AP Environmental Science (APES) Chapter 1-9 Review Questions
Gray water may come from a. Baths, showers, sinks, and washing machines. b. dishwashers. c. washing cars. d. flushing toilets. e. All of these are correct.
a
Hydroelectric dams represent _____ percent of all dams in the United States. a. 3 b. 25 c. 50 d. 75 e. 98
a
If you find a brightly colored insect resting on a leaf, it is most likely to be a.poisonous or distasteful. b. prey for birds. c. camouflaged. d. a parasite. e. a young insect.
a
Saltwater intrusion into freshwater aquifers may be a problem in a. coastal areas. b. mountainous areas. c. the midwestern United States. d. forested areas. e. areas with many freshwater lakes.
a
Select the correct order of physical size of sediment particles from largest to smallest. a. sand-silt-clay b. silt-sand-clay c. loam-silt-clay d. loam-sand-silt e. clay-silt-sand
a
Granitic rock is the dominant rock type in a. oceanic crust. b. continental crust. c. at subduction zones. d. at areas where seafloor spreading is taking place. e. in the Hawaiian Islands.
b
If a population of 100 birds increases to 120 birds the following year, r = _____. a. 0.16 b. 0.20 c. 1.2 d. 2 e. 20
b
Most parasites have evolved to _____ their host. a. kill b. only weaken c. have no effect on d. strengthen e. Not enough information to tell
b
Use Figure 4-5. In the diagram above, at what locations is water sinking? I. 1 II. 2 III. 4 a. I only b. II only c. III only d. II and III e. I and II
b
Use Figure 4-5. In the diagram above, if Northern glaciers melt near location 2, what consequence may occur? a. Water in the northern hemisphere would become more salty, causing it to sink b. Water would become less salty, preventing sinking c. Water would become warmer, preventing sinking d. Water would become more dense and sink to a lower depth e. Water would sink faster, speeding up the current
b
A country has a TFR of 1.6 (which is below replacement rate), yet its population continues to grow. What is one likely explanation for this deviation from the norm? a. The country has such a high population momentum that it cannot stabilize or shrink. b. The life expectancy is so high that it cannot stabilize or shrink. c. The net immigration is high enough to overcome low TFR. d. Child and infant mortality is so low that overcomes low TFR. e. None of the above. A population cannot grow with a TFR below 2.1.
c
A geologist finds a substance with uniform crystalline structure and composition throughout. In the lab it is determined that the substance consists of more than one element. The term which properly identifies the substance is a. soil. b. rock. c. mineral. d. gold. e. crystal.
c
If an insect eats the lettuce seedlings in your yard, it is acting most like a(n) a. parasite. b. host. c. mutualilst. d. commensalist e. herbivore.
e
A study conducted in the laboratory used wasps as predators and bean weevils as prey. The wasps lay their eggs on weevil larvae, which provide food for the newly hatched wasps. What would be the most likely hypothesis for the outcome of this experiment? a. The prey population increased and decreased slightly later than the predator population. b. The predator population increased and decreased slightly later than the prey population. c. The two populations fluctuated synchronously. d. The two populations fluctuated asynchronously e. There was no correlation between the fluctuations in the two populations.
b
According to the theory of demographic transition, rapid growth occurs during phase a. 1. b. 2. c. 3. d. 4. e. 5.
b
Alfred Wegener's evidence for claiming that continents have not always been positioned where they are today is found in a. fossils in Antarctica matching fossils in Greenland. b. rock formations in sequences that match on opposite sides of the Atlantic. c. fossils of animals that are mixed up from their original positions. d. the presence of mammalian fossils in both South America and Africa. e. all of these answers are correct.
b
An exotic species is one which _____ an ecosystem a. is rare in b. is foreign to c. does not interact with other species in d. is the most dominant species in e. destroys
b
As water freezes or evaporates, what happens to the salinity of the remaining ocean water? a. Salinity decreases b. Salinity increases c. There is no change to salinity d. Increases as water freezes, decreases as water evaporates e. Increases as water evaporates, decreases as water freezes
b
Choose the correct sequence for energy flow within an ecosystem a. Herbivores producers carnivores scavengers b. Producers herbivores carnivores scavengers c. Producers carnivores herbivores carnivores d. Scavengers producers herbivores carnivores e. Carnivores scavengers producers herbivores
b
Economic development goes hand in hand with a. decreased use of non-renewable resources. b. increased consumption of resources. c. smaller more efficient living styles. d. better planting strategies for crops. e. sustainable use of renewable resources.
b
Energy is measured in a. hertz. b. joules or calories. c. kilowatts. d. wavelengths. e. watts.
b
Fish ladders are constructed to assist a. migrating bears in obtaining fish. b. fish traveling back to their traditional breeding grounds. c. whale migration. d. construction workers building dams. e. displaced humans to return to their homes.
b
Freshwater accounts for about what percent of the total water in the world. a. 1 b. 3 c. 10 d. 20 e. 33
b
If similar species each occupy a smaller niche when they live together than they would if they lived alone, they are said to be a. involved in succession. b. partitioning resources. c. coevolving. d. increasing niche overlap. e. engaging in mimicry.
b
Magma circulates in convection cells in the a. crust. b. asthenosphere. c. core. d. lithosphere. e. mid-ocean ridge.
b
Most demographers estimate that the human population will stabilize between ____ and ____ billion people by 2100. a. 7.1, 8.3 b. 6.8, 10.5 c. 7.1, 12.7 d. 6.8, 8.3 e. 12.2, 13.3
b
Places where water from aquifers naturally percolates up to the ground surface are known as a. wells. b. springs. c. cones of depression. d. water tables. e. recharges.
b
Population size can be estimated using the formula a. CBR + Immigration + CDR + Emigration b. CBR + Immigration - CDR - Emigration c. CBR + Immigration + CDR - Emigration d. CBR - Immigration - CDR - Emigration e. CBR - Immigration + CDR - Emigration
b
Sap-feeding insects that feed on plants may be classified as a. predators. b. parasites. c. hosts. d. commensalists. e. prey.
b
Several species of harmless kingsnakes (Lampropeltisspp) mimic the color patterns of venomous coral snakes (Micrurusfulvius), which serve as models. If avoidance were based solely on prior predator experience with the model, what do you predict would happen in areas where coral snakes were never present? a. Predators would initially attack and eat kingsnakes but soon learn to avoid them. b. Predators would attack and eat kingsnakes. c. Predators would avoid kingsnakes. d. Kingsnakes would evolve venom similar to the coral snakes. e. No predictions can be made based on the information given.
b
The Infant Mortality Rate and Child Mortality Rate are defined as the number of deaths per 1000 live births for children under ____ and ____ of age, respectively. a. Six months, 5 years b. 1 year, 5 years c. 2 years, 5 years d. 5 years, 10 years e. 5 years, 12 years
b
The biologist who studies interactions at the "community" level investigates interactions between a. organisms of one species b. populations of more than one species. c. animals of one species. d. social animals (like insects). e. ecosystems.
b
The crustal abundance of four elements make up greater than 88% of the earth's crust. These elements are a. gold, copper, nickel, silicon. b. Oxygen, silicon, aluminum, iron. c. Oxygen, gold, aluminum, iron. d. Oxygen, silicon, nickel, iron e. Nitrogen, silicon, aluminum, iron.
b
The organisms that represent all of the different interacting species within an ecosystem make up a a. population b. community c. trophic level d. biosphere e. Genus
b
Topsoil is the a. O horizon. b. A horizon. c. B horizon. d. C horizon. e. parent material.
b
Traditionally, floodplains were very important for development of human habitation because a. rivers were contained in their banks making housing easy to build. b. rivers overflowed their banks, depositing nutrient rich sediments for agriculture. c. weather patterns were more predictable near rivers. d. large grazing animals inhabited those areas. e. both b and d.
b
Use Figure 3-2. How would you describe the relationship between temperature of a continental ecosystem and net primary productivity based on the data provided? a. There is no clear relationship between temperature and productivity b. The warmer the ecosystem, the higher the productivity c. The colder the ecosystem, the higher the productivity d. Continental ecosystems are more productive than marine ecosystems e. The warmer the ecosystem, the lower the productivity
b
Use Figure 4-1. Using the diagram above, indicate which of the following has the highest albedo: a. Asphalt b. Fresh snow c. Forest d. Croplands e. Water
b
Use Figure 4-10. In the diagram above, in which zone does most photosynthesis occur? a. A b. B c. C d. D e. E
b
Use Figure 4-4. Using the diagram above, which position would correspond with Spring in the Northern Hemisphere? a. A b. B c. C d. D e. E
b
Use Figure 4-8. Which of the zones in the diagram above is the stratosphere? a. A b. B c. C d. D e. E
b
Use Figure 8-1. A subduction zone is shown at a. point A. b. point B. c. point C. d. point D. e. point E.
b
What is most significant when determining the diversity of an ecosystem? a. The number of organisms present b. The number of species present c. The amount of land the ecosystem covers d. The amount of precipitation an ecosystem receives e. The interactions between producers and consumers
b
When an organism has a trait that improves that individual's fitness for an environment, it is known as: a. An advantage b. An adaptation c. Inherited d. Increased strength e. Increased size
b
Which element is the most abundant in the atmosphere? a. Oxygen b. Nitrogen c. Phosphorus d. Sulfur e. Hydrogen
b
Which of the following is a density-independent event that could limit the size of a population? a. a mild winter, which reduces death rates b. the accidental spill of a pesticide that causes the population to decrease c. an increase in a predator population d. the reduction of a competitor species e. an outbreak of a parasite that spreads through close contact
b
Which of the following is not an abiotic factor? a. Sunlight b. Bacteria c. pH d. water e. soil composition
b
Which of the following is not considered to be contributing to the current increase in extinction rates? a. Habitat destruction b. Natural selection c. Overharvesting d. Introduction of invasive species e. Climate change
b
Which of the following processes of evolution is not random? a. Mutation b. Artificial selection c. Genetic drift d. Bottleneck effect e. Founder effect
b
Which of the following would result in the highest rate of evolution? a. A rapidly changing environment b. A population with high genetic variation c. A long generation time d. Few variations of phenotypes and genotypes e. Drastic changes to the environment
b
Which process can be controlled most directly by humans? a. Natural selection b. Artificial selection c. Genetic Drift d. Mutation e. Genetic Bottleneck
b
You are selecting a new dishwasher. You do about 150 loads per year. The less efficient model uses 9 gallons per load. The more efficient model uses 6 gallons per load. How many gallons of water will be saved over the course of one year? a. 45 b. 450 c. 4500 d. 45,000 e. 50
b
Electrons are a. negatively charged. b. positively charged. c. neutral. d. found in the nucleus of an atom. e. equal to the number of neutrons.
a
A particular country has a Total Fertility Rate equal to replacement level fertility and emigration equal to immigration. Which of the following must be true? a. The population will begin shrinking within ten years, based on the Rule of 70. b. The population must be stable. c. The population will begin growing as soon as TFR = 2.1. d. Infant mortality must also be less than Crude Death Rate. e. There is not enough information to tell.
b
Strip mining a. is a form of subsurface mining in which "strips" of soil and rock are removed to expose ore. b. is a form of surface mining in which "strips" of soil and rock are removed to expose ore. c. refers to both surface and subsurface mining. d. Is the most dangerous form of mining for the miners. e. Is not practiced in the U.S.
b
The lithosphere includes a. part of the core. b. all of the crust. c. the entire mantle. d. all of the core. e. both a and c.
b
Use Figure 5-3. Using the data provided, what is the pH range for the fundamental niche for species 2? a. 1-14 b. 3-11 c. 5-9 d. 7 e. 8-11
b
Which two scientists are credited with developing the theory of evolution by natural selection? a. Watson and Crick b. Darwin and Wallace c. Mendel and Darwin d. Shannon and Simpson e. Muir and Carson
b
At present, Earth's human population is a. stable. b. declining. c. increasing exponentially. d. increasing at a constant rate. e. increasing at about 10% per year.
c
Base saturation of the soil is a measure of the a. ability of water to drain. b. ability of nutrients to adhere to clay particles. c. proportion of soil bases to acids. d. particulate matter in lakes. e. Percentage of water to particles in a sample.
c
Dams are used for which of the following? I. Create reservoirs for drinking water. II. Power turbines that generate electricity. III. Better conditions for salmon migration. a. I only. b. II only. c. I and II. d. I and III. e. I, II, and III.
c
Figure 5-6 Use Figure 5-6. The table lists the number of individuals of each species found within four field communities. Which of the communities listed is most diverse overall? a. Community 1 b. Community 2 c. Community 3 d. Community 4 e. All are equally diverse
c
Plant roots cause a. only physical weathering. b. only chemical weathering. c. both physical and chemical weathering. d. neither chemical or physical weathering. e. only erosion.
c
The Earth is about ____ billion years old. a. 1.6 b. 2.6 c. 3.6 d. 4.6 e. 8.6
d
Which of the following are biotic? I. Decomposers II. Energy flow III. Producers a. I only b. II only c. III only d. I and III e. I, II and III
d
Which of the following is NOT a type of interspecific interaction? a. symbiosis b. predation c. competition d. speciation e. mutualism
d
Which of the following is not an example of geographic isolation? a. Founder effect b. Natural disturbance that separates a population into two c. Allopatric speciation d. Sympatric speciation e. A group of birds colonizes a new island
d
Which of the following is not true about the sun's energy heating the earth? a. The sun's rays hit the earth at different angles depending on the latitude b. The sun's rays are concentrated over a smaller surface area at the equator than they are in the higher latitudes c. The polar regions reflect more sunlight than the tropical regions d. The sun's rays are more strongly reflected in the lower latitude regions e. The unequal heating helps to determine an area's climate
d
The birth rate of a population is expressed as a a. decimal. b. ratio. c. fraction. d. logarithmic equation. e. percentage.
e
Use Figure 5-5. The diagram represents a layer of soil with fossils located in the various layers of sediments. Which layer would contain the oldest fossils? a. A b. B c. C d. D e. E
e
Which of the following are examples of wetlands? I. Swamps II. Marshes III. Bogs a. I only b. II only c. III only d. I and II e. I, II, and III
e
A dishwasher uses 700 watts each time it is run. The cycle takes one hour. It is run 150 times per year. How much energy does it use in one year? a. 105 kWh b. 1050 kWh c. 1050 J d. 700 kWh e. 0.10 MJ
a
According to the theory of demographic transition, the highest birth rates and death rates are likely to occur during phase a. 1. b. 2. c. 3. d. 4. e. 5
a
Earth worms live in many grass and forest ecosystems, and aerate soil as they burrow. They ingest organic matter and travel between soil horizons. These traits, taken collectively, refer to the ___ of the earth warm. a. niche b. habitat c. community profile d. ecosystem profile e. resource partition profile
a
Fossils, formed from plant or animal remains, are found in I. sedimentary rock II. metamorphic rock III. igneous rock a. I only. b. II only c. III only. d. I and III. e. II and III.
a
Freshwater around the world is unevenly distributed. The Middle Eastern and North African countries have __% of the world's population and __% of the world's drinking water a. 5, 1 b. 1, 5 c. 50, 5 d. 20, 2 e. 15, 5
a
In an aquifer a. groundwater is found in spaces between sediments and rock layers. b. underground water is always confined. c. underground water is always unconfined d. water recharge is rapid. e. is generally found under a glacier.
a
Many plants have their roots infected with a specialized fungus. The plant supplies carbon to the fungus, and the fungus supplies nutrients to the plant. This is an example of a association. a. mutualistic b. commensalistic c. parasitic d. successional e. predator/prey
a
Migratory behavior of salmon in the Pacific northwest was assisted by a. fish ladders. b. warmer temperatures. c. greater cutting of trees along the banks to promote warmer temperatures. d. cutting of new channels parallel to the rivers in which they can migrate. e. all of these answers are correct.
a
More than half the irrigated land in the world is located in a. China, the United States, India and Pakistan. b. China, Norway, India and Pakistan. c. China, the United States, Russia and Pakistan. d. Japan, the United States, India and Mongolia. e. China, South Korea, India and Pakistan.
a
Most energy on Earth comes from a. the Sun. b. volcanoes. c. trees. d. water. e. fire.
a
Overall, the greatest percentage of household water use in the United States is for a. flushing toilets. b. watering lawns. c. drinking. d. outdoor vegetable gardens. e. laundry.
a
Rabbits were introduced to Australia about 100 years ago for the purpose of hunting. They have been multiplying, eating up the native vegetation, and destroying the native habitat of other small animals, ever since. In the 1950's, in order to control the rabbit population, government scientists released the myxomatosis virus. The virus, which dramatically reduced the rabbit population, is an example of a. a predator. b. a parasite. c. a cyclical pattern of growth. d. the effect of migration on growth. e. mixed use wildlife management.
a
Select the correct rock type connected with its mode of origin. a. Igneous-liquid magma. b. Sedimentary-exposure to high temperatures and pressures. c. Metamorphic-compression of mud by overlying sediments. d. Sedimentary-compression of magma. e. All of the above are correct.
a
Soil degradation is caused by a. Compaction by the use of heavy machinery. b. burrowing animals such as earthworms. c. nitrogen fixing bacteria. d. pesticides. e. All of the above.
a
The European continent and North America are moving away from each other at a rate of 36 mm/year. Which answer most closely approximates how much farther apart the continents were in 2010 than when Christopher Columbus crossed the Atlantic in 1492? a. 0.02 km b. 0.2 km c. 180,000 mm d. 1800 mm e. 1.8 cm
a
Two species that have a high degree of niche overlap will a. compete intensely. b. speciate. c. interbreed. d. be a predator-prey pair. e. coexist peacefully.
a
Use Figure 4-3. A plane leaves the North Pole. Initially, it flies directly south towards point B on the diagram below. Which is the most likely landing site for the plane if it maintains a straight path to the south? a. Site A b. Site B c. Site C d. Site D e. None of the above
a
Use Figure 5-2. Based on the diagram, which structure would be considered the most primitive? a. Notochord b. V ertebrae c. Hinged jaw d. 4 legs e. Mammary glands
a
Use Figure 7-1. Population A is most likely a. rapidly growing. b. growing, but very slowly. c. stable. d. going to decline in a few decades. e. There is not enough information to tell.
a
Use Figure 7-1. Which population is larger? a. Population A b. Population B c. Currently, the populations are roughly the same size, but population B will soon be larger. d. Currently, the populations are roughly the same size, but population A will soon be larger. e. There is not enough information to tell.
a
Use Figure 8-2. Which horizon is known to have organic matter or humus? a. O horizon. b. A horizon. c. B horizon. d. C horizon. e. None of the Above
a
Use Figure 9-4. According to the figure above, household per capita use of water per day is greatest in a. Australia b. The United States c. Iraq d. India e. China
a
Using the rule of 70, a population growing at 10% would double in a. 7 years b. 10 years c. 15 years d. 17 years e. Not enough information to tell
a
Where is upwelling most likely to occur? a. Along the west coasts of continents b. Along the east coasts of continents c. In the center of most ocean basins d. At the equator e. In the polar oceans
a
Which of the following measures of biodiversity takes into account the number of species present and the relative abundance of the species present? a. Shannon's Index b. Species Richness c. Species Evenness d. Biodiversity Index e. Hardy-Weinberg Index
a
Which of the following pairs would increase the rate of evolution within a species? a. Slow environmental change and high genetic variation b. Rapid environmental change and large population size c. Long generation times and low genetic variation d. Large population size and slow environmental change e. Short generation time and large population size
a
Which of the following would not be considered when determining the fundamental niche of a species? a. Reproductive rate b. pH tolerance c. Temperature tolerance d. Salinity e. Soil moisture content
a
Which of these outcomes is likely in a natural situation when two closely related species compete for resources in the same habitat? a. Population size and distribution of each species may be reduced. b. Interbreeding between the two species will occur. c. One of the species will always become extinct. d. Both species will become extinct. e. Distribution and size of both populations will increase.
a
You are selecting a new dishwasher. You do about 150 loads per year. The less efficient model uses 9 gallons per load. The more efficient model uses 6 gallons per load. How much money will be saved on water if you select the more efficient model and the price of water is $0.75 per 1000 gallons? a. $0.34 b. $3.30 c. $33 d. $330 e. $3000
a
A population of rabbits with typical variations of traits lives in a meadow with a depression that runs through the middle. Over time, the depression fills in with water and becomes a river, separating the one population into two over a period of several years. This is an example of: a. Artificial selection b. Mutation c. Sympatric speciation d. Bottleneck effect e. Allopatric speciation
e
An ecosystem's carrying capacity for a population is determined by all of the following factors EXCEPT a. space. b. energy. c. water. d. food. e. climatic events, such as tornadoes.
e
Boreal forests tend to have a thick layer of organic material but the soil is poor in nutrients. explanation for this? a. The organic material is low in nutrients b. The rapid growth rate of plants uses the nutrients rapidly c. The soils have a low permeability and the nutrients do not dissolve in the soils d. The soil is too rocky to hold a high content of nutrients e. Low precipitation rates and cold temperatures slow decomposition
e
Dikes in the Netherlands a. are used in association with pumps to remove sea water. b. are necessary because more than 1/4 of the land is below sea level. c. may be needed in the very near future, but are not in place yet. d. originally used pumps powered by windmills. e. a, b and d are all correct.
e
Drip irrigation a. is valuable in areas where underground hoses do not have to be moved for annual plowing. b. involves dripping water near the roots of a plant. c. is 95% water efficient. d. reduces weed growth. e. all of these answers are correct.
e
Environmental problems associated with mining involve a. use of mercury. b. damage to streams. c. soil erosion. d. habitat fragmentation and destruction. e. all of these answers are correct.
e
GDP includes I. Consumer Spending II. Investments III. Government Spending IV. Exports - Imports a. I and II only b. I, II, and III c. II and III only d. I, III, and IV e. I, II, III, and IV
e
If the growth rate r of a population is positive and remains constant, the number of people added to the population a. remains constant. b. fluctuates randomly. c. decreases each year. d. reaches carrying capacity. e. increases each year.
e
If you were studying the niche of a species of bird, you might study a. the food it eats. b. its predators. c. the temperatures it needs to survive. d. the places where it builds its nests. e. all of the above
e
Levees do which of the following? I. prevent flooding II. cause flooding downstream III. prevent deposition of sediment on floodplains a. I only. b. II only. c. III only. d. II and III. e. I, II, and III.
e
Metamorphic rocks a. can only be formed from rocks that originate from magmatic melt. b. have been subjected to high heat and pressure. c. can result from exposure to tectonic forces. d. include marble and slate. e. both b and d.
e
Sustainable development would incorporate a. the development of alternative materials. b. efficient use of energy. c. replacement of nutrients in soil. d. evaluation of residential patterns. e. All of these answers are correct.
e
The following are non-renewable resources except a. aluminum. b. oil. c. coal. d. copper. e. timber.
e
The human population is currently following roughly a J-shaped curve. This means that the population is growing a. arithmetically. b. sigmoidally. c. at a decreasing rate. d. by a boom and bust cycle. e. exponentially.
e
The population of the United States continues to grow as a result of a. immigration. b. babies born to baby boom generation parents. c. the birth rate being above replacement level fertility during the 1940s through 1960s. d. population momentum. e. All of the above.
e
The soil that is best for growing most plants is composed of a. clay, because it retains nutrients and water tightly. b. sand, because water drains most easily. c. silt, because it is a medium sized particle. d. a mixture of sand to drain well and clay to hold nutrients. e. a mixture of sand, silt, and clay that promotes water drainage and retention.
e
Urban populations represent approximately ____ % of the world population, but consume ____ % of the world's resources a. 10, 25 b. 10, 50 c. 25, 50 d. 50, 50 e. 50, 75
e
Use Figure 4-6. What phenomenon does the above figure represent? a. Mountain rain effect b. Prevailing ocean winds c. Desert formation d. Climate change e. Rain shadow effect
e
Use Figure 4-7. According to the graph above, what biome would you expect to find in an area with an average temperature of 10o C and 100 cm of precipitation annually? a. Tundra b. Boreal forest c. Temperate rainforest d. Temperate grassland e. Temperate seasonal forest
e
Use Figure 4-9. In which of the zones in the diagram above would you be most likely to find bacteria engaged in chemosynthesis? a. A b. B c. C d. D e. E
e
Use Figure 8-2. Which hozizon is often the least eroded and commonly called the parent rock? a. O horizon. b. A horizon. c. B horizon. d. C horizon. e. Both B and C horizon
e
Use Figure 9-2. According to the figure above, water availability per capita throughout North Africa is approximately a. 15,000-70,000 m3 per capita per year. b. 6,000-15,000 m3 per capita per year. c. 1,700-2,500 m3 per capita per year. d. 1,000-1,700 m3 per capita per year. e. 0-1,000 m3 per capita per year.
e
Use of water from the Ogallala aquifer in the Great Plains region of the United States is not sustainable because a. it is being polluted at a rapid rate by oil leaking. b. It originated during the time when dinosaurs existed. c. it is recharged at a rate that is slower than it is used. d. There is intense competition for water for household, industrial, and agricultural use. e. both c and d.
e
What biome has warm temperatures, high precipitation, and little seasonal variation due to its location near the equator? a. Boreal forest b. Subtropical desert c. Temperate grassland/cold desert d. Woodland/shrubland e. Tropical rainforest
e
What factors are used to classify a biome? I. Average temperature II. Average precipitation III. Distinctive plants adapted to area a. I only b. II only c. III only d. I and II e. I, II and III
e
When individuals are found to be distributed evenly throughout an ecosystem it is often because a. they form hierarchal social groups b. they are interbreeding c. resources are not limiting d. they mate for life e. they are territorial.
e
When water is diverted from rivers, environmental damage may result in the following way: a. in an estuary fed by the river, salinity increases as sea water is able to encroach. b. in an estuary fed by the river, salinity decreases as sea water is able to encroach. c. the quantity of lake waters fed by the river may decrease significantly. d. the salinity of lake waters fed by the river may decrease. e. a and c.
e
Which behavioral response to the threat of predation is most likely to be selected for in a species that uses camouflage for protection? a. a quick escape response b. a sudden display to startle the predator c. a cooperative behavior d. a behavior that mimics the behavior of the predator e. a motionless behavior
e
Which of the following are measurements used to measure diversity within an ecosystem? I. Species wealth II. Species richness III. Species evenness a. I only b. II only c. III only d. I, II and III e. II and III
e
Which of the following are processes in which evolution occurs? I. Artificial selection II. Natural selection III. Genetic Drift a. I only b. II only c. III only d. II and III e. I, II, and III
e
Which of the following chemical reactions are involved in the creation of acid rain? I. sulfur dioxide and water vapor combine to create sulfuric acid II. hydrogen and chlorine combine to create hydrochloric acid III. sulfur and oxygen combine to create sulfur dioxide a. I only b. II only c. III only d. I and II e. I and III
e
Which of the following is used to determine how closely two species are related? I. Body shape II. Behavior III. Genetic similarity a. I only b. II only c. III only d. I and II e. I, II, and III
e
Which of the following organisms performs cellular respiration? I. Autotrophs II. Heterotrophs III. Decomposers a. I only b. II only c. III only d. IandII e. I, II and III
e
Which stage of the hydrologic cycle can be the most direct cause of algal blooms? a. Evaporation b. Precipitation c. Transpiration d. Infiltration e. Runoff
e
A laboratory experiment followed the growth of a flour beetle (Triboliumsp.) population over time. At first the population increased dramatically but later growth slowed and the population size leveled off. While food (the wheat flour in which they live) was abundant, it was noticed that flour beetles resorted to eating their own eggs when densities got high. What can we conclude about cannibalism in this species? a. It has no effect on the growth of the population, as food scarcity is clearly the limiting factor here. b. It is clearly maladaptive as populations always do best when their densities rise as high as possible. c. It serves as a density-dependent means of population control. d. It serves as a density-independent means of population control. e. We cannot reach any conclusion based on the information provided.
c
According to the theory of demographic transition, birth rates decline during phase a. 1. b. 2. c. 3. d. 4. e. 5
c
At one point China had the highest fertility rates in the world. Now, with a rate of 1.6 births/woman, the population is expected to a. double by 2040. b. level off by 2040. c. begin falling by 2040. d. become more fertile, possibly increasing to as high as 2.5 births per woman. e. become less fertile, possibly decreasing to zero population growth.
c
Ivory Coast and China are two developing nations. China has a much larger per capita ecological footprint than Ivory Coast. This is most likely due to I. China's much larger population II. China's growing dependence on fossil fuels to drive their economy III. Ivory Coast's dependence on small scale and subsistence agriculture IV. Ivory Coast's much smaller GDP a. I and II only b. I, II, and III c. II and III only d. I, III, and IV e. I, II, and IV
c
Malthus noted that human populations grow ____ while food supply grows ____. a. linearly, exponentially b. linearly, sigmoidally c. exponentially, linearly d. exponentially, logarithmically e. logarithmically, exponentially
c
Populations whose age structure diagrams are narrower at the bottom than at the top have a. high death rates b. the same proportion of individuals in each age group c. a declining population d. a high growth rate e. all of the above
c
The legislation that mandates that land should be minimally disturbed during the mining process and reclaimed after mining is completed is called the a. Mining Law of 1872. b. General Mining Act. c. Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977. d. Surface Mining Act of 1987. e. General Surface Mining Act of 1998.
c
The most critical factor in controlling human population growth is a. controlling reproductive lifespan. b. decreasing the age of first birth. c. decreasing the average number of births per woman. d. decreasing infant death. e. increasing overall wellness for the human race.
c
The purpose of aqueducts is a. to protect river channels. b. to store water. c. to move water from one place to another. d. to create wells. e. obsolete because they were created by the Romans.
c
The total fertility rate (TFR) is an estimate of a. the number of children that will survive to adulthood. b. the number of years a typical infant will live. c. the number of children each woman in a population will have. d. the number of births per 1000 people per year. e. the percentage of women in a population that are able to have children.
c
The water table is a. anywhere water is visible on the surface. b. where streams and lakes intersect. c. the uppermost level at which water fully saturates rock or soil. d. synonymous with groundwater. e. where water under pressure rises.
c
Use Figure 5-1. Which of the following is the best description of the two communities shown? a. Community 1 has a higher evenness but lower richness than Community 2 b. Community 1 has a higher evenness and higher richness than Community 2 c. Community 1 has a higher evenness and equal richness to Community 2 d. Community 2 has a higher evenness and higher richness than Community 1 e. Community 2 has a higher evenness but lower richness than Community 1
c
Use Figure 7-1. Population B is most likely a. rapidly growing. b. rapidly declining. c. stable or close to stable. d. going to decline in a few decades. e. There is not enough information to tell.
c
When looking at an age structure diagram, you notice that the lowest ages represent the lowest percentages of the population. You are most likely looking at a. a population that is about to grow very rapidly. b. a stable population. c. a population that will begin to shrink when that age group reaches sexual maturity. d. a population in which the replacement fertility rate has been exceeded. e. a population in which the TFR has begun to increase.
c
Which of the following statements about the Coriolis Effect is incorrect? a. The Coriolis effect causes objects to be deflected to the west in the northern hemisphere b. The Coriolis effect causes objects to be deflected to the east in the southern hemisphere c. Global winds are not affected by the Coriolis effect d. The Coriolis effect is caused by the rotation of Earth e. The different rotation speeds of Earth at different latitudes causes the deflection of traveling objects
c
Which of the following would have the least effect on how successful a species is at adapting to a new environment? a. Population size b. Generation time c. Amount of parental care d. Genetic variation e. Rate of environmental change
c
Which type of species would be most vulnerable to environmental changes? a. Species with a large population size b. Niche generalists c. Niche specialists d. Species with rapid reproductive rates e. Species with high genetic variation
c
A species that plays a major role in determining the structure of its ecological community is a. a predator. b. a dominator species. c. the most abundant species in the community. d. a keystone species. e. the largest species.
d
According to the theory of demographic transition, birth rates may drop below death rates during phase a. 1. b. 2. c. 3. d. 4. e. 5
d
Hydroponic agriculture I. uses soil. II. uses a nutrient rich solution. III. uses little or no pesticides. a. I only. b. II only. c. I and II. d. II and III. e. I, II, and III.
d
In an artesian well a. water sinks deep underground as a result of pressure. b. water is infiltrated by sediment. c. there is no recharge source. d. water under pressure can rise to the surface without pumping. e. salt infiltrates fresh water.
d
Oligotrophic lakes a. are synonymous with eutrophic lakes. b. contain many fish because they are free of pollutants. c. are polluted by nitrogen and phosphorous. d. have low productivity due to low amounts of nutrients. e. are the result of flooding.
d
Over the past century, sagebrush has dramatically expanded its range over the Colorado Plateau's grasslands. This has been attributed to the overgrazing of the area's grasses by cattle and sheep. This example indicates that a. grazing has no effect on the distribution of plants. b. sagebrush could not exist anywhere in the absence of cattle and sheep. c. sagebrush is the dominant competitor over grasses. d. the range of sagebrush is normally limited by competition with grasses. e. the relationship between sagebrush and grasses is mutualistic.
d
Population growth rates are high in developing countries because a. infant mortality rates are low. b. women tend to have children late in life. c. family planning is common. d. children are often an important economic advantage. e. All of the above.
d
Predation is similar to _____ in that both types of relationship benefit one of the interacting species while the other is harmed. a. commensalism b. competition c. mutualism d. parasitism e. camouflage
d
Rapid growth may be temporarily be observed in a population in response to all of these EXCEPT a. elimination of a pollutant. b. elimination of predators. c. increase in food supply. d. introduction of a new parasite. e. introduction into a new habitat.
d
Reverse osmosis is preferable to distillation as a method of desalination because a. it produces less salty brine which is damaging to wildlife. b. the salt it produces can be deposited safely on land. c. the salt is safely returned to the ocean. d. the equipment is more efficient and often less costly. e. both b and d.
d
The concept that two species cannot occupy the same ecological niche is called a. coevolution. b. mutualism. c. primary succession. d. competitive exclusion. e. commensalism.
d
The elements of Earth are separated such that the a. most dense elements are in the center, called the mantle. b. most dense elements are at the surface, called the crust. c. least dense elements are at the surface, called the mantle. d. most dense elements are in the center, called the core. e. least dense elements are in the center, called the core.
d
The infiltration of pollutants into groundwater a. is rare in areas with sandy soils because water flows through them easily. b. is common in areas with clay soils because water flows through them easily. c. is most likely in geologic regions with basaltic bedrock. d. is common in areas with sandy soils because water flows through them easily. e. is impossible in areas that were at one time connected with an ocean.
d
The intrinsic growth rate of a population a. directly affects environmental resistance. b. causes changes in birth rates without affecting death rates. c. causes changes in death rates without affecting birth rates. d. is the maximum rate at which a population may increase. e. all of the above
d
The porosity of soil is a measure of a. its cation exchange capacity. b. how deep its topsoil layer is. c. how much biological material it contains. d. how quickly it drains. e. none of these answers are correct.
d
The region of the world with the highest incidence of HIV infections is a. North America b. Eastern Europe/ Central Asia c. Western/Central Europe d. Sub-Saharan Africa e. Middle East/North Africa
d
Two species of buttercup can be found in the same field in South Dakota. They emerge at different times: one species emerges and flowers in early spring, and the other species emerges in late summer, after the first species has set seed. Both flower species are pollinated by the same insect species, which is common in spring and summer. The different flowering times are likely due to a. competitive exclusion. b. niche fragmentation. c. niche realignment. d. resource partitioning. e. parasitism.
d
Use Figure 4-8. The northern lights are caused by solar radiation hitting charged gas molecules in which layer? a. A b. B c. C d. D e. E
d
Use Figure 4-9. In the diagram above, which of the zones is the benthic zone? a. A b. B c. C d. D e. E
d
Use Figure 5-2. In the diagram, which pair of organisms shares the closest evolutionary relationship? a. Lancelet and lizard b. Chipmunk and lancelet c. Lancelet and trout d. Lizard and chipmunk e. Lamprey and lizard
d
Use Figure 5-3. Using the data provided, what is the pH range of tolerance for species 1? a. 3-11 b. 5-10 c. 7 d. 8-11 e. 10-11
d
Use Figure 5-4. What is the most likely explanation for the changes in distribution of Red and Loblolly pines as indicated in the maps shown? a. Increase in competition between the two species b. Increase in urbanization c. Increase in deforestation d. Climate change, increasing temperature e. Increase in use of herbicides, reducing weed competitors
d
Use Figure 8-1. New ocean floor is created at a. point A. b. point B. c. point C. d. point D. e. point E.
d
Use Figure 8-3. Using the soil triangle above, what is the percentage of sand, silt, and clay at Point A? a. 40% sand, 20% silt, 40% clay b. 40% sand, 30% silt, 10% clay c. 30% sand, 40% silt, 30% clay d. 40% sand, 40% silt, 20% clay e. 35% sand, 35% silt, 30% clay
d
Use Figure 9-1. According to the figure above, the lake with the largest water volume is a. Lake Victoria. b. Lake Superior. c. Lake Tanganyika. d. Lake Baikal. e. Lake Huron.
d
What cellular processes can create genetic diversity? I. Mutation II. Recombination III. Respiration a. I only b. II only c. III only d. I and II e. I, II, and III
d
What factors are used to determine what constitutes a species? I. Physically distinct from other groups of organisms II. Can interbreed with others from the same group III. Shares the same habitat as other groups of organisms a. I only b. II only c. III only d. I and II e. I, II, and III
d
When a population suddenly reduces in size either from habitat loss, natural disaster or other changes in the environment, its genetic variation is affected. When this occurs, this is known as: a. Founder effect b. Geographic isolation c. Genetic Drift d. Bottleneck effect e. Mutation
d
When part of one chromosome breaks off and reattaches to another chromosome, this is known as: a. A mutation b. Reattachment disorder c. Natural selection d. Recombination e. Genetic merging
d
Which of the following is the Earth's most diverse biome? a. Wetlands b. Tropical Rainforest c. Temperate seasonal forest d. Coral reefs e. Grasslands
d
Which of the following is the best example of artificial selection? a. Bees pollinating different species of flowers b. Adaptation of finches to different sources of food on different islands c. An isolated population of frogs develops a phenotype distinct from the original population d. Breeding of horses for speed e. A small population has an unusually high percentage of an rare phenotype
d
Which of the following is true about El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO)? I. Upwelling is suppressed off the coast of South America II. This phenomenon is human caused and related to global warming III. The tradewinds weaken, allowing warm water to move eastward a. I only b. II only c. III only d. I and III e. I, II and III
d
A good liner for a landfill is made of a. clay b. sand c. silt d. basalt e. loam
a
A cone of depression may develop a. where artesian wells are common. b. if groundwater is deep. c. where groundwater is abundant. d. in areas adjacent to a deep well from which a great deal of water is rapidly pumped. e. only in unconfined aquifers.
d
Human population today is closest to a. 3 billion. b. 5 billion. c. 6 billion. d. 7 billion. e. 12 billion.
d
An experiment is set up to determine if wheat grows better when it is planted by itself or together with clover. The setup involves 3 pans of each treatment. Set-up A, B and C contain wheat alone. Set-ups D, E and F contain clover and wheat planted together, in rows alternating one seed of each type. One hundred seeds are planted in each pan. all treatments contain the same type of soil, are planted in the same size of pan, are exposed to the same amount of sunlight, and are maintained at the same temperature throughout the course of the experiment. Use Passage 1-1. Several setups of each treatment are prepared to fulfill a very important requirement of scientific experimentation, specifically the need for a. replication. b. constants. c. a control. d. an independent variable. e. a dependent variable.
a
Elements that gain or lose electrons to form compounds create a. ionic bonds. b. protons. c. covalent bonds. d. molecular bonds. e. isotopes.
a
How is the majority of energy within an ecosystem lost? a. Heat loss b. Energy used to grow biomass c. Cellular respiration d. Cellular metabolism e. Energy used to capture prey
a
In which level of the atmosphere does weather occur? a. Troposphere b. Stratosphere c. Mesosphere d. Thermosphere e. Exosphere
a
Inductive reasoning a. is the process of making general statements from specific facts. b. is the process of applying a general statement to specific facts. c. doesn't require facts d. is the same thing as a hypothesis. e. is the same thing as observation.
a
Matter is a. anything that has volume and mass. b. anything that has energy. c. anything that doesn't have mass d. anything that doesn't have volume e. None of these answers are correct.
a
Of the following, which are products of photosynthesis? I. Glucose II. Carbon dioxide III. Water a. I only b. II only c. III only d. IandII e. I and III
a
The difference between potential and kinetic energy is that a. potential energy has not yet been released. b. kinetic energy has not yet been released. c. potential energy is measured in calories, whereas kinetic energy is measured in joules. d. potential energy is measured in watts, whereas kinetic energy is measured in joules. e. kinetic energy cannot be captured at a dam.
a
The population with the greatest ability to respond to environmental change most likely is the one with a. high genetic diversity. b. low genetic diversity. c. one type of dominant organism. d. two types of dominant organisms. e. more animals than plants.
a
The sun is the ultimate source of energy for terrestrial ecosystems. Approximately how much of the potential energy available from the sun's rays hitting the earth is used in photosynthesis? a. 1% b. 10% c. 25% d. 50% e. 90%
a
To produce sodium chloride, common table salt, a single electron in the outer shell of the sodium atom is transferred to the outer shell of the chlorine atom. This is an example of a. the formation of an ionic bond. b. the formation of a covalent bond. c. radioactive decay. d. the formation of a hydrogen bond. e. None of the above.
a
Use Figure 1-1. According to the figure above, which of the following statements about the overall trends in per capita wheat production is correct? a. Per capita wheat production increased from 1950 through the mid-1980's and then started to decrease. b. There is no discernible trend. c. Between 1950 and 1960, per capita wheat production was stable and then decreased through 2005. d. Per capita wheat production has not changed since 1950's e. Per capita wheat production has steadily increased since the 1950's through today
a
Use Figure 3-3. Looking at the ecological pyramid above, what would be the most likely number of joules to fill in X, Y and Z? a. X=100, Y=1000, Z=10,000 b. X=1, Y=500, Z=10,000 c. X=10,000, Y=500, Z=1 d. X=50, Y=50,000, Z=500,000 e. X=10,000, Y=1000, Z=10
a
What best describes the temperature of the atmosphere? a. It decreases as you increase in altitude in the troposphere b. It increases as you increase in altitude c. It maintains a constant level throughout the atmosphere d. It shows fluctuations up and down as you move through the layers of the atmosphere e. It does not change
a
What happens to air as it rises? a. The pressure decreases and it expands in volume b. The pressure increases and it expands in volume c. The pressure decreases and it decreases in volume d. The pressure increases and it decreases in volume e. The pressure and volume remain constant
a
What impact does deforestation have on the carbon cycle? a. Increase in amount of CO2 in the atmosphere b. Decrease in the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere c. Increase in the amount of photosynthesis d. Increase in the amount of cellular respiration performed by autotrophs e. Deforestation has no impact on the carbon cycle
a
What is the overall direction of global air currents at the equator? a. Air rises at the equator b. Air sinks at the equator c. Air moves horizontally to the north at the equator d. Air moves horizontally to the south at the equator e. Air is relatively stable at the equator.
a
Which group of organisms performs photosynthesis? a. Autotrophs b. Scavengers c. Heterotrophs d. Consumers e. Decomposers
a
Which of the following is considered to be the most important element in living organisms? a. Carbon b. Hydrogen c. Oxygen d. Phosphorus e. Nitrogen
a
Which of the following is the best description of a region's climate? a. The average temperature and precipitation over several decades b. The average precipitation over a 1-2 year time period c. The average high temperature of a region d. The amount of rainfall that an area receives over a period of 1 year e. The average temperature and rainfall over a period of 1-2 years
a
Which of the following statements best describes the concept of NPP (Net Primary Production) a. Energy captured minus energy lost b. Total amount of energy available for the sun c. Total amount of energy produced from photosynthesis d. Total amount of energy available within an ecosystem e. Total amount of cellular respiration conducted within an ecosystem
a
__% of the world's most developed population consumes __% of the world's energy. a. 20, 58 b. 20, 20 c. 10, 90 d. 2, 75 e. 2, 95
a
A forest has a GPP of 3.8 kg C/m2/year and the rate of cellular respiration is 2.4 kg C/m2/year. What is the NPP? a. 6.2 kg C/m2/year b. 1.4 kg C/m2/year c. 1.0 kg C/m2/year d. 9.12 kg C/m2/year e. 1.58 kg C/m2/year
b
An ecosystem that has been clear cut showed a dramatic decrease in the amount of nutrients and energy that were cycled in the ecosystem. In this example, the ecosystem has: a. High resistance b. Low resistance c. High resilience d. Low resilience e. Equal resilience and resistance
b
An experiment is set up to determine if wheat grows better when it is planted by itself or together with clover. The setup involves 3 pans of each treatment. Set-up A, B and C contain wheat alone. Set-ups D, E and F contain clover and wheat planted together, in rows alternating one seed of each type. One hundred seeds are planted in each pan. all treatments contain the same type of soil, are planted in the same size of pan, are exposed to the same amount of sunlight, and are maintained at the same temperature throughout the course of the experiment. Use Passage 1-1. Constants in this experiment are a. the pan of wheat, temperature, soil type. b. temperature, number of seeds in each pan, sunlight. c. number of seeds in each pan, sunlight, one pan of wheat and clover. d. the pans of wheat alternated with clover. e. the same as the independent variable.
b
An experiment is set up to determine if wheat grows better when it is planted by itself or together with clover. The setup involves 3 pans of each treatment. Set-up A, B and C contain wheat alone. Set-ups D, E and F contain clover and wheat planted together, in rows alternating one seed of each type. One hundred seeds are planted in each pan. all treatments contain the same type of soil, are planted in the same size of pan, are exposed to the same amount of sunlight, and are maintained at the same temperature throughout the course of the experiment. Use Passage 1-1. The treatments planted with wheat alone are the a. constant. b. controls. c. independent variable. d. dependent variable. e. replication.
b
Controlled experiments in nature are difficult because a. it is impossible to determine what kind of conditions are needed for the experiment. b. large amounts of land are sometimes required to produce natural conditions. c. animals cannot be studied because they do not stay still. d. scientists do not like to do the fieldwork required. e. Both a and b.
b
Problems developed at Mono Lake as a consequence of the a. San Francisco earthquake of 1906. b. redirection of water that fed the lake for use by Los Angeles. c. rerouting of water that fed the lake to support the development of Las Vegas. d. addition of pollution from detergents to the lake in the 1940's e. failure of Canadian geese to migrate from the area around the lake.
b
The addition of a limiting nutrient to an ecosystem may lead to an algal bloom. What effect will this algal bloom have on the oxygen content of the water? a. The algae bloom will cause the oxygen content in the water to increase overall b. The algae bloom will cause the oxygen content in the water to decrease, leading to hypoxic conditions c. The algae bloom will have no impact on the oxygen content of the water d. The algae bloom will cause rapid fluctuations of oxygen in the water e. The oxygen content will vary based on depth of the water
b
The health of frog populations is used as an indicator of environmental health because frogs a. are exposed to the water. b. are amphibious. c. eat insects which are very low on the food chain. d. live in the tropics. e. may ingest toxins on land.
b
The polarity of the water molecule is the result of a. the slight negative charge of the hydrogen atoms. b. shared electrons spending more time near the oxygen atom than near the hydrogen atoms. c. shared electrons spending more time near the hydrogen atoms than near the oxygen atom. d. boiling point. e. two positive sides repelling each other.
b
The second law of thermodynamics states that a. in an energy conversion, no energy is lost. b. all systems move toward increased entropy. c. new energy is available in all systems. d. matter can be neither created nor destroyed. e. velocity increases as a dropped object nears the earth's surface
b
Two square km is equal to _____ square meters. a. 200,000 b. 2,000,000 c. 20,000,000 d. 200,000,000 e. 2,000,000,000
b
Use Figure 4-2. Using the graph above, what conclusion can be drawn about the relationship between temperature and saturation point? a. As temperature increases, saturation point decreases exponentially b. As temperature increases, saturation point increases exponentially c. As temperature increases, saturation point increases linearly d. As temperature increases, saturation point decreases linearly e. There is a negative correlation between temperature and saturation point
b
What law best relates to energy loss within an ecosystem? a. First law of thermodynamics b. Second law of thermodynamics c. Third law of thermodynamics d. Law of conservation of matter e. Law of relativity
b
When studies are done to determine the effect of pesticides on humans, a. human subjects are used to test the pesticides. b. the health of similar groups of people who have not been exposed to the pesticides are used as a basis for comparison. c. it is very difficult to find more than a single person exposed. d. higher primates are tested because their systems are close to those of humans. e. Both a and b.
b
Which level of the atmosphere contains the ozone layer? a. Troposphere b. Stratosphere c. Mesosphere d. Thermosphere e. Exosphere
b
An example of a positive feedback loop is I.warmer temperatures of Earth's surface decreasing the evaporation of water II.water evaporation creating low-altitude clouds reflecting sunlight back into clouds. III.water evaporation creating high-altitude clouds absorbing terrestrial energy that would have escaped the atmosphere. a. I only b. II only c. III only d. I and II. e. I, II and III
c
An experiment is set up to determine if wheat grows better when it is planted by itself or together with clover. The setup involves 3 pans of each treatment. Set-up A, B and C contain wheat alone. Set-ups D, E and F contain clover and wheat planted together, in rows alternating one seed of each type. One hundred seeds are planted in each pan. all treatments contain the same type of soil, are planted in the same size of pan, are exposed to the same amount of sunlight, and are maintained at the same temperature throughout the course of the experiment. Use Passage 1-1. The dependent variable in this experiment could be the a. height of the clover. b. number of leaves on the clover. c. height of the wheat. d. presence of nodules on the roots of the clover. e. number of clover seeds that germinate.
c
An experiment is set up to determine if wheat grows better when it is planted by itself or together with clover. The setup involves 3 pans of each treatment. Set-up A, B and C contain wheat alone. Set-ups D, E and F contain clover and wheat planted together, in rows alternating one seed of each type. One hundred seeds are planted in each pan. all treatments contain the same type of soil, are planted in the same size of pan, are exposed to the same amount of sunlight, and are maintained at the same temperature throughout the course of the experiment. Use Passage 1-1. The following statement provides a hypothesis for this experiment : a. Wheat grows taller when planted by itself than when it is alternated with clover. b. Clover grows better when planted by itself c. Wheat grows better when planted together with clover. d. Clover grows better when planted together with wheat. e. Both a and c are legitimate hypotheses for this experiment.
c
Energy conversion by living things is a. evident in animals producing food. b. not necessary because animals eat food. c. a fundamental component of all environmental systems. d. the way electromagnetic radiation is produced. e. None of the above.
c
Environmental justice is a. the body of law that deals with environmental issues. b. the type of legal system that environmental lawyers use to defend nature. c. a social movement that works toward equal enforcement of environmental laws in poor communities. d. a type of legal punishment for polluters. e. not needed because pollution is equitably distributed around the world.
c
Greenhouse gases in the Earth's atmosphere a. are in steady state. b. are decreasing. c. are increasing. d. cannot be measured. e. prove that inputs are equal to outputs.
c
The "ability to do work" is called a. power b. joules c. energy. d. heat e. radiation.
c
The state of global systems on Earth, such as the atmosphere and oceans, a. are in steady state today. b. have never been in steady state. c. are changing. d. were in steady state until 2010. e. are clearly showing a net loss of water.
c
The study of environmental science differs from study of the natural sciences such as biology and chemistry because it a. doesn't encourage critical thinking b. cluded in most institutions of higher learning. c. involves politics, law and economics. d. eliminates the consideration of physics. e. doesn't take into account the scientific process
c
Use Figure 3-1. Which of the organisms illustrated above would be the top predator? a. Zebra b. Hyena c. Lion d. Cheetah e. Giraffe
c
Use Figure 4-2. Use the graph above to determine how much water would fall (in grams/m3) as precipitation if the temperature of the air saturated with water vapor fell from 30o C to 10o C. a. 0 g b. 10 g c. 20 g d. 30 g e. 40 g
c
What group of organisms is primarily responsible for the processes that occur in the nitrogen cycle? a. Autotrophs b. Heterotrophs c. Bacteria d. Detritovores e. Scavengers
c
What is the major source of phosphorus on land? a. Deposition from atmospheric phosphorus b. Compounds that are formed by autotrophs during photosynthesis c. Compounds released from the weathering of rocks d. Compounds formed from bacterial conversion e. Compounds dissolved in precipitation
c
A negative feedback loop is a. when feed back into the system increases the rate of progress. b. seen in the example of increased greenhouse gases leading to global warming. c. seen in the example of world population growth. d. when a system responds to a change by returning it to its original state. e. Both b and d.
d
A substance with a pH of 4 has _____ times the hydrogen ion concentration of a substance with a pH of 6. a. 2 b. 5 c. 10 d. 100 e. 1000
d
In what ways have humans had an effect on the Nitrogen cycle? I. Use of fertilizers II. Combustion of fossil fuels III. Urbanization a. I only b. II only c. III only d. IandII e. I, II and III
d
Organic compounds may contain I. carbon-carbon bonds II. carbon-hydrogen bonds III. hydrogen-oxygen bonds a. I only b. II only c. III only d. I, II and III. e. I and III.
d
Sustainable development a. was demonstrated on Easter Island. b. requires resources to be saved and stored for one generation. c. is achieved when food is raised by the people who are eating it. d. balances human needs and economic development. e. Allows for clear-cutting of trees.
d
The death of a billion fish in the Neuse River of North Carolina in 1991 was caused by a. sediment. b. bacteria. c. overfishing the food source of the fish. d. Pfiesteria. e. acid rain.
d
The following are examples of sustainable practices. I. Forests cut for timber are replanted II. Steel is recycled. III. Plastic is disposed of in landfills because that it is less expensive than recycling. a. I only. b. II only. c. I and III only. d. I and II only. e. I, II, and III.
d
The number of species on Earth that have been identified is approximately a. 10 billion b. 1 billion c. 100 million d. 2 million e. 100,000
d
Twenty-five Btu = _____ joules. a. 45 b. 56,375 c. 4416 d. 26,375 e. 42
d
Use Figure 3-1. Which of the organisms above would occupy the lowest trophic level? a. Hyena b. Cheetah c. Vulture d. Giraffe e. Lion
d
Use Figure 3-2. Which ecosystem is the most productive? a. Tundra b. Tropical rainforest c. Coral reefs d. Swamps and marshes e. Desert scrub
d
What happens during nitrogen fixation? a. Bacteria in the soil convert nitrate into nitrogen gas and nitrous oxide. b. Nitrogen wastes are converted by bacteria into ammonium. c. Organisms convert nitrogen into carbon dioxide and energy, d. Atmospheric nitrogen diffuses into the soil and is converted into ammonia. e. Nitrogen is absorbed by plants.
d
What is a watershed? a. Network of streams leading to a larger river b. Network of rivers and bays that lead to the ocean c. Reservoir of water stored underground d. Area of land that drains to a water body e. Extensive wetland system leading to a bay
d
A positive feedback loop a. is when feedback into a system increases a rate of response. b. is when feedback into a system decreases a rate of response. c. may be seen in some examples of population growth. d. is when a system responds to a change by returning it to its original state. e. Both a and c.
e
A systems analysis of an ecosystem could involve I. inputs of nutrients. II. outputs of energy. III. evaporation. a. I only b. II only c. III only d. I and II e. I, II, and III
e
According to the law of conservation of matter, I.matter can be created II.matter cannot be destroyed III.after a chemical reaction, the original atoms remain a. I only. b. II only. c. III only. d. I and II. e. II and III.
e
As a solid or a liquid, water reaches its lowest density at a. 4°C. b. 39°F. c. 100°F. d. 100°C. e. 0°C.
e
Calculating ecological footprint involves consideration of a. the impact of activities on the resources of Earth. b. lifestyle. c. water usage for crops and direct consumption. d. food calories required for continuing normal activity. e. All of these answers are correct.
e
DNA is a. formed by sugars that are responsible for protecting organisms from foreign substances. b. formed by proteins that is important for structural support. c. formed by long chains of nucleic acids. d. the genetic material organisms pass to their offspring. e. both c and d.
e
Ecosystem services a. are the processes by which life supporting resources are produced. b. can be provided by a forest. c. can be provided by an aquifer. d. can be provided by soil. e. All of these answers are correct.
e
Energy quality a. from wood is high. b. from gasoline is high. c. is measured by the ease with which it can be used for work. d. is high when it is found in a concentrated form. e. b, c, and d are all correct.
e
Evidence of biodiversity is seen in the a. genetic variation among human populations. b. number of species in a region. c. number of ecosystems and habitats in a region. d. variety of nutrients available in a region. e. All of these answers are correct.
e
Extinctions of species can be the result of a. natural systems changing. b. introduction of invasive species. c. systems that are not in steady state. d. human inputs. e. All of these answers are correct.
e
Factors that are responsible for grain production not keeping up with worldwide population include a. crop diseases. b. soil degradation. c. use of food crops for fuel. d. government encouragement to let land remain uncultivated. e. All of these answers are correct.
e
Humans have a considerable effect on the hydrologic cycle. Which of the following has a direct effect on this cycle? I. Deforestation II. Urbanization III. Mining of fossil fuels a. I only b. II only c. III only d. IandII e. I, II and III
e
If land is cleared at a rate of 456 hectares per week, approximately how many acres per year that are being cleared? a. 16,5000 b. 180 c. 9500 d. 66,400 e. 58,600
e
On the pH scale, _____ is neutral. a. 3 b. 4 c. 5 d. 6 e. 7
e
The concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere a. is increasing in part due to fossil fuel use. b. has not significantly changed in the past 200 years. c. is increasing in part due to deforestation. d. has been decreasing since the 1800's e. both a and c.
e
The salinity problem at Mono Lake was corrected after a. water was diverted and the lake filled back to historical levels. b. legislation required that the lake should not be used for fishing. c. the Audubon Society worked together with the Los Angeles Department of Water. d. additional water was extracted for use by agriculture. e. Both a and c are correct.
e
Use Figure 3-3. What type of organism would you expect to find on the lowest level of the pyramid above? a. Gazelle b. Lion c. Vulture d. Giraffe e. Grasses
e
Water is a good solvent. This statement explains which of the following phenomena? I. High concentrations of dissolved ions in seawater. II. Capacity of living organisms to store many types of molecules in solution in their cells. III. Easy transport of toxic substances through the environment. a. I only. b. II only c. I and II. d. I and III. e. I, II, and III.
e
What impact have humans had on the phosphorus cycle? I. Use of phosphorus containing fertilizers II. Increased urbanization of forested areas III. Increased use of phosphorus containing detergents a. I only b. II only c. III only d. IandII e. I and III
e
When we discuss "our environment" we are referring to a. All conditions in the world. b. only interactions that affect human life. c. only conditions that cause negative effects on our health. d. primarily interactions that harm the atmosphere. e. the sum of all the conditions surrounding us that influence life
e
