Ap Euro

Oliver Cromwell, Lord Protector

"Lord Protector", known for militant Puritan rule, hated by English, banned FUN stuff in general, ex-roundheads' military leader. Welcomed to England by parliament to rule after the unpopular Charles I. Got rid of monarchy, and replaced with military dictatorship.

"Petition of Right"

Imposed after the 30 Years War, English constitutional document that sets out specific liberties of the subject that the king is prohibited from infringing. restrictions on non-Parliamentary taxation, forced billeting of soldiers, imprisonment without cause, and restricts the use of martial law.

Gunpowder Plot

a failed assassination attempt against King James I of England and VI of Scotland by a group of provincial English Catholics led by Robert Catesby. The plan was to blow up the House of Lords during the State Opening of England's Parliament on 5 November 1605. Plea for religious tolerance.

James II

no male heirs, father of Anne and Mary, replaced by William III, lived in France the rest of his life

conflicts between monarchs and parliament

-Louis the XIV had problems with them. - James I of England/VI of Scotland: Since parliament wouldn't give him money, causing financial crisis. -Charles I: son of James I, Parliament also refused to give him money to embark on war with spain and france, so he dismissed parliament which resulted in the bishop wars (religious conflict). Since parliament has to let you tax people, and they wouldn't let Charles, Charles just illegally started taxing people. He recalled parliament because of the Scottish revolt (this happened because he introduced the Anglican Book of Prayer into Calvinist Scotland), but that led to a civil war and his execution. The calvaliers were the king's supporters and the roundheads were the parliamentary supporters. The long-parliament began: the king cannot make any decisions. -Oliver Cromwell: Cromwell disbanded Parliament in 1653 which is ironic because he had been their military leader during the English civil war (he established the rump parliament that ended monarchy). The reason why he did that was eventually disbanded them was because they disagreed with his military policies.

causes of the end of Ottoman expansion

-defeat at Vienna. -internal administrative rivalry: gran vizier, second in command, rivals with the sultan. Military leaders were also fighting for recognition, so that disrupted unity. -overpopulation: less land, more people, less trade, more soldiers competing for ranks, famine. -militaristic and economic standstill: ulama pressing for tradition, backwards ideas, not adapting to the times unlike the Europeans. -islam: did not go through any division, any change unlike Catholicism. Islam is the source of that backwards attitude. Suggests that religious fanaticism causes decline.

House of Hanover

After Anne's (Mary's sister) death, the house of Hanover, german/protestant, would rule. In 1714, the elector of Hanover became King George I of Great Britain (England and Scotland had united in 1707)

Louis XIV's years of personal rule

After the death of his regent, Mazarin, Louis XIV assumed personal control of the government at the age of 23. Instead of outwardly challenging the nobles, he made sure they felt included. He had main control of all aspects of the state.

Stuart Restoration

After the oppressive rule of Oliver Cromwell, Charles II was welcomed to England to restore the monarchy.

conflicts between the restored Stuarts and Parliament

Although the Anglican church returned, the king had secret catholic sympathies and favored religious toleration. In response parliament enacted a series of laws called the Clarendon Code, which excluded Roman Catholic, Presbyterians, and Independents from official religious and political life in the nation. Charles then issued a Declaration of Indulgence that suspended the Clarendon Code, but parliament refused to fund the war against the Netherlands unless he rescinded it. In an attack at the heir to the throne, James (a devout catholic), parliament passed the Test Act which required all civil and military officials to swear an oath against transubstantiation. The popish plot fiasco was another outcome of the conflict between the Stuarts and parliament. In order to be financially independent from parliament, he signed a secret portion of the Treaty of Dover (an agreement that England and France will ally against the Dutch) that required him to pledge his conversion to Catholicism. In return, Louis XIV would offer him enough money to assert his power over the Shaftesbury and Whig leaders.

William Laud

Archbishop of Canterbury, who supported King Charles I censorship of the Puritans.

"Abstract of the Case of Catalina Mateo"

Case of Spanish woman accused of witchery. It's a fabrication of a story. The accused admits to it to end torture and frequently accuses others to make the pain go away faster.

revocation of the Edict of Nantes

Deism means that the world is controlled by natural laws, so no miracles, and no worshipping God. French deists saw the catholic church as an enemy because they persecuted people for their beliefs. They blamed them for the lack of intellectual freedom and advancement in the country. This new attitude towards religion in France only grew more intense when Louis XIV revoked the edict of Nantes, which had said that the protestants had the freedom to worship outside of paris. A quarter million skilled people left France in protest.

Tycho Brahe

Did not agree with Coppernicus. He believed Mercury and Venus revolved around the Sun but the earth, moon, and others did not. Collected data used by future scientists.

John Locke

English philosopher who advocated the idea of a "social contract" in which government powers are derived from the consent of the governed, also believed in natural rights. He postulated that the mind was a blank slate or tabula rasa.

Isaac Newton

Explained gravity- Law of Universal Gravitation. Invented calculus. Created Laws of Motion and the first reflecting telescope. Wrote Principa Mathematica.

George I

First monarch of House of Hanover in Britain, Prince of Brunswick electorate in HRE, patron of Baroque composer, Handel

Jean Baptiste Colbert

French politician who served as the Minister of Finances of France from 1665 to 1683 under the rule of King Louis XIV. Despite Colbert's efforts, France actually became increasingly impoverished because of the King's excessive spending on wars.

Copernicus

Heliocentric model - sun is the center of the universe. The farther the planets, the longer their orbit. Wrote On the Evolution of Heavenly Spheres.

sources of conflict James I /Parliament

He was unsuccessful and never got England out of debt because of his bad reputation and didn't have parliaments support. Since parliament wouldn't give him money, he'd tax people even more, causing financial crisis.

The "leviathan"

Hobbes' influential work that provided a philosophical justification for a strong central political authority (absolute government). He said human beings and society were based on materialistic, egotistical motivations to increase pleasure and minimize pain.

"Act of Union"

Joined England and Scotland in 1706, previously two separate entities.

Louis XV

Louis XIV's great-grandson. Took power at the age of 5. French revolution took place 15 years after his death under his son, Louis XVI.

Guy Fawkes

Norwegian soldier and one of the leaders of the Gunpowder plot, tried to blow up House of Lords and kill King James I. Failed and was quartered.

characteristics of an absolute monarchy

Oppressive, intolerant, control over every aspect of the state including economy, religion, military.

Robert Walpole

Prime minister under reign of George I and II. AKA "The Earl of Orford" a British statesman who is generally regarded as the first Prime Minister of Great Britain.

James I of England (VI of Scotland)

Stuart ruler who was ridiculed for being awkward, suspect of having Catholic sympathies, and taxed subjects to try and get out of debt. son of mary, queen of scots. He believed in the divine right of kings, so he tried to rule without parliament, which caused many conflicts.

Mazarin

Succeeded Richelieu as Prime Minister. Very close to Anne, regent of Louis XV.

Ottoman-Habsburg wars

The Europeans were changing their military tactics, but the ulama prevented the sultans from being innovative because they wanted them to stay traditional. Polish winged soldiers helped HRE defeat Ottomans; third siege of Vienna, Ottomans defeated due to harsh winter conditions.

non-established character of the Calvinist Reformed Church

There was always a significant number of Roman Catholics and Protestants who did not belong to the Reformed Church. The country also became a haven for Jews. People of differing religious faiths lives together peacefully.

Kepler

Tycho's assistant who agreed with Coppernicus. To that theory he added elliptical orbits and the Law of Planetary Motion, which indicated the rates of motion around the sun.

War of the Spanish Succession

When the last Habsburg king of Spain, Charles II died without any direct heirs. England, Holland & HRE formed the Grand Alliance to preserve the balance of power by securing Flanders as a neutral barrier between Holland and France and by gaining the HRE a share of the Spanish inheritance.

Glorious Revolution and its aftermath

When James II became king and repealed the Test Act, appointed Catholics to high positions, and permitted free worship, parliament invited William of Orange to invade England. It was then proclaimed that William II and Mary II were the new monarchs, thus completing the Glorious Revolution. They recognized a Bill of Right and would rule by the consent of parliament. The Bill of Rights also prohibited Roman Catholics from occupying the English throne. The Toleration Act permitted worship by all protestants, but outlawed Roman Catholics. The Act of Settlement caused the Elector of Hanover to become King George I of Great Britain after Anne died.

system of government: Puritan Republic

When parliament declared England a "free state" without a monarchy or house of lords, Oliver Cromwell took over with a military dictatorship. Respected some religions except roman Catholics, they banned holidays, makeup, drinking, anything fun.

Novum Organum

a philosophical work by Francis Bacon about a new system of logic called, having to do with inductive reasoning.

divine right of kings

a political and religious doctrine that states that the monarch gets the right to rule directly from the will of God. According to this doctrine, only God can judge an unjust king. The doctrine implies that any attempt to depose the king or to restrict his powers runs contrary to the will of God and may constitute a sacrilegious act.

"Test Act"

a series of English penal laws that served as a religious test for public office and imposed various civil disabilities on Roman Catholics and Nonconformists. It required all officials to swear an oath against transubstantiation.

Peace of Utrecht

a series of individual peace treaties, rather than a single document, signed by the belligerents in theWar of the Spanish Succession, in the Dutch city of Utrecht in March and April 1713. This treaty ended the war, created more of a balance of power, and let Philip V remain king of Spain.

the Fronde

a series of widespread rebellions among the french nobles between 1649- 1652, they were provoked by the centralizing policies of Richelieu and Mazarin.

Social contract theory in Hobbes and Locke

a theory or model, originating during the Age of Enlightenment, that individuals have consented to surrender some of their freedoms and submit to the authority of the ruler or magistrate in exchange for protection of their remaining rights.

"True Law of Free Monarchies"

a treatise or essay of political theory by James VI of Scotland (later to be crowned James I of England about the divine right of kings

Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay Colony

an English puritan settlement on the east coast of North America (Massachusetts Bay) in the 17th century, in New England.

bishop wars

are often considered a prelude to the English Civil Wars. They were so named due to the central conflict between Charles I, who favoured an episcopalian system of church government for Scotland (with bishops), and the desire of much of the polity of Scotland for a presbyterian system of governance (without bishops).

Louis XIV

autocratic French "Sun King" a Bourbon monarch who ruled as King of France and Navarre. His goal was to make the monarchy the most powerful political entity while allowing aristocrats to have influence. Absolutist, but made sure nobles reaped benefits. Clashed with French Parlement. Built Versailles (drained treasury).

sources of conflict Charles I / Parliament

believed in the divine right of kings wanted to go to war with Spain and France, but Parliament didn't give him money, dismissed parliament and ruled alone for 11 years. Led to the bishop wars (1639-1640) Presbyterians vs. Episcopal. Taxed people illegally during his rule. Later called parliament because he needed money due to Scottish revolt (he tried to turn the Scotts (Calvinists) Anglican (English book of prayer). The Scottish invade England. Civil war, Parliament (roundheads) vs. King Charles (cavaliers). British where defeated by the Scottish, Charles fled. Establishment of the petition of right, the king had to go through parliament. Irish (catholic) revolt, 20,000 protestants where murdered. The king sent an army, parliament also sent an army. Charles joined with Scotland to defeat parliament, parliament won again in 1648, Charles was executed in 1649.

characteristics of Dutch trade

expert ship-builders, had overseas empire in the east indies. They supplied textiles to most of Europe (windmills). the dutch east indies company: the dutch selling the indies spices.

Osman

first Ottoman leader, Osman Bae's dream: a big tree whose roots spread through three continents. Asia, Africa, and Europe. Four rivers from its roots: Nile, Tigris, Euphrates, Danube.

Galileo Galilei

first scientist to use a telescope. Supported Coppernican theory (planets revolve around the sun). Believed the universe was subject to mathematical laws. Named the moons of Jupiter as Medicis for favor (patronage).

Richelieu

he is considered to be the world's first Prime Minister, in the modern sense of the term. He sought to consolidate royal power and crush domestic factions. By restraining the power of the nobility, he transformed France into a strong, centralized state.

Cavaliers vs Roundheads

king's supporters vs. parliament's supporters

Louis XIV strategy with the French nobility

limited their authority in government by not appointing them as council minister officials, but never tried to diminish their local authority.

William III and Mary II

monarchs that ruled HRE, Mary was the daughter of James II and William was the military leader during 80 yrs war. Rulers of the glorious revolution.

Popish Plot

notorious liar, Titus Oates swore that Charles' catholic wife was plotting to kill the king so James could assume the throne. Parliament believed this and executed several innocent people. After this, the opposition members of Parliament called Whigs made an unsuccessful effort to exclude James from succession to the throne.

New Model Army

parliament's army against Charles I's army in the English civil war.

Scientific Revolution

period of time in the 17th century in which mathematical, physical, astronomical and biological reasoning changed drastically and saw great advances. Its greatest figures include Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo, Bacon and Newton.

parlement

regional judicial bodies dominated by the nobility in france

"Clarendon Code"

series of four legal statutes passed between 1661-1665 which effectively re-established the supremacy of the Anglican Church after the interlude of Cromwell's Commonwealth, and ended toleration for dissenting religions.

"Peace of Westphalia"

series of peace treaties signed between May and October 1648 in Osnabrück and Münster. These treaties ended the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648) in the Holy Roman Empire, and the Eighty Years' War (1568-1648) between Spain and the Dutch Republic, with Spain formally recognizing the independence of the Dutch Republic.

Charles I

son of James I, believed in Divine Right of Kings, dismisses Parliament for refusing to pay for wars against Spain and France, illegally taxes subjects to pay for wars, results in War of the Bishops, he gets executed.

Principia Mathematica

states Newton's laws of motion, forming the foundation of classical mechanics, also Newton's law of universal gravitation, and a derivation of Kepler's laws of planetary motion (which Kepler first obtained empirically).

stadtholder

the chief magistrate/executive of the Netherlands

Sir Francis Bacon

the creator of empiricism. His works established and popularized inductive methodologies for scientific inquiry, often called the Baconian method, or simply the scientific method. His demand for a planned procedure of investigating all things natural marked a new turn in the rhetorical and theoretical framework for science. A stress on observation, results must match these observations.

William Harvey

the first to describe completely and in detail the systemic circulation and properties of blood being pumped to the body by the heart.

parliamentary monarchy

the head of the state is the monarch, but his power is limited by a constitution. Established in England after the "Glorious Revolution".

janissaries

the most famous, most elite group of Ottoman soldiers that formed standing army. The Janissary corps was originally staffed by Christian youths from the Balkan provinces who were converted to Islam and raised as soldiers. They could move up in the military hierarchy through good performance.

De revolutionibus

the seminal work on the heliocentric theory of the Renaissance astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543).

William III of Orange

the stadtholder, or hereditary executive chief, of Holland who moved the coalition against France when Louis XIV invaded the Netherlands and led the dutch liberation from Spain (80 years war).

Suleiman the Magnificent

the sultan of the ottoman empire during its golden age, feared across Europe for his military campaign.

transformation in Dutch farming

they ditched drained land from the sea, which they could use for farming because it was fertile and moist. The dutch had lots of cheap grain from other places (trade) so that they could grow more profitable cash crops.

Bishop Jacques Bossuet

tutor of Louis XIV. Declared that kings rule by "divine right".

conquest of Scotland and Ireland (seed of Great Britain)

two months after the execution of Charles, Parliament named Cromwell as Lord Lieutenant and Commander in Chief in Ireland. His duty was to establish Parliament's authority over the rebellious Catholics of Ireland. Cromwell landed at Dublin with 12,000 men and massacred the Catholic population. Cromwell left a legacy of hatred of British rule that was to extend into the twentieth century. Next his army went to Scotland, where the eldest son of Charles, Charles II, then twenty, had taken residence. An army of 26,000 Scots supported the proclamation that Charles II was the new king of England, Scotland and Ireland. Into 1651, Cromwell defeated the Scottish armies. Charles II fled to France. Cromwell left behind an army in Scotland and returned to London, and Scotland was given representation in Parliament, as was Ireland. Before it was just England, now with Scotland and Ireland it becomes Great Britain.

reasons for decline in Dutch influence

when William III of orange died, the provinces prevented the emergence of another stadtholder and unified political leadership vanished because they were against monarchical government. Naval supremacy passed over to the British, shipbuilding technology lost, dutch domestic industries stagnant, lack of unity because no ruler.

Thomas Hobbes

wrote "Leviathan" and believed people were naturally cruel, greedy, and selfish; he also believed only a powerful governemnt could keep an orderly society