power to liberalize and strengthen market economies. C Governments seek to devolve power to shift more power to the legislative branch. D Governments seek to devolve power to begin transitioning to a parliamentary system.

Governments seek to devolve power to allow regional governments more power over

n which of the following pairs of countries does the press enjoy the greatest freedom? A China and Great Britain B China and Iran C Great Britain and Nigeria D Iran and Nigeria E Russia and Iran

Great Britain and Nigeria

Which of the following is true of Iran's Supreme Leader? A He reviews all laws to make sure they are constitutional. B He has the power to appoint half of the members of the Guardian Council. C He can be dismissed by the President for failing to act according to Islamic principles. D His power is constrained by an active legislature with substantial investigative authority. E Although he can serve for an unlimited number of years, he must face the voters every four years for reelection.

He has the power to appoint half of the members of the Guardian Council.

Which of the following explains the potential effects of unemployment, as shown on the map? A Nigeria's economic policies have decreased unemployment overall, increasing regime legitimacy. B High levels of unemployment can negatively impact the legitimacy of the government in Nigeria. C Nigerians are migrating to rural areas in search of employment. D Recent economic policies from the Nigerian government have focused on economic liberalization, generating job growth.

High levels of unemployment can negatively impact the legitimacy of the government in Nigeria.

Which of the following describes sources of political legitimacy in China and Iran? A Tribal kinship ties in China, and pastoralist agricultural traditions in Iran B Participatory institutions in China, and technocratic governance in Iran C Charismatic leadership in China, and military prestige in Iran D Ideology and economic performance in China, and religious authority in Iran E Bureaucratic efficiency in China, and political and civic freedoms in Iran

Ideology and economic performance in China, and religious authority in Iran

Which of the following policies would a government be likely to undertake to address gender equity in a political system? A Limiting access to family planning and education B Implementing gender equity wage policies and reducing taxes C Increasing access to family planning and limiting access to education D Implementing gender quotas in legislative elections and improving access to education

Implementing gender quotas in legislative elections and improving access to education

Which of the following accurately compares social movements in AP Comparative Government and Politics course countries? A In Nigeria, the Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) protested unjust methods of extraction and distribution of oil, while Iran's Green Movement protested electoral corruption. B Both Iran's Green Movement and Mexico's Zapatista movement primarily responded to socioeconomic inequality. C Mexico's Zapatista movement primarily advocated for free and fair elections, while Nigeria's Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People (MOSOP) favored the establishment of an Islamic state. D Iran's Green Movement primarily favored separatism, while Nigeria's Boko Haram advocates for Shari'a law.

In Nigeria, the Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) protested unjust methods of extraction and distribution of oil, while Iran's Green Movement protested electoral corruption.

Which of the following most accurately compares the national legislatures of Iran and the United Kingdom? A In both countries, the legislatures approve legislation and oversee the budget. B In both countries, each legislature has an upper and lower house. C In both countries, laws passed by the legislatures cannot be overturned. D In both countries, there are no restrictions as to who can run for the legislature.

In both countries, the legislatures approve legislation and oversee the budget.

In comparing the legislatures of the United Kingdom and Mexico, which of the following statements is true? A In both countries, the lower house is popularly elected. B The upper house in each legislature has greater power than the lower house. C Women are more likely to be elected to the British legislature than the Mexican legislature. D Both legislatures select the head of government.

In both countries, the lower house is popularly elected.

Which of the following accurately compares political ideologies? A Populism is a nationalist ideology that favors authoritarian rule, while neoliberalism is the belief in limited governmental intervention in the economy. B Communism is the belief that government should play no role in the economy, while fascism is the extreme nationalist ideology that favors authoritarian rule and the rights of the ethnic majority over that of ethnic minorities and the political opposition. C Individualism is the belief in individual civil liberties and freedom over government restrictions, while populism is a political philosophy that supports the interests and rights of the common people over that of the elites. D Neoliberalism is the belief in the abolition of private property, while socialism is the belief in the nationalization of major private industries.

Individualism is the belief in individual civil liberties and freedom over government restrictions, while populism is a political philosophy that supports the interests and rights of the common people over that of the elites.

Which of the following best describes civil society? A Bureaucrats implementing their policy objectives B Individuals organizing and expressing their interests C Individuals making their interests known through voting D Legislators meeting in small groups and discussing specific policy objectives E The head of state appointing a group of individuals to investigate policy outcomes

Individuals organizing and expressing their interests

Which of the following accurately compares interest groups and social movements? A Interest groups are organized to advocate for a specific policy issue, whereas social movements advocate for broad social change. B Interest groups only function in a pluralist system, whereas social movements only function in a corporatist system. C Interest groups are more effective in an authoritarian state, whereas social movements are more effective in a democratic state. D Interest groups have more access to the policy-making process in a unitary state, whereas social movements have more access in a federal system.

Interest groups are organized to advocate for a specific policy issue, whereas social movements advocate for broad social change.

According to the map, which of the following countries has the MOST gender inequality? A The United Kingdom B Mexico C Russia D Iran Answer D

Iran

Which of the following is an effect of globalization? A It usually reduces access to communication and information. B It often limits state sovereignty. C It typically reduces the role of international organizations. D It diminishes the volume of foreign direct investment.

It often limits state sovereignty.

A political system is considered legitimate when A its citizens believe that the government has the right to make policies and rules B its citizens are actively involved in making decisions C it holds regular elections D it is recognized by other states and admitted to the United Nations E it produces decisions that effectively solve the country's problems

Its citizens believe that the government has the right to make policies and rules

Which of the following best describes how judiciaries remain independent from other branches of government? A Judiciaries overrule executive and legislative actions. B Judges are appointed by the president or prime minister. C Judiciaries routinely advise executives on economic policy. D Federal judges counsel lower-court judges on important cases.

Judiciaries overrule executive and legislative actions

Which of the following best explains an implication of the data in the line graph? A The GDP growth rate changes in Iran had minimal domestic impact because they were caused mostly by international forces. B The positive GDP growth rates allowed the Iranian government to liberalize its economy because it wanted to privatize the oil industry. C The negative GDP growth rates caused the government to seek foreign direct investment because it could not pay its workers. D Large negative changes in the GDP growth rate negatively affected the Iranian government because they undermined its legitimacy.

Large negative changes in the GDP growth rate negatively affected the Iranian government because they undermined its legitimacy.

Unit 1/2 AP Classroom Review

Lets get it

Which of the following assertions is used by the author to support the claim in the passage? A López Obrador is attempting to eliminate the judicial system. B López Obrador is attempting to control judicial decision making. C López Obrador is moving to establish more constitutional checks on the judiciary. D López Obrador intends to protect the power of the Senate to approve Supreme Court magistrates.

López Obrador is attempting to control judicial decision making.

Which of the following is a difference between the legislative electoral systems in Mexico and Britain? A Members of the British House of Commons are elected in single-member districts, and members of the Mexican Chamber of Deputies are elected in single-member districts and through proportional representation. B Members of the Mexican Chamber of Deputies are elected in single-member districts, whereas most members of the British House of Commons are elected in multimember districts. C Members of the Mexican Senate are indirectly selected by political parties, whereas members of the British House of Lords are elected directly by the people. D Members of the British House of Lords inherit their seats, and members of the Mexican Senate are appointed by state legislatures.

Members of the British House of Commons are elected in single-member districts, and members of the Mexican Chamber of Deputies are elected in single-member districts and through proportional representation.

Which of the following best explains a characteristic of elections in Mexico and Nigeria? A Mexico and Nigeria both have thresholds for parties to win seats in the legislature, which have reduced the number of parties that win seats. B Mexico and Nigeria both have rules that require the president to earn a minimum percentage of votes in each state, which has reduced the impact of regional differences upon electoral results. C Mexico and Nigeria both have single-member district (SMD) electoral systems, which increases the number of parties in the legislature. D Mexico and Nigeria both have independent electoral commissions to reduce the impact of corrupt practices upon election results.

Mexico and Nigeria both have independent electoral commissions to reduce the impact of corrupt practices upon election results.

Which two countries use both first-past-the-post and proportional representation systems in elections to the lower house of the legislature? A Mexico and Nigeria B Mexico and Russia C Nigeria and Russia D Nigeria and the United Kingdom

Mexico and Russia

In which of the following two countries do regional cleavages play a larger role than religious cleavages do in politics? A Iran and the United Kingdom B Mexico and Iran C China and Russia D Mexico and the United Kingdom

Mexico and the United Kingdom

Which is the best explanation for why the Mexican Chamber of Deputies has a higher proportion of women legislators than the United Kingdom Parliament? A Male voters in Mexico hold significantly more progressive views on the role of women in politics than male voters in the United Kingdom. B Mexico has gender quota legislation requiring parties to place a minimum percentage of women on their party lists, while the United Kingdom does not. C Mexico's long-dominant political party voluntarily ensures that two-thirds of its candidates are women, while the United Kingdom's two largest parties do not. D Mexico employs single-member plurality districts for the election of deputies, while the United Kingdom employs multimember districts and proportional representation.

Mexico has gender quota legislation requiring parties to place a minimum percentage of women on their party lists, while the United Kingdom does not.

Which of the following statements accurately describes how Mexico and Russia have responded to market forces regarding ownership of their oil and natural gas industry? A Mexico and Russia have privatized their oil and natural gas industry. B Mexico has privatized some of its oil and natural gas industry, while Russia has renationalized its oil and natural gas industry. C Mexico and Russia have recently nationalized their oil and natural gas industry. D Mexico has renationalized its oil and natural gas industry, while Russia has privatized its oil and natural gas industry.

Mexico has privatized some of its oil and natural gas industry, while Russia has renationalized its oil and natural gas industry.

hich of the following is true of the electoral systems for the legislatures in Nigeria and Mexico? A In both countries the lower house is directly elected while the upper house is not. B Mexico uses a mix of proportional and first-past-the-post representation while Nigeria uses only first-past-the-post. C Both have ethnic quotas for legislators. D Mexico's electoral system includes diversity requirements while Nigeria's does not. E Legislators in the lower houses in both countries are elected through an alternative vote system.

Mexico uses a mix of proportional and first-past-the-post representation while Nigeria uses only first-past-the-post.

In which of the following sets do all states have federal governments? A Mexico, Russia, and Iran B China, Iran, and Great Britain C Mexico, Nigeria, and Russia D Nigeria, Russia, and Great Britain E China, Iran, and Mexico

Mexico, Nigeria, and Russia

Which of the following is a consequence of one-party rule in China? A Minor parties have formed coalitions to challenge the dominance of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). B Corporations have fought to change restrictive regulations imposed by the CCP. C Minor parties have limited influence on policy making in China. D Civil society has become increasingly stronger as the CCP made concessions to many social movement demands.

Minor parties have limited influence on policy making in China.

Which of the following best explains the increase in GDP in 2016 ? A Foreign direct investment in northern Iran in 2014 boosted the economy. B The Iranian government privatized the oil and natural gas industries in 2015. C Tariffs added by the Iranian government in 2015 have improved the domestic economy. D Most UN sanctions and sanctions by the United States and Europe were lifted in early 2016. Answer D

Most UN sanctions and sanctions by the United States and Europe were lifted in early 2016.

According to the Chinese constitution, formal power of governing rests with the A secretariat B presidency C Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party D People's Liberation Army E National People's Congress

National People's Congress

"The lower a state's socioeconomic development, the more likely it is that the state will experience political instability." This statement is an example of which of the following? A Causation B Positive or coinciding relationship C Negative or inverse relationship D Normative statement

Negative or inverse relationship

Which of the following countries has a history of coups d'état and military rule during the past 50 years? A China B Iran C Mexico D Nigeria E Russia

Nigeria

In which of the following pairs of countries do both governments have a federal structure? A Nigeria and China B Nigeria and Mexico C Russia and Iran D Mexico and China E Great Britain and Mexico

Nigeria and Mexico

Which of the following refers to a vote by the public on a particular policy issue? A Suffrage B Straw poll C Referendum D Representation E Vote of no confidence

Referendum

Which of the following correctly describes an implication of the data in the table? A The policies of the United Kingdom have continually failed to increase their population growth rate. B Iran's population growth rate will lead to more migration from the east to the west. C Nigeria will face challenges in providing employment for its growing population. D China's birth rate will create a labor surplus.

Nigeria will face challenges in providing employment for its growing population.

Which of the following statements accurately describes the effects of political cleavages in two AP course countries? A The United Kingdom and Iran, both being unitary states, do not have substantial political cleavages. B Nigerian and Russian governments both grapple with a Christian-Muslim cleavage that has led to acts of political violence in both countries. C Mexico and the United Kingdom both have substantial and violent east-west cleavages that warrant immediate political solutions. D Russia and Iran, both being ethnically and religiously homogeneous, do not suffer from any notable political cleavages.

Nigerian and Russian governments both grapple with a Christian-Muslim cleavage that has led to acts of political violence in both countries.

A unitary system is best defined as one that has A checks and balances B separation of powers C a prime minister or parliament D fusion of powers between the executive and legislative branches E no constitutional division of powers between the central and regional governments

No constitutional division of powers between the central and regional governments

Which of the following is the best explanation of how natural resources have affected political development in Nigeria? A Oil extraction in Nigeria has allowed the government to diversify its economy. B Oil extraction in Nigeria has allowed the government to redistribute funds to citizens, limiting economic inequality and promoting democracy. C Oil extraction in Nigeria has motivated political elites to seek government control of these resources, deepening corruption and impeding democratic consolidation. D Oil extraction in Nigeria has helped the economy and allowed the government to focus on increasing transparency.

Oil extraction in Nigeria has motivated political elites to seek government control of these resources, deepening corruption and impeding democratic consolidation.

Why do single-member district (SMD) electoral systems tend to promote two-party systems? A Parties in a SMD electoral system have to build coalitions after elections to form a government, and these coalitions often develop into larger parties. B SMD electoral systems always require runoff elections, which discriminate against minor parties. C Only one candidate can win in a SMD electoral system, so minor parties are less likely to win. D A representative in a SMD electoral system is more accountable to voters, so representatives need larger parties to support their constituency service efforts.

Only one candidate can win in a SMD electoral system, so minor parties are less likely to win.

Which of the following is true of political participation and parties in China and Mexico? A In both China and Mexico, citizens associated with foreign, nongovernmental organizations cannot form political parties or vote in national elections. B Opposition parties supported the protests in China in 2013, but no opposition party supported protests in Mexico in the 1990s. C Members of the Chinese National People's Congress are elected using proportional and plurality voting systems, while members of the Mexican Chamber of Deputies are elected using only a proportional election system. D Parties other than the Chinese Communist Party are allowed to exist in China, while most Mexican voters in the 2018 election identified with the PRI, PAN, MORENA.

Parties other than the Chinese Communist Party are allowed to exist in China, while most Mexican voters in the 2018 election identified with the PRI, PAN, MORENA.

Which of the following is an implication of the author's argument? A Presidential governments are more democratic because there are more direct elections for top-level government officials. B Presidents derive their legitimacy from the party or coalition of parties they represent. C Passing laws on policy may be more efficient in parliamentary governments because the legislative and executive branches are fused. D Presidential and legislative elections should be held at the same time for greater democratic legitimacy.

Passing laws on policy may be more efficient in parliamentary governments because the legislative and executive branches are fused.

Which of the following best describes internal migration in Mexico since 2010 ? A There has been a large movement of people from urban to rural areas. B People from the south often move to the north to work in maquiladora zones. C Ethnic minority groups are given economic incentives to move to the west. D Highly skilled workers are moving to the east coast for high-tech jobs.

People from the south often move to the north to work in maquiladora zones.

Which of the following statements comparing pluralism and corporatism is correct? A Pluralism describes a system with a stronger state than does corporatism. B Pluralism describes a federal system, while corporatism describes a unitary system. C Pluralism is much less common than corporatism in Western Europe. D Pluralism allows for greater predictability and state planning, whereas corporatism provides for greater flexibility. E Pluralism leads more often to public debates and controversies, whereas corporatism is associated more often with negotiations among elites.

Pluralism leads more often to public debates and controversies, whereas corporatism is associated more often with negotiations among elites.

Which of the following accurately compares political culture and political ideology? A Political culture is composed of a set of broadly shared attitudes and values, whereas political ideology is a more specific set of beliefs or values about government and politics. B Political ideology can be transmitted by the process of political socialization, but political culture cannot. C Political culture frames policy choices made by governments, but political ideology influences only individual decisions about elections. D Both political culture and political ideologies play a more significant role in democratic regimes than they do in authoritarian regimes.

Political culture is composed of a set of broadly shared attitudes and values, whereas political ideology is a more specific set of beliefs or values about government and politics.

López Obrador's actions best reflect which of the following ideologies? A Individualism, because of López Obrador's interactions with the courts. B Neoliberalism, because of López Obrador's authorization of infrastructure projects. C Communism, because of López Obrador's agricultural policies. D Populism, because of López Obrador's use of referenda.

Populism, because of López Obrador's use of referenda.

In the British political system, effective policy- making power rests primarily with the A individual members of the lower house of Parliament B shadow government C upper house of Parliament D courts E Prime Minister and cabinet

Prime Minister and cabinet

Which of the following actions would a government take as part of an economic liberalization program? A Increasing tariffs B Redistributing wealth C Strengthening regulations on the private sector D Privatizing government-owned corporations

Privatizing government-owned corporations

Which of the following election systems is most likely to produce the largest number of competitive political parties? A Plurality B First past the post C Proportional representation D Two-round majority E Referendum based

Proportional representation

Which of the following is an implication for legitimacy and the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) ? A Recognizing the changing social demands means the CCP will have to find an alternative basis of legitimacy. B As the CCP declines in power, religion will play a more important role in maintaining legitimacy in China. C Amending the constitution to allow political competition at the local level would promote legitimacy. D To foster legitimacy of the CCP, party officials will have to reincorporate values from the 1949 revolution.

Recognizing the changing social demands means the CCP will have to find an alternative basis of legitimacy.

Which of the following is a neoliberal economic policy? A Nationalizing important sectors of the economy B Increasing regulatory oversight and state control over industry C Reducing trade barriers and rolling back state intervention in the economy D Providing a direct transfer of money to older people and people of lower socioeconomic status

Reducing trade barriers and rolling back state intervention in the economy

Which of the following statements best characterizes Nigerian society? A Religious homogeneity, ethnic diversity, linguistic diversity B Religious homogeneity, ethnic homogeneity, linguistic homogeneity C Religious diversity, ethnic diversity, linguistic diversity D Religious diversity, ethnic diversity, linguistic homogeneity E Religious diversity, ethnic homogeneity, linguistic homogeneity

Religious diversity, ethnic diversity, linguistic diversity

Which of the following describes a policy employed by the Chinese government to establish legitimacy with ethnic minorities? A Use of military force to suppress popular uprisings B Creation of special economic zones (SEZs) to reduce inequality C Representation in the National People's Congress D Promotion of migration from western provinces to more prosperous coastal regions

Representation in the National People's Congress

Which of the following policies to limit population growth is more likely to be adopted by authoritarian regimes than by democratic regimes? A Restricting access to birth control B Restricting family size C Providing education about family planning D Providing health care for all citizens

Restricting family size

Which of the following is most likely to cause a regime change? A Ethnic diversity B Austerity measures C An election D Revolution

Revolution

Which of these countries has had a dominant-party system since 2000 ? A Iran B China C Mexico D Russia

Russia

Which of the following pairs of countries has a bicameral national legislature? A Britain and Iran B Mexico and China C China and Russia D Russia and Britain E Iran and Nigeria

Russia and Britain

Which of the following countries have bicameral legislatures? A Nigeria and China B The United Kingdom and Iran C China and Mexico D Russia and Nigeria

Russia and Nigeria

Which of the following is an accurate statement about population in 2016 according to the table? A Nigeria had the largest population of all the countries listed. B Russia is the only country listed that had a shrinking population. C In China the number of births was lower than the number of deaths. D The population of the United Kingdom grew at the slowest rate.

Russia is the only country listed that had a shrinking population.

Which of the following statements best describes the judiciary in Russia and Nigeria? A Russian Supreme Court justices serve 4-year terms, and Nigerian Supreme Court justices serve 12-year terms. B Russian courts have the power of judicial review, but Nigerian courts do not. C Russian Supreme Court justices are approved by the president, and Nigerian Supreme Court justices are elected. D Russia's government uses the judicial system to target opposition, and Islamic Sharia Courts have been established in northern Nigeria.

Russia's government uses the judicial system to target opposition, and Islamic Sharia Courts have been established in northern Nigeria.

According to the author, which of the following economic policies is most likely to successfully address the problems discussed in the passage? A Social welfare B Austerity C Neoliberalism D Trade liberalization

Social welfare

The political institution that exerts the most power in China is the A Standing Committee of the Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party B Standing Committee of the National People's Congress C State Council of the National People's Congress D Secretariat of the Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party E National Party Congress of the Chinese Communist Party

Standing Committee of the Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party

Political participation in authoritarian regimes differs from that in democratic regimes in which of the following ways? A Voluntary political participation does not occur in authoritarian regimes and does occur in democratic regimes. B There are no avenues for political participation in authoritarian regimes and there are in democratic regimes. C Authoritarian regimes do not respond to citizen participation while democratic regimes do respond. D State organized participation is more likely to occur in authoritarian regimes than in democratic regimes. E Grassroots political participation does not occur in authoritarian regimes but does occur in democratic regimes.

State organized participation is more likely to occur in authoritarian regimes than in democratic regimes.

Which of the following statements concerning Mexican and Nigerian politics is most accurate? A The bureaucracies in Nigeria and Mexico must both reflect the countries' federal characters. B Supreme courts in both countries can exercise judicial review. C Both the Nigerian and Mexican presidents are limited to two terms. D Party affiliation in both Mexico and Nigeria is strongly correlated with income levels. E Only Mexico has a bicameral legislature.

Supreme courts in both countries can exercise judicial review.

Democratic consolidation requires which of the following? A Direct election of the executive B A system of judicial review by the courts C Separation of powers among the different branches of government D That a former colonizer help with political change E That both elites and nonelites be committed to democratization in spite of difficulties

That both elites and nonelites be committed to democratization in spite of difficulties

Which of the following accurately explains an outcome of differing judicial systems among the Comparative Government course countries? A The British judiciary uses common law to enforce rule of law, whereas the Russian judiciary uses the judiciary to target opposition. B The Chinese judiciary uses rule of law, whereas the Russian judiciary gets its power from judicial review. C The Nigerian judiciary is dominated by Sharia law, whereas the Mexican judiciary practices rule of law. D The Russian judiciary supports rule of law, whereas the Iranian judiciary is governed by Sharia law.

The British judiciary uses common law to enforce rule of law, whereas the Russian judiciary uses the judiciary to target opposition.

Which of the following best explains why, between general elections, the British prime minister is more likely than the president of Mexico to be replaced between general elections? A British civil society typically protests more than Mexican civil society and often demands the resignation of the prime minister. B The Mexican president can only be removed by a confidence vote, so the Mexican president tends to stay in power longer, as those votes are infrequent in Mexico. C The British government is more prone to corruption than the Mexican government, so British prime ministers are more often removed from office for criminal activity. D The British prime minister can be removed by members of Parliament (MPs), while the Mexican president can be removed only by the impeachment process.

The British prime minister can be removed by members of Parliament (MPs), while the Mexican president can be removed only by the impeachment process.

According to the author, which of the following best explains why the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) has changed strategies? A The CCP has lost its legitimacy among the Chinese people as a result of global democratization. B The CCP's legitimacy now depends mainly on its commitment to Marxist-Leninist-Maoist thought. C The CCP has fostered a stronger sense of legitimacy among younger Chinese citizens, but has issues maintaining support from older Chinese citizens. D The CCP's basis of legitimacy has shifted from its commitment to communist ideology to its capacity to meet the demands of the Chinese people.

The CCP's basis of legitimacy has shifted from its commitment to communist ideology to its capacity to meet the demands of the Chinese people.

Which of the following statements most accurately compares political socialization in two countries studied in the AP Comparative Government and Politics course? A The Chinese government applies more pressure to socialize citizens around conforming beliefs than does the Nigerian government. B Civic organizations play a primary role in socializing citizens in Russia but not in Iran. C In the United Kingdom citizens are primarily socialized through the monarchy, while in Mexico citizens are socialized primarily through the Catholic Church. D Political socialization tends to shift over the course of citizens' lives in China, while in Russia political socialization is a lifelong process of acquiring beliefs

The Chinese government applies more pressure to socialize citizens around conforming beliefs than does the Nigerian government.

Which of the following best explains the role of the judiciary in China? A The Chinese judiciary, informed by Confucian traditions, focuses on individualism, emphasizing protection of individual liberties. B The Chinese judiciary is largely free and independent, resulting in judicial decisions that are impartial and seen as fair by all. C The Chinese judiciary promotes rule by law instead of rule of law, resulting in a judicial system that is subservient to the Communist Party. D The Chinese political system does not have a judiciary, making the legislative branch fully responsible for interpreting the laws it passes.

The Chinese judiciary promotes rule by law instead of rule of law, resulting in a judicial system that is subservient to the Communist Party.

Which of the following best describes a trend in the data? A The GDP growth rate increased consistently between 2007 and 2017. B The GDP growth rate fluctuated between 2007 and 2017. C There was no GDP growth between 2007 and 2014, then steep positive growth between 2014 and 2017. D The GDP growth rate was positive between 2007 and 2010, then it was negative between 2015 and 2017.

The GDP growth rate fluctuated between 2007 and 2017.

Which of the following institutions in Iran has the ultimate authority to assess the compatibility of laws with Islam? A The Guardian Council B The Cabinet C The Assembly of Religious Experts D The Islamic Consultative Assembly (Majles) E The head of the judiciary branch

The Guardian Council

Which institution has responsibility for organizing federal elections in Mexico? A The Institute of Federal Elections (IFE) B The Mexican Ministry of the Interior C The Organization of American States (OAS) D The Electoral Tribunal of the Federal Judicial Branch (TEPJF) E Electoral authorities in each Mexican state and the federal district

The Institute of Federal Elections (IFE)

Which of the following describes an accurate difference between executive term limits in Iran and in Mexico? A The Iranian president may serve unlimited terms, whereas the Mexican president is limited to one term. B The Iranian president is limited to one term, whereas the Mexican president is limited to two terms. C The Iranian president is limited to two consecutive terms, whereas the Mexican president may serve unlimited terms. D The Iranian president is limited to two terms, whereas the Mexican president is limited to one term.

The Iranian president is limited to two terms, whereas the Mexican president is limited to one term.

Which of the following is an implication for competitiveness of the electoral process in Nigeria and Iran? A The Nigerian government has established an independent electoral commission to encourage competitiveness in elections, while the Iranian government continues to impose strict limits on who can run for office. B Iranian legislative elections are very competitive because the Guardian Council encourages free and fair elections, while Nigerian legislative elections are not very competitive because the incumbent always wins. C Electoral competition in Iran and Nigeria is limited, and both countries ban women from running in presidential or legislative elections. D In Nigeria, the government requires that a certain number of seats in the legislature are reserved for minority groups, whereas in Iran there are no legislative seats reserved for specific groups.

The Nigerian government has established an independent electoral commission to encourage competitiveness in elections, while the Iranian government continues to impose strict limits on who can run for office.

Which of the following best describes how the president is removed in Nigeria? A The Nigerian president is removed through a vote of no confidence in the parliament. B The Nigerian president is removed through impeachment proceedings in the legislature. C The Nigerian constitution does not allow the president to be impeached or removed from office. D The Nigerian president can only be removed by the judiciary, based on British common law.

The Nigerian president is removed through impeachment proceedings in the legislature.

Which of the following is a difference between the prime minister of Russia and the prime minister of the United Kingdom? A The Russian prime minister is directly elected, while the British prime minister is selected by the majority party in Parliament. B The Russian prime minister must be head of the majority party in the Duma, while the British prime minister can be from any party in Parliament. C The Russian prime minister may be removed by the president, while the British prime minister may be removed as a result of a vote of no confidence. D The Russian prime minister may dissolve the Duma, while the British prime minister cannot dissolve Parliament.

The Russian prime minister may be removed by the president, while the British prime minister may be removed as a result of a vote of no confidence.

Which of the following correctly describes sources of legitimacy in two AP course countries? A The United Kingdom and Nigeria both rely heavily on elections as a source of legitimacy. B Russia and the United Kingdom both depend largely on the charismatic authority of leaders as a source of legitimacy. C Although China relies entirely on economic growth as a primary source of legitimacy, Mexico relies on charismatic authority of its leader. D Although Iran relies primarily on elections to foster legitimacy, Russia relies on charismatic authority of its leader as a primary source of legitimacy.

The United Kingdom and Nigeria both rely heavily on elections as a source of legitimacy.

Which of the following best describes the author's claim in the passage? A The author argues that preexisting inequalities negatively affect civil society during democratization. B The author argues that civil society systematically strengthens in democratizing countries. C The author argues that reversals of democracy are primarily due to the impact of globalization. D The author argues that democratization allows the poor to organize and gain access to the political system.

The author argues that preexisting inequalities negatively affect civil society during democratization.

Which of the following best describes political culture? A The government's right to rule over citizens and monitor their behavior for the good of the entire society B The process of transmitting political values through family, schools, peers, and the media. C The collective attitudes, values, and beliefs of the citizenry and the norms of behavior in the political system D The expressed platforms of different political parties competing for power within the state

The collective attitudes, values, and beliefs of the citizenry and the norms of behavior in the political system

Which of the following is an accurate comparison of population growth in two AP Comparative Government and Politics countries? A Russia's government offers incentives to promote families having fewer children to alleviate problems from its rapid population growth, and Mexico continues to enforce a one-child policy to reduce population growth as a way to ensure national economic growth. B The cost of maintaining the United Kingdom's nationalized health program increases as its older population grows proportionally larger, and China has reduced governmental restrictions on family planning in an effort to address unequal gender ratios. C Iran has had mixed policies toward population control and growth as a result of the impact of war, and the United Kingdom continues to prohibit immigration because of problems of economic growth. D Nigeria's government has instituted a limit of two children per family to alleviate

The cost of maintaining the United Kingdom's nationalized health program increases as its older population grows proportionally larger, and China has reduced governmental restrictions on family planning in an effort to address unequal gender ratios.

Facing worsening air pollution and environmental degradation, Chinese citizens have been increasingly organizing in large, informal groups to protest and mobilize for change. This is an example of which of the following? A The development of a social movement B The creation of a new political party C The formation of local government councils D The establishment of a nongovernmental organization

The development of a social movement

Which of the following issues from the past ten years have led to significant public protests in Russia? A The firing of Prime Minister Medvedev by President Putin B The nationalization of the oil industry by the government C The election fraud and corruption of the government D The privatization of state-run media

The election fraud and corruption of the government

Which of the following best explains why the policy-making process in the United Kingdom is usually more efficient than in Mexico? A The separation of the roles of head of state and head of government in the United Kingdom, unlike the combination of the roles in Mexico, creates fewer institutional obstacles to enacting policy. B The presence of two significant political parties in the United Kingdom, rather than three as in Mexico, creates fewer political obstacles to enacting policy. C The presence of a greater number of significant social cleavages in Mexico than in the United Kingdom makes it difficult to achieve policy-making consensus. D The fusion of executive and legislative power in the United Kingdom leads to fewer institutional obstacles to enacting policy, whereas the divided branch powers in Mexico make it more difficult.

The fusion of executive and legislative power in the United Kingdom leads to fewer institutional obstacles to enacting policy, whereas the divided branch powers in Mexico make it more difficult.

Which of the following best describes a popular energy policy undertaken by the Russian government? A The government renationalized the oil industry to bring it under government control. B The government collaborated with multinational corporations to produce oil. C The government privatized the gas industry to make it more efficient. D The government created special energy economic zones in St. Petersburg.

The government renationalized the oil industry to bring it under government control.

Which of the following accurately describes the Chinese government's imposition of restrictions on civil society groups? A The government is transparent in the regulations that it applies to civil society groups. B The government's actions contradict guarantees of civil liberties in its constitution. C The government restricts groups protesting living standards more than it restricts those opposing party rule. D The government faces severe repercussions from the international community.

The government's actions contradict guarantees of civil liberties in its constitution.

Which of the following statements best explains the change in voter turnout in both presidential and legislative elections between 2003 and 2011 ? A The government's inability to effectively respond to political violence B The government's effective anti-corruption campaign and increase in transparency C The government's successful effort to gain admission into the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) D The government's inability to maintain civilian control of the military

The government's inability to effectively respond to political violence

Which of the following can be considered a fundamental feature of parliamentary government? A The head of government and the head of state are unified into one position. B The head of government is directly elected in a national election. C The head of government can be dismissed through a vote of no confidence in the assembly. D The head of government can dismiss the head of state through a vote of no confidence. E The head of state appoints cabinet members.

The head of government can be dismissed through a vote of no confidence in the assembly.

Which of the following is an effect of fused executive and legislative branches in parliamentary systems? A The executive and legislative branches often have different policy goals. B The judiciary has little to no power or impact as a political institution. C The citizens have a more difficult time following political processes. D The legislature can remove the executive without an impeachment proceeding.

The legislature can remove the executive without an impeachment proceeding.

The role of the executive in Nigeria is similar to that of the executive in Mexico in which of the following ways? A The executive is limited to a single term in office. B The legislature has a constitutional check on the executive. C The executive presides over a unitary system of government. D The legislature can remove the executive with a vote of no confidence.

The legislature has a constitutional check on the executive.

Who selects the head of the British government? A The departing prime minister B The House of Lords C A committee comprised of the majority and minority party MPs D The electorate E The majority party in the House of Commons

The majority party in the House of Commons

Which of the following correctly explains an important limitation of the data on the map? A The map does not give unemployment figures for states in eastern Nigeria. B The map does not allow for a comparison of state levels of unemployment. C The map indicates that southern Nigeria has lower levels of unemployment overall. D The map does not indicate the overall level of unemployment in Nigeria.

The map does not indicate the overall level of unemployment in Nigeria.

Which of the following statements accurately describes the military in both China and Iran? A The military was responsible for the establishment of the current regime. B The military is apolitical and does not engage in political activities. C The military is under the direct control of the president as commander-in-chief. D The military has been used to suppress public demonstrations.

The military has been used to suppress public demonstrations.

Which of the following is a correct explanation of the limited power of the Iranian Majles? A The power of the Majles is limited because the Iranian Constitution created a theocratic state with democratic characteristics, with religious leaders having more power in the system. B The power of the Majles is limited because only the Supreme Leader can ensure that legislation is compatible with Islamic law. C The power of the Majles is limited because Iran is a federal system and state legislatures have an important voice in national policy. D The power of the Majles is limited because the Iranian Constitution gives the Expediency Council the power to approve candidates for elective office.

The power of the Majles is limited because the Iranian Constitution created a theocratic state with democratic characteristics, with religious leaders having more power in the system.

Which of the following correctly describes the relationship between the Mexican Supreme Court of Justice and other political institutions in Mexico? A The president has the constitutional power to overrule decisions made by the National Supreme Court of Justice. B The president has the power to appoint or nominate members to the National Supreme Court of Justice. C Mexico's constitution does not provide for an independent judiciary. D Mexico's National Supreme Court of Justice has had its powers restricted by the legislative branch.

The president has the power to appoint or nominate members to the National Supreme Court of Justice.

Which of the following describes how the Mexican president is elected? A The president is chosen using a plurality formula, where the candidate who wins the most votes in a single round is elected president. B The president is chosen using a majority formula, where a candidate can win only if he or she receives more than 50 percent of the vote. C If no candidate receives a majority of the vote in the first round of elections, a runoff is held between the two candidates with the most votes in the first round. D A candidate can become president only if he or she receives at least 25 percent of the vote in two-thirds of Mexico's 32 states. Answer A

The president is chosen using a plurality formula, where the candidate who wins the most votes in a single round is elected president.

Which of the following best explains the effect of the president's combined role as both head of state and head of government in countries such as Nigeria and Mexico? A The president is responsible for both executing the laws and representing the state. B The president both acts as the chief executive and serves in the legislature, which facilitates policy making. C The president has a smaller role in foreign policy due to the combination of the roles of head of state and head of government. D The president has more independence from the demands of political parties and coalitions.

The president is responsible for both executing the laws and representing the state.

Which of the following is the reason for Nigeria's electoral rule that presidential candidates must secure at least 25 percent of the vote in two-thirds of all states? A The president must have support among a broad cross section of Nigeria's diverse population. B This rule increases run-off elections, thereby increasing electoral competition. C This rule ensures that the president will be a Christian, since Christians are the majority of the population. D The president will most likely be a policy centrist from Nigeria's diverse Middle Belt.

The president must have support among a broad cross section of Nigeria's diverse population.

Followers of both socialism and communism are most likely to favor which of the following policy programs? A The protection of civil liberties B The reduction of economic inequality C The elimination of government intervention in economic markets D The acquisition of colonies to gather resources and create new markets

The reduction of economic inequality

In China, economic liberalization policies have resulted in which of the following? A The nationalization of industries and a decrease in state corruption B The significant migration of the people from one region to another C A reduction of inequality between urban and rural areas D An increase in the role of the state in determining production

The significant migration of the people from one region to another

Which of the following describes a pattern in the unemployment rate, according to the data on the map? A The southern region of Nigeria has the highest levels of unemployment. B Those who have just reached working age are most likely to be unemployed in Nigeria. C Major cities in Nigeria are most likely to experience the highest levels of unemployment. D The overall unemployment rate in Nigeria is 40% across most of the country.

The southern region of Nigeria has the highest levels of unemployment.

Which of the following best describes how members of Iran's Guardian Council are selected? A The supreme leader directly appoints all twelve members with approval from the Assembly of Experts. B The supreme leader selects six members and the judiciary selects the other six members with Majles approval. C All twelve Guardian Council members are directly elected every four years by the electorate. D The Expediency Council appoints all twelve members of the Guardian Council every ten years.

The supreme leader selects six members and the judiciary selects the other six members with Majles approval.

Political diversity in Iran's Majles is most constrained by which of the following? A The vetting of candidates by the Guardian Council B The unwillingness of Iranians to support candidates who would challenge the government C The use of a single-member district (SMD) electoral system in Iran D The dominance of a single party in the Majiles

The vetting of candidates by the Guardian Council

Which of the following is an important limitation of the data in the map? A There is a bias in the method of data collection in authoritarian regimes, which leads to the inaccurate categorization of countries. B There is no explanation of how gender inequality is defined or measure, which leads to an incomplete analysis. C The proportion of women to men varies across countries, so there is no way to make cross-national comparisons. D The data are from every country in the world, which means there are too many variables to draw accurate conclusions.

There is no explanation of how gender inequality is defined or measure, which leads to an incomplete analysis.

Which of the following is an accurate feature of the judiciary in China? A There are no judges, only juries. B There is no independent judicial review C Judges are accountable to the public that elects them. D The Supreme Court has the power to overturn an act of the National People's Congress. E Judges have found the death penalty unconstitutional.

There is no independent judicial review

Which of the following is true of environmental policies in China? A They are considered to be local issues primarily addressed at the village level. B They are difficult to implement because they often challenge or constrain economic growth. C They are mostly ineffective because of the decentralization of state power after Mao's death. D They are nonexistent because the government does not recognize that there are any environmental problems.

They are difficult to implement because they often challenge or constrain economic growth.

Which of the following is generally true about countries with unitary governments? A They have a highly centralized policy process. B They have multiracial populations. C They assign significant power to local governments. D They have a history of racial, ethnic or religious conflict. E They have powerful court systems with the power of constitutional review.

They have a highly centralized policy process.

Which of the following is a consequence of the United Kingdom's single-member district plurality electoral system? A Third parties without specific regional support are often underrepresented in Parliament. B British elections are not particularly free, fair, or competitive across the country. C Ethnoreligious minorities have a very large representation in Parliament and the executive cabinet. D Local governing authorities are appointed and have almost no political power.

Third parties without specific regional support are often underrepresented in Parliament.

Which of the following best describes the author's claim in the passage? A In the Tiananmen Square incident, the Chinese government ordered a crackdown on protesters who favored democracy. B The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) is more popular today in China than the Communist Party of the Soviet Union was under Khrushchev. C The Three Represents Theory requires the government to create an independent electoral commission. D Under Jiang Zemin, the CCP became more populist to appeal to a broader segment of the Chinese population.

Under Jiang Zemin, the CCP became more populist to appeal to a broader segment of the Chinese population.

Which of the following is an important cleavage common to both Mexico and China? A Urban and rural populations B Special economic zones C Access to education D Population growth policies

Urban and rural populations

Which of the following has the Nigerian state done to alleviate cleavage-based problems? A Used ethnic quotas in government hiring B Adopted a unitary system C Introduced proportional representation D Outlawed Sharia law

Used ethnic quotas in government hiring

Civil societies require which of the following? A The existence of a written constitution B Elections on a set cycle C Voluntary associations D Civilian control of the military E Agrarian reform

Voluntary associations

sing the data from the chart above, which of the following is an accurate statement about voter turnout in Nigerian elections? A Voter turnout in parliamentary elections is consistently lower than voter turnout in presidential elections. B Voter turnout in parliamentary elections was higher than voter turnout in the presidential election in 2011. C Voter turnout for both parliamentary and presidential elections declined from 2011 to 2015. D Voter turnout in parliamentary elections has consistently decreased in the Fourth Republic.

Voter turnout in parliamentary elections is consistently lower than voter turnout in presidential elections.

Which of the following best describes democratic consolidation? A When a political party is able to control both the legislative branch and executive branch, thereby consolidating its power B When a democratic regime matures in its protections of civil rights and liberties and is thereby unlikely to revert to an authoritarian regime C When a president is popularly elected by a majority of the population, thereby establishing a mandate D When multiparty system gives way to a two-party system, thereby consolidating the number of political parties

When a democratic regime matures in its protections of civil rights and liberties and is thereby unlikely to revert to an authoritarian regime

Which of the following is true of political systems in Mexico and Iran? A Both Iran and Mexico use a federal system to provide more local control over selecting mayors, governors, and local policy-makers. B While Mexico's use of a federal system allows greater autonomy among the various regions, Iran's unitary system gives greater power to the central government. C Mexico is structured as a unitary state for the purpose of unifying the 31 different regions, while Iran is structured as a federal state to reduce corruption among the 31 provinces. D Both Mexico and Iran use a unitary system as a way to reduce religious and ethnic tensions that exist in Mexico's northern regions and in the eastern regions of Iran.

While Mexico's use of a federal system allows greater autonomy among the various regions, Iran's unitary system gives greater power to the central government.

Start of MCQ Practice #2

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The primary difference between a commander in chief in a democratic regime and a commander in chief in an authoritarian regime is that only in A an authoritarian regime is the commander in chief in charge of the military B a democratic regime is the commander in chief accountable to the citizens C an authoritarian regime can the commander in chief use the military to enforce domestic law D a democratic regime can the commander in chief be removed

a democratic regime is the commander in chief accountable to the citizens

Party discipline in Great Britain tends to be strong because A party members of the House of Commons share common social backgrounds B it is a long-standing tradition in the House of Lords C a government's tenure in the House of Commons relies on its ability to maintain party support D British voters see party fragmentation as a sign of weakness E local constituents always favor the party line

a government's tenure in the House of Commons relies on its ability to maintain party support

Britain's imposition of a federal political structure on Nigeria was significant because it A simplified the revenue allocation process B facilitated development by giving each state the opportunity to carry out independent development projects C gave states responsibility for law enforcement with a network of state police forces D led to the equitable distribution of resources across all regions E aggravated ethnonationalism when regional boundaries coincided with ethnic divisions

aggravated ethnonationalism when regional boundaries coincided with ethnic divisions

In Iran, the head of the judiciary is A appointed by the Supreme Leader B appointed by the Guardian Council C appointed by the president and confirmed by the Guardian Council D chosen by a two-thirds majority of the Islamic Consultative Assembly (Majles) E chosen by majority vote in the Assembly of Religious Experts

appointed by the Supreme Leader

One similarity between Russia's Duma and China's National People's Congress is that both have A played a significant role in making policy B extensive minority representation C banned women from becoming representatives D been dominated by one political party E taken the lead on promoting environmental sustainability

been dominated by one political party

A pluralist interest group system is best characterized by A high levels of control by business elites in policymaking B competition among multiple associational groups C negotiations among groups with government support D a system wherein only the interests of the government are considered E the inclusion of only a few corporations during the public policymaking process

competition among multiple associational groups

From the 1930's through the 1990's, the structure of Mexico's organized labor interactions would be best described as A conservative B corporatist C decentralized D regional E associated

corporatist

The main duty of China's Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (NPC) is to A oversee all presidential actions B draft and passes legislation C manage the day-to-day activities of the bureaucracy D operate as the center of power in the Chinese state

draft and passes legislation

An illiberal democracy would typically be characterized by A high voter turnout in single-party elections B military rule coupled with political freedoms C colonial rule and a procedure-based legal system D market-based economic arrangements and limited suffrage E elections coupled with restrictions on individual civil liberties

elections coupled with restrictions on individual civil liberties

A corporatist political system is one in which A major industries dominate politics through campaign contributions B schools incorporate political socialization directly into the curriculum C formal relationships exist between the government and recognized interest groups D labor unions own and manage large public enterprises E the executive branch is advised by experts sympathetic to business interests

formal relationships exist between the government and recognized interest groups

Although Russia is no longer a communist state, one feature it shares with communist China is A continued opposition to the growth of capitalism B an unwillingness to become involved with international organizations like the World Trade Organization C government restrictions on the development of civil society D a lack of political parties E a majority of the economy is devoted to heavy industry

government restrictions on the development of civil society

The study of political culture involves attempting to explain political behavior by A explaining the structures and institutions of various governments B identifying the beliefs, attitudes, and values of citizens C examining the historical conflicts between countries D assessing the character of political leaders E examining its relationship to economic interdependence

identifying the beliefs, attitudes, and values of citizens

Economic performances of countries are compared with the Gini coefficient that A measures standards of living across countries B is an indicator of income inequality C tells the average income of citizens in different countries D adjusts the gross domestic product (GDP) for the cost of living E is a measure of the type of economic system in place

is an indicator of income inequality

arliamentary systems differ from presidential systems in that the head of government in a parliamentary system A is selected by the legislature, while a President is not B is elected directly in a national election, while a President is not C is responsible only to the voters and not to the legislature D can be dismissed only if found guilty of crimes in an impeachment process E typically has a specified term limit, while a President does not

is selected by the legislature, while a President is not

The use of judicial review in the United Kingdom is limited because A the United Kingdom lacks a written constitution B judicial review is seen as violating the principle of parliamentary sovereignty C the United Kingdom is a unitary state D the United Kingdom lacks a system of checks and balances E legal systems in the United Kingdom are structured on common law

judicial review is seen as violating the principle of parliamentary sovereignty

Austerity measures are usually adopted by countries that are seeking to A control rapid growth of the economy B reduce dependence on imported fossil fuels C lower budget deficits and publicly held debt D expand social welfare policies that address poverty

lower budget deficits and publicly held debt

Interest-group pluralism refers to a system in which A many competing interest groups nominate candidates for office B many interest groups compete to influence government policy C interest-group representatives chair government committees D society is dominated by ethnic factions E a large proportion of citizens are members of interest groups

many interest groups compete to influence government policy

A second round of voting is held in a Russian presidential election when A no candidate receives a plurality of the vote in the first round B no candidate receives a majority of the vote in the first round C voter turnout in the first round is less than 75 percent D more than three candidates receive more than 25 percent of the vote in the first round E the difference in votes between the top two candidates in the first round is less than 5 percent

no candidate receives a majority of the vote in the first round

In Nigeria, Shari'ah law is part of the legal system in the A city of Lagos B southwestern region C capital region of Abuja D eastern region E northern region

northern region

One of the chief criticisms of corporatism is that it A encourages labor unrest B creates too many groups C often limits representative processes D involves too little government participation E involves too little interest group participation

often limits representative processes

Unit 3/4 Review

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The voting behavior of members of the British House of Commons is principally determined by their A party affiliation B religious affiliation C constituents' preferences D gender E level of education

party affiliation

The process by which basic political attitudes and beliefs are developed is known as A social engineering B political socialization C party identification D constitutional formation E ideological identification

political socialization

The concept of nation is best defined as a A country that is a member of the United Nations B country with a colonial history C country with heterogeneous racial communities D community with an organized system of governance E population with common historical, ethnic, linguistic, and/or religious bonds

population with common historical, ethnic, linguistic, and/or religious bonds

Emphasizing values such as gender equality and environmental protection rather than concern with traditional economic priorities is known as A socialism B neoliberalism C postmaterialism D new conservatism E positivism

postmaterialism

Different political parties can control the legislative and executive branches in Mexico and Nigeria because both countries have A federal systems B presidential systems C democratic systems D unicameral systems

presidential systems

Political culture is best defined as the A establishment of "party lines" about cultural affairs in authoritarian states B tendency of bureaucrats to defend conservative policies regardless of the policy preferences of elected officials C tendency of politicians to adopt centralist positions once they are elected to office D prevailing attitudes in a society toward government, authority, and participation E ways in which political values are transferred to children in a society

prevailing attitudes in a society toward government, authority, and participation

In a comparison of authoritarian and democratic regimes, it is accurate to say authoritarian regimes A are more likely to be characterized by strong civil societies B concentrate more power in legislative assemblies C tend to be more inefficient decision makers D are unstable and therefore more likely to be short-term E probably lack well-established rule of law

probably lack well-established rule of law

Nigeria's democratization process is best described as a A rejection of patrimonial rule B smooth transition from colonial rule to self-rule C successful effort to dismantle the prebendal system D process imposed by the country's former colonial rulers E process interrupted by frequent military intervention

process interrupted by frequent military intervention

Citizens of nondemocratic regimes may be allowed to participate in elections in order to A prepare the country for a transition to democracy B allow voters a choice between candidates and/or parties C assess the state of public opinion D provide legitimacy to the ruling regime E give opposition parties the opportunity to form

provide legitimacy to the ruling regime

Austerity measures are implemented for the primary purpose of A addressing corruption by reducing transparency B reducing government spending to address budget deficits C improving economic conditions by increasing tariffs D increasing security in times of political instability

reducing government spending to address budget deficits

The most persistent political challenge facing Nigeria since independence has been A border disagreements B the weakness of its military C ideologically driven insurgencies D regional and ethno-religious cleavages E its lack of resources and foreign exchange

regional and ethno-religious cleavages

The "first-past-the-post" electoral system in Great Britain is based on A multimember districts B single-member districts C a two-tiered system of elections D indirect elections E a single national constituency

single-member districts

Nigeria's multistate structure was primarily designed to A promote economic development B reduce loyalty to the previous military regime C splinter the power of its main ethnic groups D mobilize higher voter turnout in local elections E allocate resources from the federal government more directly

splinter the power of its main ethnic groups

The power of the Russian prime minister is more limited than the power of the prime minister in the United Kingdom because A only in the United Kingdom does the prime minister act as head of government B the Russian prime minister is limited by a much more powerful head of state C the parliament in the United Kingdom has the power to pass laws, whereas the Russian parliament does not D the United Kingdom has an unwritten constitution, whereas Russia has a written constitution

the Russian prime minister is limited by a much more powerful head of state

An electoral system based on proportional representation is more likely than a system based on single member districts to encourage A gridlock between the executive and legislative branches of government B split-ticket voting C weaker legislative representation of minority groups D the development of a political system dominated by the executive branch E the development of a multiparty system

the development of a multiparty system

The common law system, especially as practiced in Great Britain, is based on A formal legal codes B the use of precedents to guide legal decisions C the idea that judges should interpret laws in ways that improve public policy D a set of guidelines developed by a constitutional council E an inquisitorial evaluation of a set of facts that is consistent with written statutes

the use of precedents to guide legal decisions

When a government shares information about policy making with citizens to ensure accountability, this is referred to as A democratization B political socialization C regime stability D transparency

transparency

The type of party system in a particular country is most influenced by the A type of electoral systems used for legislative elections B extent to which the country is a consolidated democracy C size of the country's population D gender quota laws for legislative elections

type of electoral systems used for legislative elections

The political culture of a nation is best defined as the A institutional, legal, and constitutional structure of the government B procedure for selecting top officials in the government C literary works that most influence political leaders D class structure and educational levels of the populace E underlying attitudes and predispositions of citizens toward the political system

underlying attitudes and predispositions of citizens toward the political system