AP EURO Ch. 13-22 Matching Terms
Johannes Gutenberg
1400-1468. German goldsmith and printer who is credited with inventing movable printing type in Europe around 1439. Created the 42-line Gutenberg Bible, noted for its high aesthetic and technical quality. HIs printing technology was a key factor in the European Renaissance and is considered on of the most important inventions of all time that greatly changed history.
Peace of Augsburg
1555 Gave each German prince the right to determine the religion of his state (Catholicism or Lutheranism) based on "cuius regio, eius religio" (whose religion, his religion)
Pico della Mirandola
A Florentine Renaissance humanist who wrote the essay On the Dignity of Man. He claimed that man possessed great dignity and that man's place in the universe was somewhere between the beasts and the angels, but because of the divine image planted in them, there were no limits to what he could accomplish.
"The Prince"
A book written by Niccolo Machiavelli in 1513 about the imperfect conduct of humans and says how a ruler is able to keep power and manage to keep it disregarding enemies.
English Royal Council and Court of Star Chamber
A branch of Henry VII's royal council that dealt with aristocratic threats. It was called the Court of Star Chamber because the ceiling had stars painted on it. The court helped to restore social order and peace.
Vernacular literature
A change in writing from Latin to a national language.
state of nature
A condition of perfect freedom in which no one has any authority over another.
Giuseppe Garibaldi
A dedicated Italian patriot who had supported Mazzini and the republican cause of Young Italy. He fought against the Bourbon monarch in southern Italy and played a vital role in the unification of Italy.
League of Schmalkalden
A defensive alliance of Lutheran princes within the Holy Roman Empire.
Materialism
A desire for wealth and material possessions with little interest in ethical or spiritual matters.
Zollverein
A free trade union established among the major German states in 1834.
Country
A geographical territory (geographical)
Charles Ⅶ of France
A king who began France's long recovery. He reorganized th eroyal council and created the first permanent royal army.
Maggie, A Girl of the Streets
A realistic novel of a woman who decides to become a prostitute after being cast out by her family
Monroe Doctrine
A statement of foreign policy which proclaimed that Europe should not interfere in affairs within the United States or in the development of other countries in the Western Hemisphere.
Nationalism
A strong sense for one's country and people. This was the outcome of the Hundred Years War in both France and England.
June Days
A violent class struggle in France after the worker's revolt of 1848 which ultimately lead to the Second Republic
Hundred Years' War
A war between England and France over the French crown. There was increased patriotism in addition to peasant revolts.
St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre
August 24, 1572 rioters killed 3,000 Protestants in one night (in Paris)
Jack London
Author of "To Build a Fire"
Brunelleschi
Bruenelleschi was delegated by cloth merchants to byild the magnificent dome on the cathedral of Florence.
The bath
Cassatt
Age of Metternich
Conservative Era, very little progressive change, things stayed the same.
Huguenots
French Protestants influenced by John Calvin.
Directory
French government run by five directors elected by parliament, builds French army
Honore Daumier
French painter best known for his satirical lithographs of bourgeois society (1808-1879)
Where do we see Neoclassicism in visual art?
Geometry, symmetry, hierarchy, human control
What is the Great Chain of Being? Why is it relevant to Neoclassicism?
Great Chain of being is the hierarchical order of life at this time period starting in the heavens with God, then going to the angels, then the King and monarchy, then the people, all the way down through animals, plants and fallen angels. It gives the context of the time in which Neoclassicism thrived....these were a people who had a structure and order and hierarchy to every aspect of their life and that is the world that gave us this -ism.
English Corn Laws
High prices for domestically produced grain through import duties on foreign grain.
A. (The Portuguese bombarded the ports in order to force them to open trade with the Portuguese.)
How did the Portuguese gain control of port city-states in the Indian Ocean? A. The Portuguese bombarded the ports in order to force them to open trade with the Portuguese. B. The Portuguese purchased the right to control port cities from local rulers. C. The Portuguese offered exceptional trade deals to local merchants and ultimately drove their competitors into bankruptcy. D. The Portuguese blockaded ports that would not submit to their authority and seized shipping.
Peterloo Massacre
In 1819, during a public meeting in St. Peter's Fields (Manchester, England), calvary charged into the crowd, killing 11. The purpose of the meeting was to protest the Corn Laws.
C) (women's sphere of activity was private and domestic.)
In terms of gender relations, Renaissance humanists argued that A) men and women were equals in intellectual pursuits. B) the status of women had improved since the Middle Ages. C) women's sphere of activity was private and domestic. D) women should have equal opportunity in marital and extramarital sexual relations. E) women lacked immortal souls.
A) (African slaves intermingled with the people they lived among and sometimes intermarried with them.)
In the Iberian Peninsula, what was the social position of African slaves? A) African slaves intermingled with the people they lived among and sometimes intermarried with them. B) African slaves were socially segregated as a lesser class lacking any rights. C) African slaves isolated themselves into tight-knit communities that sought to achieve independence from their masters. D) African slaves were kept in guarded, military-style barracks that limited their ability to move within society. E) African slaves were few in number and were treated as oddities brought out to be put on display.
Peace of Augsburg
It was intended to bring peace between Catholics and Protestants, however it was unsuccessful.
St. Bartholoew's Day Massacre
Mass slaying of Huguenots (Calvinists) in Paris, on Saint Bartholomew's Day, 1572.
Anti-clericalism
Opposition to the clergy.
Confessions of Augsburg
Outlined the beliefs of Luther and followers of Protestantism.
Nations are Socially Constructed
People are grouped by subjective qualities and can be grouped in different ways depending on viewpoints, boundaries are often arbitrary.
Conciliarists
People who believed that the authority in the Roman church should rest in a general council composed of clergy, theologians, and laypeople, rather than in the pope alone.
Flagellants
People who believed that the plague was God's punishment for sin and sought to do penance by flagellating (whipping) themselves.
political absolutism
Places the king above the law
Nicholas Copernicus
Polish astronomer who produced a workable model of the solar system with the sun in the center (1473-1543)
Vasco da Gama
Portuguese explorer. In 1497-1498 he led the first naval expedition from Europe to sail to India, opening an important commercial sea route. Using the new trade route around the Cape of Good Hope, he brought spices back to Portugal and made a profit of several thousand dollars.
Das Kapital
Published in 1867 by Karl Marx. Volumes II and III edited by Engels and published after Marx's death. More mature thought and sophisticated/academic approach than the Manifesto. Outlined the system for producing the revolution. Concentrated on economic theory. Emphasized the labor theory of value. Saw capital as "stored-up labor from former times." Justified his theories in more academic way and justified his brand of "socialism" as being more scientific.
Karlsbad Decrees
Put in place by Metternich to stop German nationalism, gave the government control over newspapers and schools, denied equal rights
Conquest of Granada
Queen Isabella raised another army to continue the Reconquista. Their victory on Granada signaled eight centuries of Spanish struggle against the Arabs in southern Spain and the conclusion of the Reconquista.
Louis Philippe
Rather liberal "king of the French" who abolished censorship, was anti-clerical, restored the tricolor revolutionary flag, supported the constitution, and cooperated with the legislature; July Monarchy.
technique, middle-class, immediate, here and now, specific action, verifiable consequence
Realism is a _____________, and the term also denotes a particular subject matter, especially the representation of ______________ life. Realists center their attention on the _____________, the ______________, the ______________, and the _______________
James Watt
Scottish engineer and inventor whose improvements in the steam engine led to its wide use in industry (1736-1819)
An Episode of War
Stray bullet wounds lieutenant's arm and he isolates himself from battle. When his arm is amputated, he tells his family "it doesn't really matter" (insignificant compared to death)
July Revolution
The July Revolution (also called the Revolution of 1830) saw the overthrow of Charles X and the ascension of Louis-Philippe to the French throne. The July Revolution is important because it marked the transition of power from the House of Bourbon to the House of Orléans.
tone
The attitude of the author toward the audience and characters
Transubstantiation
The changing of bread and wine into the body and blood of Jesus.
C) (created a dynastic union but did not unify the separate kingdoms into a single state.)
The marriage of Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella Castile A) permitted the monarchs to undermine the provincial elite by unifying the two states into a single, unified kingdom. B) unified all of the Iberian peninsula. C) created a dynastic union but did not unify the separate kingdoms into a single state. D) undermined the claims of the Holy Roman Emperor to be the defender of he Church
(Treaty) Peace of Westphalia
The names of a series of treaties that concluded the Thirty Years' War in 1648 and marked the end of large-scale religious violence in Europe. (1648) is the collective name for two treaties ending the Thirty Years' War that were signed by the Holy Roman Empire, minor German states, Spain, France, Sweden, and the Dutch Republic. It confirmed the principle of "cuius regio eius religio" (that a ruler's religion determined that of his country) introduced by the Peace of Augsburg, but mandated relative tolerance of other (Christian) faiths. It adjusted the borders of German states and strengthened their princes with respect to the Emperor and transferred most of Lorraine and some of Alsace to France.
Proletariat
The new working class that migrated toward cities as industrialization increased
Diet of Worms
The papacy declared Luther to be excommunicated and that his books be burned. Luther wouldn't agree to that and burnt the letter in public.
Anarchism
The theory that government and social institutions are oppressive and unnecessary and that society should be based on voluntary cooperation among individuals.
Defenestration of Prague
The throwing of Catholic officials from a castle window in Bohemia. Started the Thirty Years' War.
Proletariat
The working class
South's View of Nationalism
They were there own separate culture and had a right to be their own nation, governed by themselves to preserve their own way of life.
National Constituent Assembly
Third Estate separates from Estates General after being ignored, plan to write a constitution
James I
This Scottish ruler became the English king as well once Elizabeth died. He inherited a country that was in debt, as well as in mourning for their highly-idealized former queen. He was generous with favors but Scottish and English differences made it impossible for him to gain anyone's favor. He believed that kings were divinely appointed. His son Charles I, further antagonized the English.
Benjamin Disraeli
Tory leader in Parliament who supported the Reform Act of 1867 (which lowered the monetary requirements to vote) because he thought it would encourage newly enfranchised voters to join and support the Conservative Party.
B. (Smallpox had weakened and reduced the Mexica population.)
What aided Hernando Cortés in his final victory over the Mexica in 1621? A. Montezuma's brother had defected to the Spanish side and informed Cortés of secret passages into the Aztec capital. B. Smallpox had weakened and reduced the Mexica population. C. Mexica priests had foretold of a large defeat, which demoralized the Mexica army. D. A prolonged drought earlier that summer had destroyed Mexica food supplies.
D. (wheat)
What crop did the Spanish establish in all of their American settlements? A. corn B. grapes C. olives D. wheat
C. (the exploitation of internal conflicts within the empires they overthrew)
What factor was most important in the success of Cortés and Pizarro? A. superior European technology that overawed their opponents B. their opponents' belief that the Europeans were gods C. the exploitation of internal conflicts within the empires they overthrew D. having literacy, which allowed for more effective communication among the Spanish forces
D. (He supported the study of geography and navigation and sponsored expeditions down the coast of Africa.)
What role did Prince Henry play in European expansion? A. He led three key expeditions to Africa, seizing control of the city of Ceuta in Morocco as a launching point for future expeditions. B. He served as the liaison between explorers and the papacy to assure the papacy that the explorers sought to spread Christianity. C. He coordinated French, English, and Portuguese efforts at exploration in order to share the expenses. D. He supported the study of geography and navigation and sponsored expeditions down the coast of Africa.
D) (Groupings of people based on ethnic, national, or religious factors)
Which of the following BEST identifies the term "race" in the Renaissance? A) Groupings of people based on skin color B) Groupings of people based on noble lineage C) Groupings of people based on geographic origins D) Groupings of people based on ethnic, national, or religious factors E) Groupings of people based on linguistic families
B) (Increasing literacy and the opening of more schools and universities had created an expanding market for reading material.)
Why did the printing press find substantial success? A) Governments rejected pleas to censor publishing, realizing, that expanding knowledge would lead to more prosperous subjects. B) Increasing literacy and the opening of more schools and universities had created an expanding market for reading material. C) The technology was highly complex so that only a few presses came into operation, producing large profits for those printers. D) Printing presses primarily published secular works useful for professionals and merchants. E) Because the press could not print images, printers could work much more quickly than manuscript copyists, who had to wait for each image to be drawn.
Girondists
a moderate group that fought for control of the French National Convention in 1793
Girondists
a moderate group that fought for control of the French National in 1793
absolute monarchy
a monarchical form of government in which the monarch has absolute power among his or her people by "divine right," and the monarch wields unrestricted power over the sovereign state and its people, with limits going as far as enforcing new laws binding people and also giving himself/herself more power
Romanticism
a movement in literature and art during the late 18th and early 19th centuries that celebrated nature rather than civilization
Hundred Days
a period in 1815 when Louis XVIII was not ruling as the French monarch because of this frantic period when the allies fought against Napoleon and crushed his forces at the Battle of Waterloo and imprisoned him on St. Helena, then returning Louis XVIII (who had fled during battle) to the throne
Jacobins
a political group (or club) in revolutionary France whose members were well-educated radical republicans (and supported the revolution!)
Malacca
a port city in the 15th century, near the South China Sea, that became a great commercial entrepôt: a trading post to which goods were shipped for storage while awaiting redistribution
caravel
a small, maneuverable, three-mast, sailing ship developed by the Portuguese in the 15th century that gave the Portuguese a distinct advantage in exploration and trade
republic
a state in which supreme power is held by the people and their elected representatives, and which has an elected or nominated president rather than a monarch; a form of government in which there is no monarch and power rests in the hands of the people as exercised through elected representatives
sans-culottes
an extreme radical republican in France at the time of the Revolution
La Moulin de la galette
auguste renoir.
Council of Trent
council that laid decrees that formed a solid basis for the spiritual renewal of the Catholic Church; gave equal validity to the Scriptures and sources of religious truth and authority to tradition, reaffirmed the seven sacraments and transubstantiation, and tackled disciplinary
debate about women
debate among writers and thinkers of the Renaissance about women's qualities and proper role in society
Napoleon III
elected but overthrows government and becomes and emperor
Constitutional Charter
liberal constitution that was not democratic, guaranteed civil liberties and accepted many of France's revolutionary changes
mestizos
people of Native American and European descent
hierarchy
the classification of a group of people according to ability or to economic, social, or professional standing
Pluralism
the clerical practice of holding more than one church benefice (or office) at the same time and enjoying the income from each
mood
the feeling created in the reader by a literary work or passage
sans-culottes
the laboring poor of Paris, so called because the men wore trousers instead of the knee breeches of the aristocracy and middle class; the word came to refer to the militant radicals of the city
virtù
the quality of being able to shape the world according to one's will
Voltaire
(1694-1778) French philosopher. He believed that freedom of speech was the best weapon against bad government. He also spoke out against the corruption of the French government, and the intolerance of the Catholic Church. Author of "Philosophical Letters" and "Candide." He believed that the best one could hope for in government was an enlightened monarch since human beings are very rarely worthy to govern themselves.
Karl Marx & Fredrich Engels
(Communist Manifesto): The two wrote for the Communist league. Marx established Marxism which was influenced by the class discrepancies where the proletariat would revolt and form a classless society. Engels promoted thesis, antithesis and synthesis upon which Marx forged his ideas.
Rene Descartes
17th century French philosopher; wrote Discourse on Method; 1st principle "I think therefore I am"; believed mind and matter were completly seperate; known as father of modern rationalism Deductive thinker whose famous saying cogito ergo sum ("I think, therefore I am") challenged the notion of truth as being derived from tradition and Scriptures Established importance of skeptical review of all received wisdom (17th century), argued that human reason could then develop laws that would explain the fundamental workings of nature
Battle of Trafalgar
1805 French and Spanish armies destroyed by British fleet. Established British naval supremacy
Rush-Bagot Treaty
1817; The US and British agreed to set limits on the number of naval vessels each could have on the Great Lakes.
Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle
1818 Quadruple Alliance memmbers decide France should be freed of occupation; France joins Quadruple alliance & becomes Quintuple Alliance; Castleragh rejects Alexander's proposal that great powers support exisisting governments in Europe
Pierre Auguste Renoir
A French impressionist painter and sculptor of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. One of the most popular of the impressinoists, he is known for his extravagant use of light and color, especially red, and for frequent use of the impressionist technique of small brushstrokes.
John Hus
A church reformer who was excommunicated for heresy.
Ignatius Loyola
A former Spanish soldier who founded The Society of Jesus.
Zwingli
A leader of Reformation in Switzerland that believed sacraments were only symbolic.
Voltaire
Also known as Francois Marie Arouet, he was by far the most influential of the philosophes. In addition to writing works such as "Letters on the English," "Candide," and "Elements of the Philosophy of Newton," he attacked war and religious persecution. Chief rival was Rousseau.
William Tyndale
An English scholar who became a leading figure in Protestant reform. Translated the Bible into English.
Brunelleschi's Foundling Hospital in Florence
An example of the architecture of the early Renaissance designed by Brunelleschi, commissioned by Florence's Silk Guild. The building's straightforward proportions represented the new secular mindset of the Renaissance.
astrolabe
An instrument used by sailors, and supposedly invented by Muslims, to determine their location by observing the position of the stars and planets
Joan of Arc
An obscure French peasant girl whose vision and military leadership revived French fortunes and led to victory.
Teresa de Avila
Began her own order of nuns. They lived in isolation, ate and slept very little and dedicated their lives to praying and meditating.
Reconquista
Beginning in the eleventh century, military campaigns by various Iberian Christian states to recapture territory taken by Muslims. In 1492 the last Muslim ruler was defeated, and Spain and Portugal emerged as united kingdoms. The centuries-long Christian "reconquest" of Spain from the Muslims. The Reconquista culminated in 1492 with the conquest of the last Muslim stronghold, Granada. Also forced Jews and others out of Spain.
Saint-Simon
Believed efficient societies needed rational management by experts. Property, wealth, and enterprise were to handled by others, essentially not the owner.
Owen, Robert
Believed that if humans were placed in the correct surroundings, they and their character could be improved; saw no conflict between a human industrial environment and making a profit; led to the unionization of workers.
Simony
Bishops selling positions in the Church.
Louis XV (r. 1715-1774)
Bourbon king; grandson of Louis XIV who led France into the War of the Austrian Succession and the Seven Years' War
Paris: A Rainy Day
Caillebotte, 1877, Impressionism
Edouard Manet
Considered first modernist painter. Bridged realism to impressionism. Portrayed shocking nude females.
Peace of Augsburg
Document in which Charles V officially recognized Lutheranism as a religion in the Holy Roman Empire that a ruler or free city had the liberty to choose for all subjects in the region (1555). This was the treaty that was reached that ended the Habsburg-Valois Wars which also made Charles V recognize Lutheranism as a legitimate following.
Da Vinci
Famous artist in the era of Renaissance. He painted lots of famous works such as Mona Lisa, however, his reputation as a genius does not rest simply on his paintings. He used his drawings as the basis for his paintings and as a tool of scientific investigation. He also drew hundreds of inventions such as helicopter, tank, and so on. He is often understood to be the first "Renaissance man".
Lollards
Followers of Wyclif. They were living proof that some people actually believed what Wyclif was saying.
John Calvin
Founded Calvinism, which was reformed Catholicism.
bourgeoisie
France's middle-class who had no privileges and defined by wealth; gained much influence in the 1st revolution and regained influence in the Thermidorean reaction
Karl Marx
German philosopher, economist, and revolutionary. With the help and support of Friedrich Engels he wrote The Communist Manifesto (1848) and Das Kapital (1867-1894). These works explain historical development in terms of the interaction of contradictory economic forces, form the basis of all communist theory, and have had a profound influence on the social sciences.
D. (Pizarro ambushed and captured Atahualpa, collected a large ransom for him, and then executed him.)
How did Francisco Pizarro respond when Atahualpa sought to lure him into a trap? A. Pizarro concentrated his artillery on Atahualpa's headquarters and killed the Inca leader. B. Pizarro retreated with his troops, pillaging and looting villages along the way. C. Pizarro entered the trap but was able to use his superior firepower and horses to escape and route the Inca forces. D. Pizarro ambushed and captured Atahualpa, collected a large ransom for him, and then executed him.
A. (It led Europeans to seek new trade routes to Asia.)
How did the Ottoman expansion affect European trade? A. It led Europeans to seek new trade routes to Asia. B. It substantially expanded European trade with the East by providing more secure trade corridors. C. It destroyed European trade with the East as the Islamic Ottomans sought to use their position to destroy Christian Europe economically. D. It undermined the importance of the Italian city-states in European trade.
C) (They avoided major wars that would require money from Parliament.)
How did the Tudor kings, with the exception of Henry VIII, weaken aristocratic influence? A) They refused to appoint members of the high aristocracy to the royal council. B) They adopted major clerical reforms that undermined the political power of the church and hierarchy. C) They avoided major wars that would require money from Parliament. D) They required all nobles to assign their noble militias to royal control. E) They centralized all tax collection into the royal bureaucracy.
Edict of Nantes
In 1598, the decree promulgated at Nantes by King Henry IV to restore internal peace in France, which had been torn by the Wars of Religion; the edict defined the rights of the French Protestants. Was made for the sake of country peace and politics. It granted liberty of conscience and of public worship to Calvinists in order to help restore peace in France.
Hundred Days
March-July 1815 Napoleon escaped from Elba and tried to regain power but was defeated at Waterloo and re-exiled further away
How is Neoclassical theatre mythic?
Mythic: higher power/order, individual=tiny part of that order, individual will=questionably relevant, ordinary life connects to "great things
Paris Commune
Paris is the first to revolt and becomes independent
Women's March to Versailles
Parisian women walk from Paris to Versailles protesting high bread prices and asking the king to come to Paris
Elizabeth Settlement
Parliamentary legislation of the early years of Elizabeth's reign, and outward conformity to Church of England.
Realpolitik
Politics based on practical (such as the needs of the state) rather than moral or ideological considerations. This idea is Machiavellian in some aspects.
Ferdinand Magellan
Portuguese explorer who found a sea route to the Spice Island by sailing around the American continent. He had wanted to find a route to the spices of the Moluccas off the coast of Asia, sailing across the Atlantic to Brazil and later past the Pacific, which he named because it was peaceful, but then terrible storms, disease, starvation, and violence haunted the rest of the expedition and Magellan was killed in the Philippines (1521) from a skirmish. One of his ships returned to Spain (1522) with only 18 men left, thereby completing the first circumnavigation of the globe.
Bartholomew Diaz
Portuguese navigator and explorer who, in 1488, discovered the sea route around Africa past the Cape of Good Hope to India. He explored much of the west coast of Africa. (1487-1488) Portuguese, first European to reach the southern tip of Africa in 1488 (Cape of Good Hope).
Count Camillo di Cavour
Prime minister of Victor Emmanuel II. He was a liberal-minded nobleman who expanded the economy of Piedmont-Sardinia and built up an army. He oversaw the creation of a united Italy under the control of the Piedmontese king.
Wheatstacks
Series of studies in various light and seasons
anachronism
Something out of place in time
Hernan Cortez
Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztec Empire (even though they greeted him with gifts and thought the Spanish were gods) and conquered Mexico for Spain. He claimed of much of Central America for the Spanish; superior technology and diseases that the Aztecs had never been exposed to before (such as smallpox) made his conquest possible. His exploitation of the empire and its people also led to his conquering of the Aztecs.
Jacobins
a political club in revolutionary France whose members were well-educated radical republicans
anarchism
a political theory favoring the abolition of governments, opposing any form of government.
Humanism
a program of study designed by Italians that emphasized the critical study of Latin and Greek literature with the goal of understanding human nature
skepticism
a school of thought founded on doubt that total certainty or definitive knowledge is ever attainable, with cautious, critical, and suspenseful judgement
Ptolemy's Geography
a second-century-C.E. work that synthesized the classical knowledge of geography and introduced the concepts of longitude and latitude
Neoclassicism is based on a set of rules enforced by who?
The French Academy
July Monarchy
The French regime set up after the overthrow of the Bourbons in July 1830. Louis Philippe was the king.
A) (dealt with noble threats to royal power in England.)
The Star Chamber A) dealt with noble threats to royal power in England. B) was dominated by the great nobles of England. C) was the English equivalent of the Spanish Inquisition. D) dealt with the finances of the English government. E) was largely staffed by conversos.
Book of Common Prayer
The archbishop invited Protestant theologians to England and prepared a common prayer book, which was approved by Parliament.
republic
a state in which supreme power is held by the people and their elected representatives, and which has an elected or nominated president rather than a monarch
The Great Famine of 1315-1322
The famine that hit most of Europe after a period of climate change.
Luncheon on the Grass
The juxtaposition of a female nude with fully dressed men sparked controversy when this work was first exhibited at the Salon des Refusés. Manet, 1863
coup d'etat
a sudden and decisive action in politics, especially one resulting in a change of government illegally or by force; a sudden violent overthrow in politics by a small group; the chief prerequisite for a coup is control of all or part of the armed forces, the police, and other military elements (basically the government doesn't change along with its fundamental social or economic policies, only the people of power)
coup d'etat
a sudden, violent, and illegal seizure of power from a government.
What are the three unities of Neoclassicism?
Time (24hrs), place (setting must be close enough to get to within a 24hr period), action (one overall plot)
John Singer Sargent
United States painter (born in Italy) known for his society portraits (1856-1925)
Jan Hus
University theologian, he denied papal authority, called for translations of the Bible into the local Czech language and declared indulgences useless. Hus preached in Czezh, first in Prague and when he was forced to leave the city, throughtout the countryside. He gained many followers, who linked his theological ideas with their opposition to the church's wealth and power and with a growing sense of Czech nationalism in opposition to the international power of the pope. In the 1430s, the emperor finally agreed to recognize the Hussite church in Bohemia, which later merged with other Protestant churches.
Civil Constitution of the Clergy
Very controversial document that declared the Church a state Church-made priest swear an oath of loyalty to the Revolution; bishops elected by local assemblies
Charles X (10)
Wanted to return to old regime, censored press and dissolved new legislature, was overthrown
Friedrich Engels
Was the son of a wealthy factory owner. He supported Marx's ideas, but his writings emphasized the effects of capitalism and the Industrial Revolution on the family. He helped write/publish "The Communist Manifesto".
diction
a writer's or speaker's choice of words
B. (The primitive Africans would benefit from enslavement by learning of Christianity.)
When Europeans first began enslaving Africans, how did they justify the practice? A. Africans practiced slavery themselves and were accustomed to its demands. B. The primitive Africans would benefit from enslavement by learning of Christianity. C. The economic needs of society required the most efficient labor system possible. D. Since Muslims used slavery, Christians must also do so in order to effectively compete.
aristocratic privilege
When certain privileges are given to the higher class.
A) (Political loyalty and feeling centered on a passionate attachment to the individual city-state.)
Why did a unified Italian state fail to develop in the fifteenth century? A) Political loyalty and feeling centered on a passionate attachment to the individual city-state. B) The papacy prevented any movement toward unification , fearing a treat to its political authority. C) France and the Holy Roman Empire had too many land claims in the region to permit any unification. D) Spain claimed all of southern Italy and threatened war on any power seeking to unify the peninsula. E) The Italians were too culturally and linguistically diverse to realistically contemplate unification.
D. (The Ottoman capture of Constantinople and the Christian conquest of Spain had cut off or greatly reduced traditional sources of slaves.)
Why had the supply of slaves diminished in the Mediterranean by the beginning of the sixteenth century? A. The Black Plague had so decimated the world's population that slaves were rarely available. B. The Catholic Church had condemned slavery as a violation of God's word and had forbidden Christians from engaging in the practice. C. The demand for slaves had fallen as landowners turned toward tenant farming instead of slavery. D. The Ottoman capture of Constantinople and the Christian conquest of Spain had cut off or greatly reduced traditional sources of slaves.
Renaissance
a French word meaning "rebirth," first used by art historian
Hernando Cortés
a brash and determined Spanish conquistador, who landed on the coast of the Gulf of Mexico looking for gold and wealth, which he found from the local people, the Aztecs of the Mexica Empire; the people had treated the Spanish people with gifts and news of their great emperor (Moctezuma II); exploited the religion and internal dissension or conflict of the people to eventually conquer the Mexica Empire in 1521 (he basically cheated the people out and began to conquer the rest of Mexico along with other conquistadors)
Edict of Nantes
a document issued by Henry IV of France in 1598, granting liberty of conscience and of public worship to Calvinists
Indulgence
a document issued by the Catholic Church lessening penance or time in purgatory, widely believed to bring forgiveness of all sins
constitutional monarchy
a form of government in which power is limited and defined by law and balanced between the authority and power of the government on the one hand, and the rights and liberties of the subjects or citizens on the other hand; could include constitutional monarchies or republics
constitutional monarchy
a form of government in which the king or queen acts as Head of State, while the authority to tax and make new laws resides in an elected body
constitutional monarchy
a form of government in which the king retains his position as head of state, while the authority to tax and make new laws resides in an elected body
naturalism
a nineteenth-century literary movement that was an extension of realism and that claimed to portray life exactly as it was; attempts to apply scientific principles of objectivity and detachment to its study of human beings. Unlike realism which focuses on literary technique naturalism implies a philosophical position
absolute monarchy
a sovereignty that was embodied solely by the monarch
plebiscite
a vote by which the people of a country or region express their opinion for or against an important proposal; a direct vote by eligible voters to decide an important public question, such as a change to the constitution, secession, or a similar issue of national or regional importance; "a decree of the common people" from Latin
total war
a war that involves the complete mobilization of resources and people, affecting the lives of all citizens in the warring countries, even those remote from the battlefields
Socialism
advocated for a utopian society and various champions of which were: Henri de Saint-Simon, Charles Fourier, Robert Owen
"Book of Common Prayer"
by Thomas Cranmer, the book was approved by the Parliament and included the order for all services and prayers of the Church of England
Council of Trent
council of the Roman Catholic Church convened in Trento in three sessions to examine and condemn the teachings of Martin Luther and other Protestant reformers; redefined the Roman Catholic doctrine and abolished various ecclesiastical abuses and strengthened the papacy.
Peter the Great
czar of Russia who introduced ideas from western Europe to reform the government, founded St. Petersburg, started navy in Baltic Sea
Mary Wollestonecraft / A Vindication of the Rights of Man (1790) Woman (1792)
demanded equal rights for women, advocated rigorous education, testifies to the power of the Revolution
Denis Diderot
leading philosopher who created a large set of books to which many leading scholars and thinkers of Europe contributed articles and essays to. The seventeen-volume book was called the Encyclopedia and was meant to "change the general way of thinking."
Grand Empire
the empire over which Napoleon and his allies ruled, encompassing virtually all of Europe except Great Britain and Russia
The Columbian Exchange
the exchange of animals, plants, and diseases between the Old and the New Worlds
parlement/ Parlement of Paris
the high court of Paris
bourgeoisie
the middle class in French society; part of the Third Estate
viceroyalties
the name for the four administrative units of Spanish possessions in the Americas: New Spain, Peru, New Granada, and La Plata
Louis XVIII (r. 1814-1824)
took the throne after Napoleon Bonaparte, he was the French monarch from 1814 to 1824 except for a period known as the Hundred Days and was a brother to Louis XVI; the allies of Europe which included Russia, Prussia, and Austria restored him to the throne for the Bourbon Dynasty and promised to treat France with leniency under a peace settlement
Ignatius Loyola
was a Spanish knight from a local Basque noble family, hermit, priest since 1537, and theologian, who founded the Society of Jesus (Jesuits),
Prince Henry the Navigator
young prince of the king who was a financial supporter of the Portuguese explorers and mariners, and encouraged the study of geography and navigation and sponsored annual expeditions to the western coast of Africa; though he never actually participated in voyages of exploration, his involvement gave him his nickname and ensured that Portugal would not abandon its efforts of exploration, even with their earlier disappointments
realism
"the faithful representation of reality" - literature that attempts to represent life as it really is; focused on the daily lives and adventures of a common person. This style was a response to Romanticism's supernaturalism and over-emphasis on emotion
Bartholomew Diaz
(1487-1488) Portuguese, first European to reach the southern tip of Africa in 1488 (Cape of Good Hope). Nearly rounded it but winds forced him to turn back.
Mary Wollstonecraft
(1759-1797) VIewed by many as the founder of modern European feminism. In 1792, she wrote the Vindication of the Rights of Woman, where she saw two contradictions in how women were viewed. One was that women should have the same rights as men and the other was that if women obeyed men then this would be like the arbitrary power of monarchs over their subjects
Rosa Bonheur
(1822-1899) Most celebrated woman artist of 19th century and famous for realistic animal paintings "The Horse Fair"
Johannes Gutenberg
1397-1468- credited with first printing invention; Gutenberg Bible-1455
Charles Fourier
1772-1837. French doctrinaire thinker who subjected all institutions to sweeping condemnation. Advocated "phalanstries" or small self-sufficient communes and a system of social and economic organization. None of those experiments that were tried in France succeeded. However, Brook Farms, on a similar principle, was run for about 5 years in America.
Oregon Treaty
1846. Settled dispute of Oregon boundary dispute, stemming from the Treaty of 1818 in which both U.S. and British settlers were granted free navigation of the territory.
Machiavellian
A Renaissance writer who was formerly a politician. He wrote The Prince, a work on ethics and government.
Battle of Crécy (1346)
A battle in northern France where the English longbowmen won over the French crossbowmen, which led to a change in their battle tactics.
Craft guild
A group of skilled workers specializing in a certain product.
Presbyterians
A member of a Presbyterian Church of Scotland.
Agricultural Revolution
A time when new inventions such as the seed drill and the steel plow made farming easier and faster. The production of food rose dramatically.
National Assembly
Abolishes unequal taxes and tithes, nobles and clergy lose privileges, old regime disappears, takes property from catholic church
Henry ॥ of England
After his married with Eleanor Aquitaine, the duchy of Aquitaine became part of the holdings of the England.
Thomas Paine
An American colonist who believed that government is a "necessary evil" and if it fails, it should be overthrown.
Thomas More
An English lawyer who wrote Utopia, a version of an ideal society where there is complete social equality and excellent education. He believed that human nature was truly good and the key to improvement and reform of the individual was reform of the social institutions that molded the individual.
Michelangelo
An artist who painted the ceiling of the Vatican's Sistine Chapel, the Pieta, Moses, redesigning of the Capitoline Hill, and the Last Judgment
What was Neoclassicism inspire by or based off of?
Ancient Greece and Rome
Dialectic
Any formal system of reasoning that arrives at the truth by the exchange of logical arguments
Thomas Cranmer
Archbishop who simplified the liturgy, invited Protestant theologians to England, and prepared the first Book of Common Prayer
Diet of Worms
Assembly of the estates of the empire, called by Holy Roman Emperor Charles V in 1521. Luther was ordered to recant but he refused. Charles V declared Luther an outlaw, but also created an even broader audience for Protestant reform ideas, and throughout central Europe other individuals began to preach against the practices of the Church.
Abraham Lincoln
Author of "Gettysburg Address"
Louis XI of France
Because of the methods he used to maintain authority and the way in which he viewed kingship. He believed that the monarchy was the one thing that bound all of the people of his country together, so it must have strong authority and had a national purpose. He relentlessly expanded royal authority by gaining territories and unifying more of France through the army he built up. With this army he also was able to lessen the authority of aristocrats. The government was remodeled by him, and he relied mostly on the middle class for revenue.
Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain
Because of the strong royal authority and national purpose they emphasized. Specifically, Ferdinand and Isabella limited opposition from the nobility by reviving the hermandades and excluding the aristocrats and great magnates from the royal council. They also enforced royal authority by selecting the bishops of Spain and the Hispanic territories in America. They eliminated many Jews, Conversos, Muslims, and Protestants. In this way, "absolute religious orthodoxy and purity of blood" brought Spain together.
Elizabeth I
Began religious stability and required people to attend Church of England services.
Modern Liberalism
Believe in equality, human rights, economic regulation, social welfare, and progressive change.
Modern Conservatism
Believe in personal responsibility, free markets, limited government, personal freedom, preserving tradition, and maintaining social hierarchy.
Mary Wollstonecraft
British feminist and womens' activistof the eighteenth century who argued for women's equality with men, even in voting, in her 1792 "Vindication of the Rights of Women." she argued for woman to have the same rights and opportunities as men. She also believe that education was the key to woman gaining a quality with and freedom for men.
Florence Nightingale
British nurse whose emphasis on cleanliness and training for nurses revolutionized health care. She is well known for her work during the Crimean War.
Edmund Burke
British statesman, a conservative leader of the Parliament who was deeply troubled by the arising spirit of the revolution and published a piece called, Reflections of the Revolution in France in 1790
"Institutes of the Christian Religion"
Calvin's formulation of Christian doctrine, which became a systematic theology for Protestantism
"The Institutes of the Christian Religion"
Calvin's formulation of Christian doctrine, which became a systematic theology for Protestantism; Calvin did not ascribe free will to human beings because that would detract from the sovereignty of God, and humans were insignificant instead
Romanticism, Scientific Method, documentary, rational
Causes of Realism: 1. Reaction against ________________ 2. Interest in the ________________ 3. Systematizing the study of _____________ history 4. Influence of _____________ philosophy
reality, character, ethical, social class, plausible, vernacular, tone, objectivity, psychological, ordinary, uninteresting
Characteristics of Realism: 1. Renders _____________ closely and in detail, even at the expense of a well-made plot 2. _____________ more important than action and plot; complex characters 3. Complex _________ choices often the subject 4. _____________ is important 5. Events are usually _____________, not sensational 6. Diction is natural _____________ (not poetic) 7. _______ may be comic, satiric, or matter-of-fact 8. _____________ is important 9. _____________ realism is a separate sub-type 10. Considers characters and events which are apparently the most ___________ and _____________ to extract their full value and true meaning
Impression Sunrise
Claude Monet
Louis Napoleon
Conservative king of France who staged a royal coup d'etat which changed the French constitutional monarchy to the French Empire. Declared himself Emperor Napoleon III.
Metternich
Conservative ruler of Austrian empire, imposed Karlsbad decrees to stop nationalism in Germany
L'Absinthe
Degas 1876
Little 14 year old dancer
Degas sculpture
The Dance Class
Degas, 1874
Popolo
Disenfranchised common people in Italian cities who resented their exclusion from power.
Reforms of Alexander II
Emancipation of serfs, establishment of a system of zemstovs, and the legal reforms of 1864
Charles Darwin
English natural scientist who formulated a theory of evolution by natural selection. He is the adversary of the Flying Spaghetti Monster and possessed the spirit of Keisha Fabo'Minaj Dodson preceding her untimely death on January 11, 2013.
Albrecht Durer
Famous Northern Renaissance artist, he often used woodcutting along with Italian Renaissance techniques like proportion, perspective and modeling. (Knight Death, and Devil; Four Apostles)
Robin Hood
Fictional character that symbolized the hate of aristocratic corruption. He also represented the struggle against tyranny and oppression.
Filippo Brunelleschi
Florentine architect who was the first great architect of the Italian Renaissance (1377-1446); built first dome
Amerigo Vespucci
Florentine navigator, who actually realized he was in the "New World" (that Columbus had not recognized), on a separate continent from Asia, and made the bold claim in a letter back to Europe about this new land (when later cartographers realized Columbus made the discovery first, it was too late!)
The Outcasts of Poker Flat
Four people are banned from their town for doing "bad deeds." They get snowed into a cabin they were staying in on the mountains and eventually die.
Huguenots
French Calvinists who mainly lived in major cities like Paris, Lyons, and Rouen
Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
French Declaration of Independence, emphasized liberty, equality, and fraternity
Estates General
French Parliament, rarely met, met before revolution, third estate requested reforms but was rejected and declared National Constituent Assembly
Louis Pasteur
French chemist and biologist who proved microorganisms were responsible for fermentation and developed pasteurization in 1863 to destroy organisms causing spoilage. He also developed a preventive vaccination against rabies in 1885. He is associated with the Germ Theory.
June Days Uprising
French government closed the national workshops(right to work) and French public rioted, bloody class conflict, revolutionaries were suppressed.
Louis XVI (16)
French king before the revolution, married to Marie Antoinette, ineffective and frivolous
Louis XVIII (17)
French king put in place by Congress of Vienna, establishes an ineffective constitution
Cardinal Richelieu
French minister of King Louis XVIII, appointed by Marie de Medici , had the real power, wanted to curb power of nobility, 32 generalities, military provinces France was divided into. French man who influenced the power of King Louis XIII the most (his chief advisor) and tried to make France an absolute monarchy. helped Louis XIII ruled until he was of age; strengthened the power of French monarchy by taking away the Huguenots' political & military rights & executing conspirators
Rene Descartes
French philosopher and mathematician who lived from 1596-1650. His discourse on Method states that all assumptions had to be proven on the basis of known facts. He wrote, "I think; therefore, I am." His method of questioning was built upon a strict, orderly logical reasoning.; deductive reasoning
Pierre Joseph Proudhon
French socialist who argued that property is theft (1809-1865)
Frankfurt Assembly
German Parliament met in Frankfurt to fulfill a liberal and nationalist dream: the preparation of a constitution for a united Germany
Charles V
German king and Holy Roman emperor, a vigorous defender of Catholicism, called two diets (Imperial and Worms) involving the religious division of his country (Lutheranism and Catholicism) his defense of Catholicism and against the Reformation led to the religious wars in Germany, which ended with the Peace of Augsburg, where Charles V gave up his hope of uniting his empire under a single church allowing Lutheranism into the empire for peace
Second Republic
Government after Louis Philippe, split into moderate and radical factions, ineffective, overthrown
Signori
Government by one-man rule in Italian cities such as Milan.
Charles V
Hapsburg ruler of Spain from 1516-56. Elected Holy Roman Emperor in 1519. He defended the Hapsburg lands from the Ottomans and decided to split the Hapsburg Spanish and Holy Roman lands between his son, Philip II, and his broher, Ferdinand I.
Nicholas Copernicus
He believed in a heliocentric, or sun-centered, conception of the universe. He argued that the Sun was at the center of the universe. The planets revolved around the sun. He didn't published his work, On the Revolutions of Heavenly Spheres, until the year of his death, knowingly fearing the consequences of this discovery. (1473-1543) Polish astronomer who believed that the Earth orbited the sun. His work was banned by the Church.
Charles V
He held a diet in the German city of Worms to try and calm the controversy of Luther's ideas.
Jean-Francois Millet
He painted scenes of rural life, especially peasants laboring in the fields. His Realism had some Romantic elements. His most famous work, "The Gleaners", shows three peasant women gathering grain in a field
Gustave Flaubert
He perfected the realist novel and wrote "Madame Bovary" (1857), in which a woman is trapped in a marriage and reads about romantic love in novels, which leads her to adulterous affairs and eventually suicide. He had contempt for bourgeois society
Richard Wagner
He realized the German desire for a national opera. Not only a composer, he was also a propagandist and writer in support of dramatic music. He transformed opera into "music drama" through his "Gesamtkunstwerk", where music, acting, dance, poetry, and scenic design were transformed into a harmonious whole. Famous work was "The Ring of the Nibelung".
Camille Pissarro
He was the founder of Impressionist painting (the study of light and its position on objects in nature)
William Thackeray
He wrote Britain's prototypical Realist novel, "Vanity Fair: A Novel Without a Hero" (1848), in which he clearly opposed Romantic ideals. He believed a novel should show the sentiment of reality, as opposed to the heroes of poems or tragedies
Baldassare Castiglione
He wrote The Courtier, a book that sought to train and discipline young men into gentlemen, which had a wide social influence. He believed that upper class men should be educated in a wide range of topics, including music, poetry, horse riding, mathematics, reading, and writing and thought that for a young man to be a good courtier, his intellectual, spiritual, and physical capabilities had to be trained.
Machiavelli
His first work is The Prince, which argues that the function of a ruler is to preserve order and security. It also insisted that to preserve that state a ruler should use whatever means he needs- brutality, lying.
Eramus
His most important book is a critical edition of the Greek New Testament. He wishes that even the weakest woman should read the Gospel-should read the epistles of Paul.
Charles V
Holy Roman Emperor (1519-1558) and king of Spain (1516-1556) who tried to keep Europe religiously united, under the pressure of the emerging Protestantism. He inherited Spain, the Netherlands, Southern Italy, Austria, and much of the Holy Roman Empire was inherited from his grandparents. He sought to stop Protestantism and increase the power of Catholicism. He allied with the pope to stamp out heresy and maintain religious unity in Europe. He was preoccupied with struggles with Turkey and France and could not solely focus on the rise of Protestantism in Germany, and eventually called the Peace of Augsburg.
D. (Africans were increasingly viewed as utterly distinct from, and inferior to, Europeans.)
How did European ideas about Africans develop as the practice of slavery developed? A. Europeans came to recognize the fundamental humanity of Africans. B. Europeans came to see slavery as a training stage for Africans before they embraced full freedom. C. Africans were believed to be special children of God who needed the protection of their masters. D. Africans were increasingly viewed as utterly distinct from, and inferior to, Europeans.
B) (Humans, lacking a fixed place, were the one part of the created part of the world that could freely choose to rise to the heavens or sink into the realm of animals.)
How did Pico dela Mirandola understand the uniqueness of humankind? A) As creatures in the age of God, humans were superior to the rest of creation, including the angels and other heavenly beings. B) Humans, lacking a fixed place, were the one part of the created part of the world that could freely choose to rise to the heavens or sink into the realm of animals. C) Lacking a specific role in God's creation, humans were actually below animals but had the potential for greatness denied to animals. D) Humans were established by God as just below the angels and given to rule over everything on earth. E) Humans were fundamentally the same as animals, distant from God and all things spiritual.
A. (France's colonial population was much smaller, but French explorers followed the waterways of the New World to establish a presence over a vast territory.)
How did the French colonial effort differ from that of the Spanish and the English? A. France's colonial population was much smaller, but French explorers followed the waterways of the New World to establish a presence over a vast territory. B. The French refused to cooperate with the native peoples, seeking instead to created isolated communities. C. The French did not seek to develop colonies in the Caribbean because they lacked the shipping resources needed for commercial agriculture. D. The French focused their development over a narrow region along the St. Lawrence River and did not seek to expand over a large territory.
C. (The Spanish crown granted colonists the right to employ groups of Native Americans as laborers or to demand tribute from them in exchange for giving them food and shelter.)
How did the encomienda system function? A. The Spanish crown granted colonists the right to enslave Native Americans in return for the revenues from taxes on the products of their labor. B. The Spanish crown granted colonists the right to employ Native Americans, but in return the colonists had to assume responsibility for the natives' adoption of Christianity. C. The Spanish crown granted colonists the right to employ groups of Native Americans as laborers or to demand tribute from them in exchange for giving them food and shelter. D. Native Americans were protected from abuse by colonists but in return had to pay steep tribute payments to the colonial authorities.
D. (They were autonomous, self-governing cities.)
How were most of the cities around the Indian Ocean politically organized? A. They were under the authority of the Mughal emperor of India. B. They were under the authority of Muslim clerics who promoted Islamic ideals. C. They were dependencies of a council of merchants based in southern India. D. They were autonomous, self-governing cities.
Dual Revolutions
IR causes industrialization and capitalism, French Revolution causes liberalism, conservatism, and nationalism.
Queen Isabella of England
In 1327, Isabella and Mortimer murdered King Edward II, and later put her son Edward III on the throne. However, she herself ruled until 1330.
C. (the spice trade.)
In Asia, the Dutch focused on gaining control over A. the silver trade. B. the silk trade. C. the spice trade. D. the slave trade.
A) (manifested corporate power.)
In early Renaissance Italy, art A) manifested corporate power. B) was commissioned by nobles only. C) was seen as subversive by the church. D) did not depict living people. E) was produced for art's sake.
September Massacres
In response to rumors that the counterrevolutionaries in the prisoners were allying with the European powers against France, the sans-culottes in mobs invaded the prisons and massacred the prisoners
A. (a northwest passage to the Indies.)
In the early decades of Atlantic exploration, English and French explorers sought A. a northwest passage to the Indies. B. warm-weather lands on which to establish colonies. C. agricultural lands on which to grow crops year-round. D. a large pool of Indian labor for enslavement.
B. (spices could be used as a food preservative.)
In the fifteenth century, spices from the East were desirable to Europeans for all of the following reasons except A. spices added flavor and variety to the bland European diet. B. spices could be used as a food preservative. C. spices had medicinal qualities. D. spices seemed a mystery and a marvel.
Atahualpa
Incan ruler who met Pizarro and his army of 200 near the city of Cajamarca; captured, held for ransom, and strangled by the Spanish; the last sovereign emperor of the Inca empire before the Spanish Conquest Captured by Francisco Pizzaro and used to control the Inca's last sovereign emperor before the Spanish conquered the Incan empire. He was captured by Pizarro and used as a figurehead to control the empire, was later executed by the Spanish.
Secularism
Increasing concern with the material rather than spiritual world.
small pox
Infectious disease brought to America by the Spanish that devastated native populations; today it has been eradicated from the world by WHO
Karl Marx
Influential thinker and economist who came from a prosperous middle-class family in Trier in western Germany. He studied at the University of Bonn and then the University of Berlin. He received a PhD in philosophy and became a journalist. With the help of Friedrich Engels, he wrote and published "The Communist Manifesto" in 1848. He was extremely anti-Capitalist (he was a socialist) and his theories were built on thoughts of George Hegel.
Ricardo, David
Interpreted Malthus' concept as the iron law of wages; supported employers in their reluctance to raise wages and provided strong support for the opposition to labor unions.
Rue Transnonain
It was painted in 1843 by Honore Daumier as a commentary of Franch and living conditions. It shows a family massacred became one of the first works of political art.
A) (was designed to prevent a single Italian state from dominating the peninsula.)
Italian balance-of-power diplomacy A) was designed to prevent a single Italian state from dominating the peninsula. B) successfully prevented foreign domination of Italy. C) was primarily concerned with controlling the papacy. D) was critical to the economic success of Italy. E) led to Venetian domination of the Italian
John Cabot
Italian explorer who led the English expedition in 1497 that discovered the mainland of North America and explored the coast from Nova Scotia to Newfoundland (ca. 1450-1498)
A) (study of the classics for what they could reveal about human nature.)
Italian humanists stressed the A) study of the classics for what they could reveal about human nature. B) study of the classics in order to understand the divine nature of God. C) absolute authority of classical texts. D) role of the church in the reform of society. E) study of Revelation for a clue to the date of the Second Coming.
Boccacio
Italian writer who wrote The Decameron.
The Gleaners
Jean-François Millet,1857, oil on canvas, . - was very interested in rural peasants because of how much in the soil they were. he thought they were dignifying, gleaning was picking up scraps from farming that was not seen as dignifying, horizion line weighing on them to show difficulty of the work
Spanish Conversos
Jews who converted to Christianity during strong Spanish anti-semitism to escape discrimination and torture.
Daughters of Edward Darley Boit
John Singer Sargent -1882 -Calculating groups, strong value contrasts. Pattern and design reminds of Whistler/Japanese influence -
Concordat of 1801
July 1801 Reconciled France with the Catholic Church. Allowed public worship and declared Catholicism the majority of French worship. Gave Napoleon further control of Church and prevented another source of opposition
Battle of Waterloo
June 1815 Napoleon, after his escape from Elba and attempts to reclaim the French throne, was defeated by Austria, Prussia, Russia, Britain, Sweden, and the Netherlands
Louis XVI (r. 1774-1792)
King of France, in 1789 he summoned the Estates General, but he did not grant the reforms that were demanded and the revolution followed; his queen was Marie Antoinette
Mazzini, Guiseppe
Leader of romantic republican nationalism throughout Europe, and opposed Austrian influence in the Italian peninsula. Also, he wished to establish a republic.
Garibaldi, Giuseppe
Leader of the romantic Italian nationalist movement who conquered much of Italy with the intention of forming a republic, but instead accepted nationalist annexation to Piedmont.
National Convention
Legislative body replacing Legislative Assembly that abolished the French monarchy and established the French Republic. Controlled by radical Jacobins
Storming of the Bastille
Louis XVI moved troops to Versailles, peasants panicked and came to get weapons from the Bastille, demolished it as a sign of the old regime
Magyar Revolt
Magyar liberals who wanted their aristocratic liberties guaranteed against the central government of Vienna; also led to the proposed "Magyarzation" of other eastern European ethnic groups by means of nationalism to create an independent Hungarian state within the Hapsburg domains.
Charles VII of France
Managed to bring France out of a dividing, depopulating, agriculturally and economically weakening time by ending the ongoing war between the Burgundians and Armagnacs. He managed to do this in ways that had not been used or utilized before by previous monarchies. Charles VII also remodeled the entire army and created the first permanent royal army. The control over both the church and the military basically put in concrete the authority of the French Crown. He gave more influence to middle class men and improved the royal finances.
Oath of the Tennis Court
after being locked out of their meeting place by the king, the third estate declared this, promising not to disband until a constitution was written to limit the king's authority
Louis XV
after his grandfather (credited as THE absolute monarch) finally died in 1715, he was five years old; during his rule the system of absolutist rule was beginning to be challenged and many institutions gained back their powers and most of all, the high courts of France, the parlements, regained their ancient right to evaluate royal decrees publicly before they were registered and given force of law; he also plunged much of France into a great financial crisis with the disastrous Seven Years' War; had an affair with Madame de Pompadour, daughter of a disgraced bourgeois financer that would later lead to the rest of his desacralization and sink his figure lower
Congress of Vienna
Meeting of representatives of European monarchs called to reestablish the old order after the defeat of Napoleon
Congress of Troppau
Metternich was horrified because of the revolution rising once again. Calling a conference at Troppau in Austria under the provisions of the Quadruple Alliance Metternich and Alexander I proclaimed the principle of active intervention to maintain all autocratic regimes whenever they were threatened. (p.758)
A. (doubt that total certainty or definitive knowledge can ever be obtained.)
Michel de Montaigne made use of the tradition of skepticism, which emphasized A. doubt that total certainty or definitive knowledge can ever be obtained. B. the failure of human senses to understand the spiritual realm. C. the inadequacy of political leaders to achieve moral goals. D. the success of atheists in disproving the existence of God.
Shepherdess with Her Flock
Millet
The Angelus
Millet praying peasants
What play serves as a good example for Neoclassicism?
Moliere's works: Tartuffe, Misanthrope, ect.
Friedrich Hegel
Most influential philosopher of the century. Believed history was the process of upward evolution ore self-realization of the world spirit.
What does Neoclassicism offer to future -isms?
Neoclassicism gives future -isms something to reject...its strict rules are later rejected by many -isms, especially the anti-realistic movements.
Individualism
New emphasis on individual achievement. Belief that the individual ought to be free to think, speak and act for himself.
"The Prince"
Nicholas Machiavelli's most famous novel published in 1513, which uses the examples of classical and contemporary rulers to argue that the function of a ruler (or any government) is to preserve order and security
Christian Humanists
Northern humanists who interpreted Italian ideas about and attitudes toward classical antiquity and humanism in terms of their own religious traditions
Christian humanists
Northern humanists who interpreted Italian ideas about and attitudes toward classical antiquity and humanism in terms of their own religious traditions
women's march on Versailles
Oct. 1789; women pushed the revolution forward in October when shortages of bread persisted; incited by Jean-Paul Marat, 7,000 women (along with the Paris national guard) marched 12 miles from Paris to Versailles demanding the king redress their economic problems
Second German Empire
On January 28, 1871, William I was proclaimed emperor of this in the Hall of Mirrors at Versailles (the first German empire had been the Holy Roman Empire).
New Lanark
Owen's utopian factory community in Scotland.
Leisure Time
Peasants would entertain themselves, by, for example, going to pubs and watching the local hangings or executions.
mulattos
Persons of mixed European and African ancestry
Committee of Public Safety
Political body that was basically a dictatorship during the Reign of Terror. Supposed to provide defense of nation against enemies and oversee the executive government
Hermandades
Popular groups in towns given the authority to act as local police forces and judges.
Thomas Malthus
Population will always be low, because of the constant need for resources
David Ricardo
Principles of Political Economy (1817); "iron law of wages": rise of population means rise of amount of workers, which cause wages to fall below the subsistence level, resulting in misery and starvation
Adam Smith
Proponent of capitalism, free enterprise, laissez-faire economics, and individual initiative.
Frederick William IV
Prussian king, responded to liberal demands of unification by promising parliament, constitution, and united Germany as long as peace was upheld
Georges Danton
Radical figure in early Revolution. First President of the Committee of Public Safety. Encouraged the fall of the Girondins but wanted to use the Reign of Terror as little as possible and was subsequently guillotined for this
Maximilien Robespierre
Radical leader of the montagnards who dominated the Committee of Public Safety and instituted the Reign of Terror in order to protect the radicalization of the Revolution
What period or era did Neoclassicism exist in?
Renaissance France (Louis XIII & Louis XIV) and 17th/18th century Europe generally
Congress of Vienna
Representatives from Russia, Prussia, Austria-Hungary, and Britain met in Vienna, returned monarchies, made sure no one would be too powerful, stopped spreading liberalism and nationalism, maintained peace in Europe as a whole for 100 years.
Louis XVIII (r. 1814-1824)
Restored Bourbon throne after the Revolution. He accepted Napoleon's Civil Code (principle of equality before the law), honored the property rights of those who had purchased confiscated land and establish a bicameral (two-house) legislature consisting of the Chamber of Peers (chosen by king) and the Chamber of Deputies (chosen by an electorate).
English Peasant Revolt of 1381
Revolt by English peasants in 1381 in response to changing economic conditions.
Reign of Terror
Robespierre executes anyone suspected of treason, took away religion and hierarchies, is eventually guillotined
Vasco de Gama
Sailed from Portugal and landed in India in 1498.
North's View of Nationalism
Saw the US as one single union, fought to keep it together, liberty and slaver couldn't coexist
Impressionist Characteristics
Scenes of contemporary life without romantic sentiment personal views and subjects i.e. art for art's sake artist is separate from and ahead of mainstream culture play of light on surfaces intensity of color
Liberalism
Sees liberty as the right to action as long as it isn't hurting anybody. The role of government is to do what people want it to and only stop people from doing something if they're hurting someone. Without these freedoms the world wouldn't be able to benefit from people's ideas and society can't move forward, supports progressive change, people have equal oppurtunities but not always equal outcomes.
Margaret Paston
She raised eight children and was a businessperson that managed estates and represented women's rise to manorial power.
conquistadors
Spanish for "conqueror"; Spanish soldier-explorers, such as Hernando Cortés and Francisco Pizarro, who sought to conquer the New World for the Spanish crown
Juan de Pareja
Spanish religious and portrait painter; slave of the artist Diego Velazquez; Valezquez gave Pareja freedom in 1560.
B. (the high mountain plantations placed stress on the respiratory systems of the laborers.)
Sugar production placed stress on laborers for all of the following reasons except A. the roller mills required substantial labor to sustain operations. B. the high mountain plantations placed stress on the respiratory systems of the laborers. C. the growing season was nearly constant, preventing workers from having a period of rest and recuperation. D. sugar cane had to be harvested and processed rapidly, forcing around-the-clock labor.
Pope Julius II
The "Warrior-Pope"; most involved in war and politics; personally led armies against enemies; instituted reconstruction on St. Peter's Basilica, and commissioned Michaelangelo to paint the Sistine Chapel. Pope from 1503-1513. Reign was marked by an aggressive foreign policy, ambitious building projects, and patronage of the arts.
Pope Julius II
The "Warrior-Pope"; most involved in war and politics; personally led armies against enemies; instituted reconstruction on St. Peter's Basilica.
English Act of Supremacy
The Act of the English Parliament that occurred in 1534 AD, officially separating the English Church from the Roman Church, placing the King of England over the English churches, mandating that church taxes be paid to the English monarch, and allowing for the possibility of reform in English liturgy and theology. This was in part made because of Church's refusal and opposition to an annulment between Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon.
Mary Queen of Scots
The Catholic monarch during the Scottish Reformation.
B. (taking over the Potosí silver mine.)
The Dutch achieved all of the following in the Americas except for A. capturing the Spanish silver fleet in 1628. B. taking over the Potosí silver mine. C. opening trade with North and South America. D. interceding in the transatlantic slave trade.
Revolutions of 1830
The French Revolution of 1830 occurred because Louis XVIII only granted a small percentage of people the right to vote and Charles X attack of Algeria and as a result, he censored the press and limited the voting rights of the wealthy
Reconquista
The Reconquering of Spain by Ferdinand and Isabella.
Reconquista
The Reconquering of Spain from the Muslims in 1492 by Ferdinand and Isabella. This unified Spain into a powerful nation-state.
B) (Jewish Christians, some of whom held prominent positions in the state, church, and business.)
The Spanish conversos were A) American Indians who returned to Spain to demonstrate that they could and would embrace Christianity. B) Jewish Christians, some of whom held prominent positions in the state, church, and business. C) Albigensian heretics who had fled to Spain to avoid the Inquisition in France. D) Muslim converts to Christianity following the fall of Granada. E) small clans of Celts who had hidden away in the Pyrenees and still practiced traditional Celtic rituals.
B) (promoting peace and social order at the local level.)
The Tudor Henry VII of England won broad, popular support by A) reforming the church. B) promoting peace and social order at the local level. C) restricting the wages of the working classes. D) lowering taxes and subsidizing the wool industry E) appointing a few great lords as his closest advisers.
Thomas Cranmer
The archbishop that prepared the common prayer book.
Pasteurella pestis
The bacterium that caused the Black Death, a plague that first struck Europe in 1347 and killed about a third of the population.
The Communist Manifesto
The book written by Karl Marx and Frederich Engels that outlined how every society in the world would eventually reach communism.
B. (women.)
The crews of ships of European exploration included all of the following except A. the poor. B. women. C. orphans. D. young boys sent by their families.
Bloody Mary (Tudor)
The daughter of Catherine of Aragon who restored Roman Catholicism.
Saint Bartholomew's Day
The day of a massacre of 6,000 to 8,000 Huguenots in Paris authorized by King Charles IX.
Liberalism
The desire to promote individual liberty.
Laissez-faire
The economic doctrine of minimal government intervention in the economy.
Francis Joseph
The emperor of Austria and the King of Hungary who established an imperial parliament called the Reichsrat. The complicated formula for elections alienated ethnic minorities, while ensuring the election of a German-speaking majority. He also agreed to the Ausgleich and the dual monarchy.
Edict of Nantes
The end of the civil war of the Catholics vs the Huguenots.
Winslow Homer
The foremost American painter of seascapes and and watercolors. Often pictures of nature.
C) (readily adopted the Renaissance spirit, especially when it came to art.)
The leaders of the Catholic Church A) ignored the Renaissance. B) attempted to crush the secularism of the Renaissance. C) readily adopted the Renaissance spirit, especially when it came to art. D) used Renaissance ideals to promote moral reform. E) came to believe that the Renaissance had caused the Reformation.
Tetzel
The leading seller of Indulgences. This made Martin Luther question the Roman Catholic Church.
The Notorious Jumping Frog of Calaveras County
The narrator is asked by a friend to find Sam Wheeler and ask him about Rev. Leonidas Smiley knowing that he only knows a Jim Smiley and he will tell him his story; he bet on everything and would always win; he trained a frog to jump higher than any other frog and he made a bet with a stranger that he would get the stranger and frog and his frog could jump higher; as he was getting him the frog the stranger put lead bullets into Webster's mouth making him weigh five extra pounds, resulting in Smiley losing the bet.
Marsiglio of Padua
The publisher of Defensor Pacis. He argued that the state was the great unifying power in society and that the church was subordinate to the state, and believed that the church had no jurisdiction and should have no property. He was excommunicated because of these ideas.
Iconoclasm
The rejection of religious values as heretical.
Feudal Chivalry
The set codes and morals of the nobles and Knights that worked in society.
Edward III
The son of Queen Isabella of England. He could only exercise rightful sovereignty over Aquitaine by becoming king of France,and led the country into the Hundred Years' War.
D) (the result of the Italians' failure to coordinate a common defense.)
The subjugation of the Italian peninsula by outside invaders was A) the product of the invaders' overwhelming superiority. B) the result of the economic collapse of Italy. C) inevitable. D) the result of the Italians' failure to coordinate a common defense. E) the result of a papal invitation to the French king to intervene.
Cardinal Richelieu
This was the man who influenced the power of King Louis XIII the most and tried to make France an absolute monarchy
Thomas More
Thomas More became famous for his controversial dialogue Utopia. Utopia describes a community on an island somewhere beyond Europe where all children receive a good education, and adults divide their days between manual labor or business pursits and intellectual activities.
Peasants' War
Triggered by crop failures, many peasants rebelled against the social order. Many of them died.
Battle of Lepanto
Turkish sea power was destroyed in 1571 by a league of Christian nations organized by the Pope
Isabella and Ferdinand
Two royals who influenced Spain greatly. They cured aristocratic power by excluding high nobles from the royal council and ordered the Jews to get out of Spain.
Treaties of London
Two treaties that gave Greece it's independence. First treaty demanded Turkish recognition of Greek independence. Second treaty declared Greece an independent kingdom.
Otto von Bismarck
Unified and expanded Germany, believed in realpolitik, used nationalism as a tool to unite Germany but changed its definition to include new citizens, created a strong empire but one that depended on a good leader and blind faith.
B. (The trade was small in volume but highly profitable.)
Which of the following best characterizes Venice's trade with Mamluk Egypt in the fifteenth century? A. The trade focused on basic raw materials such as wool and iron. B. The trade was small in volume but highly profitable. C. The most important item traded was porcelain from China. D. The trade's value was limited because of the large size of the products shipped.
portolans
Written description of travel routes on a map
John Locke
Wrote Two Treatises on Government as justification of Glorious Revolution and end of absolutism in England. He argued that man is born good and has rights to life, liberty, and property. To protect these rights, people enter social contract to create government with limited powers. If a government did not protect these rights or exceeded its authority, Locke believed the people have the right to revolt. The ideas of consent of the governed, social contract, and right of revolution influenced the United States Declaration of Independence and the U.S. Constitution. He also laid the foundations for criticism of absolute monarchy in France.
Engels, Frederich
Young, middle-class German who coauthored the Communist Manifesto with Marx and shared many of his ideals such as class conflict.
Gettysburg Address
a 3-minute address by Abraham Lincoln during the American Civil War (November 19, 1963) at the dedication of a national cemetery on the site of the Battle of Gettysburg
Penance
a Christian sacrament in which a member of the Church confesses sins to a priest and is given absolution; "indulgences undermined the sacrament... competing with the preaching of the Gospel and downplayed the importance of charity in Christian life" --Luther; voluntary self-punishment inflicted as an outward expression of repentance for having done wrong
Holy Alliance
a league of European nations formed by the leaders of Russia, Austria, and Prussia after the congress of Vienna
guillotine
a machine, or apparatus, designed by French revolutionaries as a humane and egalitarian form of execution; specifically for carrying out a painless death by decapitation, or beheading the "criminal," with a weighted and angled blade suspended atop a tall, upright frame; it became a symbol of revolutionary cruelty with the French Revolution's Great Terror
Pilgrimage of Grace
a massive rebellion that proved the larges in English history, where popular opposition in 1536 against the religious changes in the north and the decisions made by Henry VIII to become a new Protestant faith or church; these "pilgrims" accepted a truce, but their leaders were arrested, tried, and executed
What is Verisimilitude?
"reality" on stage, the quality of appearing true, Life likeness, Unities of Time and Place and Action—these decreed that everything that happened on the stage should be plausible, like real life.
Denis Diterot
(1713-1784) Chief editor of the Encyclopedia. He laid out the principles of the Enlightenment as an intellectual movement and to challenge the authority of the Catholic church.
Louis XVIII
(1814-1824) Restored Bourbon throne after the Revoltion. He accepted Napoleon's Civil Code (principle of equality before the law), honored the property rights of those who had purchased confiscated land and establish a bicameral (two-house) legislature consisting of the Chamber of Peers (chosen by king) and the Chamber of Deputies (chosen by an electorate).
Mary Queen of Scots
also known Mary Stuart or Mary I of Scotland, a Catholic, she was Queen of Scotland from 1542-1567, and was the cousin of Queen Elizabeth I of England, who was threatened by other European powers trying to reestablish Catholicism with Mary of Scots as an asset; after being imprisoned she was implicated in the assassination of Queen Elizabeth and was then executed
Diet of Worms
an assembly of nobility in 1521 by Charles V at the German city of Worms, where Luther appeared after being summoned and refused to take back his ideas, creating a broader audience for reform ideas throughout central Europe where others also began to preach against the church and doctrines
liberalism
an economic theory advocating free competition and a self-regulating market and the gold standard
Vaccinations
an injection which can help the body to improve one's own immunity and lifelong resistance to specific types of infectious diseases
Friedrich Engels
another German communist who aided Marx in writing The Communist Manifesto; German social scientist, author, political theorist, philosopher, and father of communist theory, alongside Karl Marx.
Pope Leo X
began to sell indulgences to raise money to rebuild St. Peter's Basilica in Rome; tried to get Luther to recant his criticisms of the church; condemned him an outlaw and a heretic when he would not do so; banned his ideas and excommunicated him from the church. (1475-1521) He diminished the papal treasury, and, by failing to take the developing Reformation seriously, he contributed to the dissolution of the Western church. Leo excommunicated Martin Luther in 1521.
Thomas Cromwell
chief minister during Henry VIII's reign, was an influential advisor and told Henry VIII to dissolve the English monasteries for power, Cromwell also reformed and centralized the king's household
peroration
concluding summary of the argument, usually an appeal to honor, duty, or emotion
Louis Phillippe
cousin of Charles X, became the constitutional king of France in 1830. Called the "bourgeois monarch" because his political support came from the upper middle class, and he dressed similar to them. He issued many constitutional changes that only favored the interests of the upper middle class.
Constitutional Charter (1814)
created by the new monarch, Louis XVIII who tried to consolidate support among the people by issuing the Constitutional Charter which accepted many of France's revolutionary changes and guaranteed civil liberties won by the French Revolution
Elizabeth I
daughter of Henry VIII, mother was Anne Boleyn (beheaded in 1563 by Henry VIII); her reign was one that brought the beginnings of religious stability, choosing the middle of Catholic and Puritan or Protestant extremes, she executed her cousin, Mary, Queen of Scots, because she was going to assassinate her and overthrow her and begin Catholicism
popolo
disenfranchised common people in Italian cities who resented their exclusion from power
Misogyny
dislike of, contempt for, or ingrained prejudice against women; during the Reformation, women were still considered
First Estate
estate that had clergy and numbered about one hundred thousand and had important privileges and owned about 10 percent of the land and paid only a "voluntary gift" rather than regular taxes to the government (every five years); the church also collected property tax (tithe) from the land owners
Oath of the Tennis Court (Tennis Court Oath)
event in 1789, on June 20th, when all delegates (576 of the 577 members) of the third estate signed a pledge and swore an oath when locked out of a meeting of the Estates General, but were excluded from their hall because of "repairs," and instead moved to a large indoor tennis court where they swore their oath
August Decrees
freed those peasants from their oppressive contracts
Admiral Zheng He
from 1405-1433, he was China's lead admiral in exploration with a fleet including hundreds of ships and tens of thousands of men traveling as far west as Egypt over seven expeditions, sailing more than 12,000 miles (however, court conflicts and defense against the Mongols meant that the expeditions were abandoned after emperor's death)
"second revolution"
from 1792 to 1795, the second phase of the French Revoltion, during which the fall of the French monarchy introduced a rapid radicalization of politics
second revolution
from 1792 to 1795, the second phase of the French Revolution during which the fall of the French monarchy introduced a rapid radicalization of politics
dictatorship
government by a dictatorship; absolute authority in any sphere
signori
government by one-man rule in Italian cities such as Milan
ominous
having a menacing, alarming character foreshadowing evil or disaster
Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès (Abbé Sieyès)
he was a French Roman Catholic abbé, clergyman, and political writer; he wrote his famous pamphlet "What is the Third Estate?" arguing that the nobility was a tiny over-privileged minority and that the neglected third estate constituted the true strength of the French nation, but voting through estate order usually meant the Third Estate's vote was often meaningless; he also helped bring Napoleon Bonaparte to power
Edgar Degas
impressionism, themes such as women in the home, ballet, theater, horsracing, family relationships, psychological portraits
Monet
impressionist (worked outside to paint nature instead of studios) who painted pictures of the influence of light, sky, and water. Leader of impressionism.
grandiose
impressive because of uncommon largeness, scope, effect or splendor
Saint Bartholomew's Day
in 1572, was a targeted group of assassinations and a wave of Catholic mob violence, directed against the Huguenots (French Calvinist Protestants) during the French Wars of Religion, the day was also the marriage ceremony of Margaret of Valois and Protestant Henry of Navarre, and the Huguenot wedding guests and other Protestants were massacred and slaughtered by mobs, leading to a civil war that dragged on for years
Gustavus Adolphus
joins Thirty Years' War in 1629, king of Sweden, Protestant leader, stands up for fellow Protestants, military genius, wins a lot for Protestant team; supported by Richelieu, who wants to end Hapsburg power; killed in 1632 at battle of Luetzen
Phillip II
king of Spain and Portugal and husband of Mary I, supported the counterreformation and sent the Spanish Armada to invade England
Civil Constitution of the Clergy
law passed in July 1790 by influence from the philosophes, the delegates established a national church with priests chosen by voters and the National assembly then forced the Catholic clergy to take a loyalty oath to the new government, but this sharpened conflict between the educated classes and the common people (many of whom were sincere Christians)
Factory Act of 1833
limited the factory workday for children between 9 and 13 to 8 hours and that of adolescents between 14 and 18 to 12 hours-made no effort to regulate hours of work for children at home or in small businesses-children under 9 were to be enrolled by schools to be established by factory owners-broke pattern of whole families working together in the factory because efficiency required standardized shifts for all workers
nationalism
love of country and willingness to sacrifice for it
Hernan Cortez
made alliances with enemies of Aztecs; took Montezuma captive and pillaged the city; fled after revolt but came back with new soldiers after outbreak of smallpox killed many Aztecs; Spanish gained control of Northern Mexico and used the stones from the temples to make government buildings and churches
Constitution of 1791
made in 1791 by the National Assembly, it outlines all the rights of the French people, no matter class or person, that apply to all people, giving them all natural civil rights; created after the collapse of the absolute monarchy and powers went to a single Legislative Assembly
Jesuits
members of the Society of Jesus, founded by Ignatius Loyola, whose goal was the spread of the Roman Catholic faith
Politiques
moderates of both religious faiths who held that only a strong monarchy could save France from total collapse
Realism
movement of art that occurred mainly in France in the mid-1800s. Reaction against the established art of the time. scenes of humble life criticism of social conditions
August Decrees
nineteen decrees made in August 1789 by the National Constituent Assembly during the French Revolution, with demands in the equal and natural rights of man: liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression, along with the phrase "every man is presumed innocent until he is proven guilty among other laws and rights documented in the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the citizen
incorruptible
not subject to decay or dissolution; incapable of being bribed or morally corrupted
situational irony
occurs when the outcome of a work is unexpected, or events turn out to be the opposite from what one had expected
Doña Marina
one of the twenty women given as slaves to the Spanish from the Aztecs; was a translator of Spanish for Cortés and had a close relationship with Cortés (bore his son), and is considered the betrayer of the Aztecs, as Cortés had conquered the empire and even took Moctezuma captive
Anti-clericalism
opposition to clergy, concentration on three main problems: clerical immorality, clerical ignorance, and clerical pluralism, with the related problem of absenteeism
Confession of Augsburg
or the Augsburg Confession, was when Charles V called an Imperial Diet in 1530 and the Lutherans developed a statement of their faith, called the Augsburg Confession, holding an authoritative statement of faith till even today's Lutheran churches; Charles V disagreed at first and ordered the Protestants to return to the Catholic faith, but that didn't work
communes
sworn associations of free men in Italian cities led by merchant guilds that sought political and economic independence from local nobles
Treaty of Tordesillas
the 1494 agreement giving Spain everything to the west of an imaginary line drawn down the Atlantic and giving Portugal everything to the east
Directory (1795-1799)
the French Revolutionary form of government set up by the Constitution of the Year III, which lasted for four years, from November 1795 to 1799; the group of five executives was created by a legislature voted upon by electors who were voted upon by the mass of the population; they continued to support French military expansion abroad and war only caused economic problems, but many people were also tired of the war and voted against them in the national elections of 1797, and they turned to government dictatorship
Spanish Armada
the Spanish fleet of Philip II of Spain in 1588 against England as a religious crusade; was used in many other cases for conquering lands, finding new places, and for other wars during the years of European exploration
Alexander I
the czar of Russia whose plans to liberalize the government of Russia were unrealized because of the wars with Napoleon (1777-1825)
parlements
the high courts of France who regained their power with the succession of Louis XV and their ancient right to evaluate royal decrees publicly in writing before they were registered and given the force of law
nationalism
the idea that each people had its own genius and its own specific unity, which manifested itself especially in a common language and history, and often led to the desire for an independent political state (Napoleon helped enforce this)
Legislative Assembly
the new representative body that convened in Paris in October 1791, after the capture of the monarchy: Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette; this group had completely new delegates and a different character, many of which belonged to the Jacobin club, and drew many men and women to debate the burning political questions of the day; they drafted a constitution based on the beliefs and aims of the Revolution, the preamble was grounded in the document, Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, stripping the powers of the monarchy
Predestination
the teaching that God has determined the salvation or damnation of individuals based on his will and purpose, not on their merit of works
estates
the three legal categories, or orders, of France's inhabitants: the clergy, the nobility, and everyone else (the Commons)
Inca Empire
the vast and sophisticated Peruvian empire centered at the capital city of Cuzco that was at its peak from 1438 to 1532, when it was conquered by the Spaniards
Pope Leo X
this man began to sell indulgences to raise money to rebuild St. Peter's Basilica in Rome; tried to get Luther to recant his criticisms of the church; condemned him an outlaw and a heretic when he would not do so; banned his ideas and excommunicated him from the church
courtiers
those in attendance at a royal court, often to entertain or bring concerns to a monarchy
Battle of Lepanto
took place on 7 October 1571 when a fleet of the Holy League, a coalition of southern European Catholic maritime states, decisively defeated the main fleet of the Ottoman Empire in five hours of fighting on the northern edge of the Gulf of Corinth, off western Greece. (1571) Spain defeated the Turkish navy off the coast of Greece-ended Ottoman threat in Mediterranean, Turkish sea power was destroyed in 1571 by a league of Christian nations organized by the Pope. a naval battle fought between a Spanish and Venetian fleet and the German navy. The Spanish won. The battle meant that European navies had surpassed the Muslims. The Turks could no longer challenge Europeans on international routes.
storming of the Bastille
uprising in France in which the bourgeoisie Parisians thought that the king was going to attack them so they get some arms and ammunition and rebel
total war
warfare that includes any and all civilian-associated resources and infrastructure as legitimate military targets, and justifies using weapons and tactics that result in significant civilian or other non-combatant casualties, whether collateral or not; in France, every worked to support the total war effort, many people helped produce arms and ammunition and the revolutionary government told the craftsmen what to make all to support the French armies in the First Coalition, many people were also threatened with the Reign of Terror for fear of being killed if they disobeyed the revolutionary government
John Knox
was a Scottish clergyman, theologian and writer who was a leader of the Protestant Reformation and is considered the founder of the Presbyterian denomination in Scotland; one man who dominated the movement for reform in Scotland. A dour, single-minded, and fearless man with a reputation as a passionate preacher, set to work reforming the church. He had studied and worked with Calvin and was determined to structure the Scottish church after the model of Geneva. He persuaded the Scottish Parliament, which was dominated by reform-minded barons, to enact legislation ending papal authority, and mass was abolished.
Georges Danton
worked with Robespierre in leading the Mountain group of the Jacobin Club but was sent by Robespierre to the guillotine eventually even after collaborating with him in his movement; he was the first President of the Committee of Public Safety before being succeeded by Robespierre
A bar at the folies-bergere
Édouard Manet, 1882, oil on canvas, The Courtauld Gallery, London; involved viewers directly since she is looking directly at artists, hard brush strokes- shows lonelyness of public city life (key light and atmosphere)
Ferdinand Magellan
(1480?-1521) Portuguese-born navigator. Hired by Spain to sail to the Indies in 1519. (The same year HRE Charles V became empreor.) Magellan was killed in the Philippines (1521). One of his ships returned to Spain (1522), thereby completing the first circumnavigation of the globe.
Bartolomeu Dias
(1487-1488) Portuguese, first European to reach the southern tip of Africa in 1488.
Michel de Montaigne
(1533-1592), introduced early modern skepticism, developed the essay to express his thoughts and ideas; developed a new literary genre: the essay. He rejected the claim that one culture may be superior to others and by doing this he inaugurated a new era of doubt.
English Act of Supremacy
(1534) proclaimed King Henry VIII the supreme leader of the Church of England, which meant that the pope was no longer recognized as having any authority within the country, and all matters of faith, ecclesiastical appointment, and maintenance of ecclesiastical properties were in the hands of the king.
William Shakespeare
(1564 - 1616) English poet and playwright considered one of the greatest writers of the English language; works include Julius Caesar, Macbeth, Romeo and Juliet, and Hamlet; influential writer whose works greatly changed the English language and also views on society (i.e. slavery during the time)
Gustavus Adolphus
(1594-1632) Swedish Lutheran king who won great victories for the German Protestants in the Thirty Years War and lost his life in one of the battles. He turned around the Thirty Years' War towards the Protestant side. Much of his victories are credited to the modern warfare used in battle. For this reason he is known as the Father of Modern Warfare.
Peter the Great
(1672-1725) Russian tsar (r. 1689-1725). He enthusiastically introduced Western languages and technologies to the Russian elite, moving the capital from Moscow to the new city of St. Petersburg. He was fascinated by weapons and foreign technology, and required all nobles to serve in the army or in the civil administration--for life. Through this and other measures he strengthened his army and state power in order to defeat the Sweden army.
Robert Owen
(1771-1858) British cotton manufacturer believed that humans would reveal their true natural goodness if they lived in a cooperative environment. Tested his theories at New Lanark, Scotland and New Harmony, Indiana, but failed
Nicholas I
(1825-1855) Russian Tsar that succeeced Alexander; he strengthened the secret police and the bureaucracy. He was also wiling to use Russian troops to crush revolutions, as he greatly feared them. Lead Russia into Crimean War.
Crimean War
(1853-1856) Conflict in which the Russians waged war against Ottomans for control of the Black Sea. Britain and France intervened on the Ottoman side and defeated Russia at the fortress of Sevastopol in September, 1855. It resulted in the destruction of the Concert of Europe and an Austrian-Russian feud.
suitable, deterministic, lower
-Realism was controversial in its time because not everyone agreed it was __________ -Realism that has a ______________ philosophy (esp. related to survival of the fittest) and focuses on the ________ classes is considered NATURALISM (Jack London's "To Build a Fire")
Edict of Nantes
1598, decree promulgated at Nantes by King Henry IV to restore internal peace in France, which had been torn by the Wars of Religion; the edict defined the rights of the French Protestants
The Fronde
1648-53. Brutal civil wars that struck France during the reign of Louis XIII
estates: First Estate, Second Estate, Third Estate
1st: nobles 2nd: clergy 3rd: everyone else
John Knox
A Calvinist who learned from Calvin in Geneva and then dominated the movement for reform in Scotland.
Penance
A Christian sacrament in which a member of the Church confesses sins to a priest and is given absolution.
Savonarola
A Dominican friar who predicted the French invasion of Italy. He attacked the moral vice and paganism of the city, the corruption of Pope Alexander VI, and Lorenzo de' Medici's undemocratic government, contributing to the fall of the Medici dynasty. He became Florence's religious leader. The pope eventually excommunicated him and he was executed.
Desiderius Erasmus
A Dutch humanist whose life's work was "the application of the best humanistic learning to the study and explanation of the Bible." He believed that Christianity was Christ, not what the theologians had written, and that core of education should be the study of the Bible.
Jerome (Hieronymous) Bosch
A Dutch painter of religious visions who dealt with the torments of hell in particular.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
A French man who believed that Human beings are naturally good and free and can rely on their instincts. Government should exist to protect common good. He was very committed to individual freedom. He felt the basic goodness of the individual and the unspoiled child had to be protected from the cruel refinements of civilization. He greatly influenced the early romantic movement and his concept forms part of the basis of democracy today. Author of The Social Contract and Emile. Believed that individual's natural liberty to one another, fusing their wills into a General Will which would be the true sovereign power. The majority is always right. (1712-1778), greatly influenced by Diderot and Voltaire, felt civilization destroyed the individual, believed the general will reflected the common interests of the people, and that it must be interpreted by a small, far-seeing minority, called for greater love and tenderness towards children.
Joan of Arc
A French peasant girl who revived French morale and led the French to victory. She persuaded the courts to crown King Charles the VII. The English caught her and they burned her for political reasons and suspicion of sorcery.
The Fronde
A French rebellion that was caused by Mazarin's attempt to increase royal revenue and expand state bureaucracy; caused Louis XIV to distrust the state and turn to absolutism. A series of revolts in France from 1648-1653 that challenged the authority of young King Louis XIV (r. 1643-1715) and his minister Mazarin. Royal power had expanded greatly during the 17th century under Mazarin and his mentor Richelieu, fostering resentment among nobility and the parliaments who lost power. The revolts began when Mazarin attempted to impose a new tax on members of the parliaments, who refused o pay. When Mazarin arrested the ringleaders of the resistence, Parisians rebelled, forcing the monarchy to flee the city. The revolt left a lasting impression on Louis XIV, who designed his policies to prevent future rebellions.
Jacques Cartier
A French sailor who explored the St. Lawrence River region between 1543 and 1542, Cartier searched for a northwest passage, a waterway through which ships could cross the Americas to Asia. He found no such passage, but opened the region up to exploration and colonization by the French.
Renaissance
A French word meaning "rebirth," first used by art historian and critic Giorgio Vasari to refer to the rebirth of the culture of classical antiquity.
Louis Blanc
A Paris journalist, editor of Revue de Progres and author of Organization of Work. Proposed social workshops/state supported manufacturing centers as a way to deal with the problems of industrialization(recognized the developing hostility toward the owning class/bourgeoisie)., This man urged people to agitate for universal voting rights and to take control of the state peacefully
Lefevre d'Etaples
A Renaissance French humanist, Bible translator, and theologian. His scholarship helped bring about scriptural studies later, during the Protestant Reformation. A Catholic, he wanted to bring about Church reform without actually splitting from the Church.
Martin V
A Roman cardinal who changed his name to Martin V. He was elected as Pope and ended the Schism.
On the Origins of Species by Means of Natural Selection
A book written by Charles Darwin in 1859 that is mainly about organic evolution, which states that plants and animals evolved over a long period of time from simpler organisms.
Franz Liszt
A child prodigy and a concert artist by age 12, he has been called the "greatest pianist of all time" and is credited with creating the modern piano recital and the term "symphonic poem" to refer to his orchestral works.
New Monarch
A concept developed by European historians to characterize 15th century European rulers who unified their nations, creating stable and centralized governments. This centralization allowed for an era of worldwide colonization and conquest in the 16th century, and paved the way for rapid economic growth.
John Wycliffe
A conciliar who believed that the true knowledge of religion resided in the scriptures, not human power. He wrote that the papal claims of temporal power had no foundation in the Scriptures and that the Scriptures should alone be the foundation of Christian belief and practice. His followers were called the Lollards.
Achieved Status
A condition in which people have the equal opportunity to achieve success.
Declaration of the Rights of Man
A document created by the National Assembly that declared universal principles; many ideas from philosophes-Rousseau's general will and others; also proclaimed progressive taxation and that the army is for the state not one person; educated about liberty
People
A group of people united by a common culture, tradition, or sense of kinship (social)
John Locke
A liberal thinker who believes that the government should protect the people's right to life, liberty, and property.
To Build a Fire
A man goes into the Yukon trail in the mid of winter with a dog and falls into a spring. He can't build a fire, so he dies
Jacquerie
A massive uprising by French peasants in 1358 protesting heavy taxtation.
Conciliar movement
A movement that involved the reform of the church for it to represent all Christians.
Donatello
A ninja turtle/ sculptor whose many statues expressed an appreciation of the incredible variety of human nature. He revived the classical figure with its balance and self-awareness.
Babylonian Captivity
A period in the church history when the popes lived in Avignon rather than Rome from 1309 to 1376. The phrase refers to the seventy years when the Hebrews held captive in Babylon.
Legal Pluralism
A period when newcomers were given separate but equal rights. There was an exception to this in Ireland. In the later Middle Ages, legal pluralism disappeared.
Purgatory
A place where souls on their way to heaven go to make further amends for their sins.
Dante
A poet who wrote the Divine Comedy that describes one of the realms of the next world: Hell, Purgatory, and Paradise.
State
A politically organized body of people (political)
Julius ॥
A pope who commissioned Michelangelo to paint the ceiling of the Vatican's Sistine Chapel in Rome in 1508.
Jesuits
A religious order created to serve the Pope and the church.
Savonarola
A ruler who was excommunicated by the pope, tortured, and burned at the very spot where he had burned anything such as fancy clothing, cosmetics, and paintings, because people tired of his moral denunciation.
Petrarch
A scholar who proposed a new kind of education to help them learn classical texts, humanism.
Castiglione
A scholar who suggested that gentleman cultivate their abilities in a variety of fields, from athletics to music to art to mathematics.
"The Institutes of the Christian Religion"
A series of books written by Calvin that question Christianity.
Habsburg-Valois wars
A series of conflicts that took place between the German and French dynasties (Habsburg and Valois). The wars began when the French reentered Italy to fight for the peninsula against the Germans. The political and social life of Italy was upset by the competition between France and the Holy Roman Empire.
War of Roses
A series of dynastic wars for the throne of England. They were fought between supporters of two rival branches of the royal House of Plantagenet, the houses of Lancaster and York. They were fought in several sporadic episodes between 1455 and 1487, although there was related fighting before and after this period. The conflict resulted from social and financial troubles that followed the Hundred Years' War, combined with the mental infirmity and weak rule of Henry VI, which revived interest in the alternative claim to the throne of Richard, Duke of York. 1455-1485; A war between the York family and Lancaster family of England for the crown. This struggle was ended when Henry Tudor, who was on the Lancaster side, won. He became Henry VII, the first Tudor king. English Civil War which occurred after the end of the Hundred Years War. This was fought between the House of Lancaster and the House of York. The battle was won by Henry Tudor VII and the House of Lancaster, leading to the rise of the Tudor Dynasty.
The Statute of Kilkenny
A series of thirty-five acts passed at Kilkenny in 1366 that attempted to halt the Irishising of the Anglo Normans in Ireland. However, the statute had little effect because the Anglo Normans were no longer obeying English laws and the English Crown didn't have the resources to enforce them.
The Jacquerie
A serious peasant revolt in France in 1358 protesting taxation. The peasants murdered a large number of nobles and their families, and the nobles killed a large number of peasants in return.
Oligarchy
A small group of people having control of a country, organization or institution.
Great Famine
A terrible famine in 1315-1322 that hit much of Europe after a period of climate change
Union of Utrecht
A treaty signed that unified the northern provinces of the Netherlands.
Edward Hopper
A twentieth-century American artist whose stark, precisely realistic paintings often convey a mood of solitude and isolation within common-place urban settings. Among his best-known forks are Early Sunday Morning and Nighthawks.
Story of an Hour
A woman, Mrs. Mallard, get news that her husband had died in a train accident and her sister, Josephine, comes to break her the news. Mrs. Mallard goes to the bedroom and closes the door, standing by the window. She feels freed by the shackle of marriage and is excited about the life she can begin for herself. When her husband shows up at the house, alive and well, she has a heart attack because of the horror. The doctor thinks its of "joy that kills"
D) (provided order, security, and safety of the populace.)
According to Machiavelli, government should be judged on whether it A) provided the necessary public services. B) was based on Christian morality. C) protected the liberty of its citizens. D) provided order, security, and safety of the populace. E) improved the economy.
A) (education.)
According to the Dutch humanist Erasmus, the key to reform was... A) education. B) control of the papacy. C) a pious life. D) the concerted effort that only a strong state could afford. E) adherence to church dogma.
A) (the problems plaguing society could be solved by a beneficent government.)
According to the text, Thomas More's Utopia was remarkable for its time because it asserted that A) the problems plaguing society could be solved by a beneficent government. B) North America would one day be the site of the greatest power in world history. C) Native Americans could be saved through conservations to Christianity. D) flaws in the divine nature were responsible for human corruption. E) human beings evolved from lower animals.
Fourier, Charles
Advocated phalanxes, or communities specialized in liberated living - such as improved working conditions and quality of life - with the goal of increasing productivity and efficiency.
E) (women were not permitted to take up painting until after they were married.)
All of the following inhibited women's success as painters in the Renaissance EXCEPT A) women were not allowed to study the male nude. B) women could not work in public where the fresco technique was done. C) women were not permitted to join groups of male artists for informal practice. D) women were not permitted to attend artistic academies. E) women were not permitted to take up painting until after they were married.
Thomas Wolsey
An English political figure and a cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church, who was Henry VIII's almoner.
Filippo Brunelleschi
An Italian engineer and a key figure in architecture. He is perhaps most famous for developing a technique for linear perspective in art and for building the dome of the Florence Cathedral, but his accomplishments include other architectural works, sculpture, mathematics, engineering, and even ship design. His principle surviving works are to be found in Florence, Italy. (1377 - 1446) A friend of Donatello, he was a skilled sculptor and goldsmith whose 1401 competition with Lorenzo Ghiberti for the commission of the bronze doors of the Florence Baptistery is a frequent question topic (Ghiberti got the chief commission). As an architect, he is mainly known for the extraordinary octagonally-based dome of the Santa Maria del Fiore (also known as the Florence Cathedral), which dominates the Florentine skyline. The task required an innovative supporting framework and occupied much of his career (as described in detail in Vasari's Lives of the Artists). Other projects include the Spedale degli Innocenti (a hospital), the Old Sacristy at San Lorenzo, and the Pazzi Chapel in the Cloisters of Santa Croce, all from 1421 to 1430.
Act of Supremacy
An act that declared the king the head of the Church of England.
Realism
An artistic movement that rose after 1850 which stated that the world should be viewed realistically. It was closely related to the growing materialistic outlook of society.
Impressionism
An artistic movement that sought to capture a momentary feel, or impression, of the piece they were drawing. Not allowed to show in the Salon.
Saint John Chrysostom
An early Christian saint who was known for his eloquent sermons. His penance was popular in the 1500's as a subject for art, demonstrating the emphasis on early Christian themes during the northern Renaissance. He is also an example of early Christian reform: when he was Archbishop of Constantinople, he sought to reform his clergy, who lived extravagantly. His attempts to do so were resisted, and his success was limited.
Marriage
An economic or social benefit at the time. One only married to go up in social ranks, or to stabilize the household.
Chaucer
An official who wrote poetry as an avocation. Chaucer's Cauterbury Tales is a collection of stories in lengthy rhymed narrative.
C. (the lateen sail)
Arab ships introduced what innovation to Europeans? A. the sternpost rudder B. the deep-sea keel C. the lateen sail D. the caravel
Jean Francois Millet
Artists preoccupied with rural life, especially peasants and laborers. The Gleaners was his most famous work. Golden tones
A) (urban palace.)
As consumer habits changed, an aristocrat's greatest expense was usually his A) urban palace. B) military hardware and training. C) daughter's dowry. D) food. E) jewelry and clothing.
Johannes Kepler
Assistant to Brahe; used Brahe's data to prove that the earth moved in an elliptical, not circular, orbit; Wrote 3 laws of planetary motion based on mechanical relationships and accurately predicted movements of planets in a sun-centered universe; Demolished old systems of Aristotle and Ptolemy
Johannes Kepler
Assistant to Brahe; used Brahe's data to prove that the earth moved in an elliptical, not circular, orbit; Wrote 3 laws of planetary motion, two in his book, The New Astronomy. All three were based on mechanical relationships and accurately predicted movements of planets in a sun-centered universe. His work was monumental and proved mathematically the precise relations of a sun-centered solar system, uniting theoretical cosmology of natural philosophy with mathematics. His work also demolished the old systems of Aristotle and Ptolemy.
Prince Klemens von Metternich
Austrian minister, believed in the policies of legitimacy and intervention (the military to crush revolts against legitimacy). Leader of the Congress of Vienna
Stephen Crane
Author of "An Episode of War"
Ambrose Bierce
Author of "An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge"
Stephen Crane
Author of "Maggie, A Girl of the Streets"
Bret Harte
Author of "Outcasts" of Poker Flat
Abraham Lincoln
Author of "Second Inaugural Address"
Kate Chopin
Author of "Story of an Hour"
Mark Twain
Author of "The Notorious Jumping Frog of Calaveras County"
Niccolò Machiavelli
Author of The Prince, who argued that leaders should be concerned with actualities, not fantasies of government. He was the first political scientist.
Bill Bryson
Author of the Life and Times of the Thunderbolt Kid
Romantic Realism
Ayn Rand's favorite form of art.
Conservatism
Backlash against liberalism, government is necessary to prevent anarchy and chaos, people are naturally bad and need government to control them and make decisions, should stick with systems that have succeeded in the past and not do new things, opposes progressive change, monarchs wanted to maintain power, equal rights bring anarchy and chaos, valued community over individual.
Germ Theory
Bacteria causes disease; heat kills bacteria; microorganisms are the cause of many diseases. This theory is associated with Louis Pasteur.
E) (suggested that gentleman cultivate their abilities in a variety of fields, from athletics to music to art to mathematics.)
Castiglione's manual on gentlemanly conduct A) focused on ridding oneself of vermin. B) suggested that early choice of a profession was crucial in becoming a gentleman. C) asserted that real men need not learn French. D) insisted that the real gentleman show Christian humility and kindness toward the downtrodden. E) suggested that gentleman cultivate their abilities in a variety of fields, from athletics to music to art to mathematics.
Politiques
Catholic and Protestant moderates who believed that only a strong monarchy could save France from total collapse.
B) (eliminating nobles' militias and troops.)
Charles VII of France expanded his authority through all of the following EXCEPT A) expelling nobles' militias and troops. B) eliminating nobles' militias and troops. C) increasing the influence of lawyers and bankers on the royal council. D) instituting new taxes. E) establishing regular companies of cavalry and archers.
Individual Christian Faith
Christianity started out as peace cult, but leaders then used Christianity as an excuse for war when Christianity grew larger.
Louis Philippe
Citizen King, constitutional monarchy, favors wealthy, becomes unpopular and is overthrown
Lorenzo Valla
Considered one of the fathers of modern historical criticism. His work exemplified the application of scholarship to old writings as well as the new secular spirit of the Renaissance.
Napoleon Bonaparte
Corsican man who worked his way up the ranks in the French army. Staged a coup d'état with Sieyes to establish the Consulate and made himself the First Consul, then later proclaimed himself Emperor. Massively extended France's borders but was eventually defeated and exiled to Elba in 1814. Escaped and returned to power in the Hundred Days but was defeated and exiled further away.
The Stone Breakers
Courbet, 1849, France, Realism -reflecting the idea that art should show the unvarnished truth -poor and ordinary people -complete expression of poverty -in labor such as this one begins ones life that way and ends the same way -didnt want to emulate anybody, rejection of reinstitution of kingship, instigated by poor
Revolutions of 1848
Democratic and nationalist revolutions that swept across Europe. The monarchy in France was overthrown. In Germany, Austria, Italy, and Hungary the revolutions failed. (p. 595)
guillotine
Device used for executions especially used in the French Revolution. Became a symbol of the Reign of Terror and while it was at first a celebrated/enjoyable device, it was later symbolized as a monster
Misogyny
Dislike of, contempt for, or ingrained prejudice against women.
Tetzel
Dominican friar who mounted an advertising blitz involving Albert's indulgence sale, where he promised the purchase of indulgences would
Henry VII of England
Due to his view of kingship and methods of rule. In Henry's point of view, the monarchy was the most important part of the country, and he demanded loyalty and respect from all of his subjects. He also revived the belief in the need for strong monarchies, methods in dealing with people, and dependence on the middle class for revenue. Henry VII worked to build up royal prestige, and he would override morality for hard results, a common practice with the "new monarchs."
Eleanor Aquitaine
Dutchess of Aquitaine, married with Henry ॥ of England
Utopian socialism
Early nineteenth century theories that sought to replace the existing capitalist structure and values with visionary solutions and ideal communities.
Nighthawks
Edward Hopper, 1942 American Realism
Treaty of Westphalia
Ended Thirty Years' War in 1648; granted right to individual rulers within the Holy Roman Empire to choose their own religion-either Protestant or Catholic
Act of Supremacy
English act of Parliament (1534), re-established the Church of England's independence from Rome, with Parliament conferring on Elizabeth the title Supreme Governor of the Church of England
Thomas Hobbes
English materialist and political philosopher who advocated absolute sovereignty as the only kind of government that could resolve problems caused by the selfishness of human beings (1588-1679). Wrote the Leviathan.
Thomas Hobbes
English materialist/ political philosopher who advocated absolute sovereignty as the only kind of government that could resolve problems caused by the selfishness of humans; wrote "Leviathan" and believed people were naturally cruel, greedy, and selfish; believed only a powerful government could keep an orderly society
John Locke
English philosopher who advocated the idea of a "social contract" in which government powers are derived from the consent of the governed and in which the government serves the people; also said people have natural rights to life, liberty and property. 17th-century English philosopher. Wrote that the mind was a "blank slate" or "tabula rasa"; that is, people are born without innate ideas. We are completely shaped by our environment. (1632-1704) Political theorist who defended the Glorious Revolution with the argument that all people are born with certain natural rights to life, liberty, and property. Wrote Essay Concerning Human Understanding, and Second Treatise of Government.
Thomas Wolsey
English political figure, cardinal of the Roman Catholic church, and King Henry VIII's almoner, he became the Lord's Chancellor and gained much power in the Church, but fell out of favor failing to negotiate an annulment of Henry III's marriage with Catherine of Aragon and stepped down giving the Chancellor title to Thomas More (author of Utopia)
Charles Dickens
English writer whose novels depicted and criticized social injustice in Britain's early industrial age. His famous works include "Oliver Twist", "A Christmas Carol", and "A Tale of Two Cities".
Constitution of 1791
Established a constitutional monarchy under Louis XVI (who only had a "suspensive veto") with all legislative power going to the new Legislative Assembly. Abolished the nobility as a legal order and differentiated between "active" and "passive" citizens
Dual monarchy
Established by the Ausgleich. Both parts of the Austrian Empire had a different constitution, government, domestic affairs, and capital (Vienna for Austria, Buda for Hungary), but were united under a single monarch, Francis Joseph. Additionally, a common army, foreign policy, and system of finances held the two parts of the empire together.
An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge
Farquhar was tricked by the union soldiers. They tell him to destroy the owl creek bridge and the union soldiers capture him when he arrives. His life flashed before his eyes, his senses were heightened, and he has a vision of escaping death and running home to his wife.
C. (Native Americans were exposed as being physically frailer than African slaves.)
Forced labor affected Native American society in all of the following ways except A. Native Americans suffered reduced fertility rates. B. Native Americans were diverted from agricultural work. C. Native Americans were exposed as being physically frailer than African slaves. D. Native Americans suffered lowered resistance to disease.
C) (the recovery of classical texts would bring about a new golden age of intellectual achievement.)
Francesco Petrarch believed that A) a new era would dawn as writers stripped Christianity of the classical Roman influences that had polluted the church's teachings. B) the writers of ancient Greece had reached a perfection in literature and philosophy that the writers of ancient Rome had corrupted. C) the recovery of classical texts would bring about a new golden age of intellectual achievement. D) the barbarian invaders had brought a new vigorous energy to Western culture that needed to be integrated into the classical tradition. E) education should center on the study of the Bible combined with meditation and reflection.
Civil Code of 1804 (Napoleonic Code)
French civil code promulgated in 1804 that reasserted the 1789 principles of the equality of all male citizens before law and the absolute security of wealth and private property as well as restricting rights accorded to women by previous revolutionary laws
Civil Code of 1804 (Napoleonic Code)
French civil code promulgated in 1804 that reasserted the 1789 principles of the equality of all male citizens before the law and the absolute security of wealth and private property as well as restricting rights accorded to women by previous revolutionary laws
C. (the desire to share in and control the wealth coming from the Indian Ocean trade)
From what did the European voyages of discovery derive? A. the desire to spread Christianity to people who had not heard the Christian message B. the thrill of discovering and exploring unknown regions C. the desire to share in and control the wealth coming from the Indian Ocean trade D. the intent to reclaim the Holy Lands from the Muslim Turks
A. (The English drew strict boundaries between European and Native American societies, while the French promoted ties between the two societies.)
How did English cultural attitudes toward Native Americans differ from French cultural attitudes? A. The English drew strict boundaries between European and Native American societies, while the French promoted ties between the two societies. B. The English believed that Native Americans were the lost tribes of Israel and would quickly accept Christianity, while the French believed that Native Americans were committed pagans. C. The English transported a large number of Native American children to England in the belief that Native Americans would only adopt European customs if they were raised in Europe, while the French isolated themselves from Native Americans. D. The English believed that Native Americans were industrious and hardworking and could easily be turned to profitable labor, while the French believed that Native Americans lacked any economic motivation.
B. (The term mestizo referred to people of mixed Native American and European origin, while mulatto referred to people of mixed African and European origin.)
How did mestizos differ from mulattoes? A. The term mestizo referred to people of mixed African and European origin, while mulatto referred to people of mixed Native American and European origin. B. The term mestizo referred to people of mixed Native American and European origin, while mulatto referred to people of mixed African and European origin. C. The term mestizo referred to people of European descent born in the colonies, while mulatto referred to people of mixed African and European origin. D. The term mestizo referred to people of mixed Native American and European origin, while mulatto referred to people of European descent born in the colonies.
A) (The papacy received the right to the first year's income of new bishops and abbots, and the French king retained the right to select French bishops and abbots.)
How did the Concordat of Bologna resolve the dispute between the French crown and the papacy over lay investiture? A) The papacy received the right to the first year's income of new bishops and abbots, and the French king retained the right to select French bishops and abbots. B) The papacy gained the right to maintain its own court system, and the French crown received all revenues from that court system. C) The papacy received the right to nominate bishops, while the French crown could veto the proposed candidates. D) The papacy received the right to veto candidates for offices nominated by the king, while the king received the first year's income from all religious offices E) The papacy gained the right to appoint bishops, while the king retained the right to tax church lands.
D. (Spain was given control of everything to the west of a line drawn down the Atlantic Ocean and Portugal was given control of everything to the east.)
How did the Treaty of Tordesillas divide the globe? A. England was given control of everything north of the equator and Portugal was given control of everything south of the equator. B. Spain was given control of everything south of the equator and France was given control of everything north of the equator. C. England was given control of everything to the west of a line drawn down the Atlantic Ocean and France was given control of everything to the east. D. Spain was given control of everything to the west of a line drawn down the Atlantic Ocean and Portugal was given control of everything to the east.
D) (Individuals widely separated by geography could read the same material and form a common identity that competed with local loyalties.)
How did the printing press provide a framework to challenge provincial sentiments? A) The printing press served to reestablish the idea of a unified Christendom. B) Provincial towns sought to limit and control the spread of printing, undermining their legitimacy as promoters of the general good. C) In order to establish legitimacy, printers published primarily in Latin, serving to reinforce a sense of a unified Western culture. D) Individuals widely separated by geography could read the same material and form a common identity that competed with local loyalties. E) Central governments ordered printing presses established in all local communities in order to establish a national network of printing.
The Life and Times of the Thunderbolt Kid
Humorous story about a family whose mother and father grew up during the Great Depression so they ended up saving as much as they could, especially on food
Louis Kossuth
Hungarian statesman who led his people in revolt against the Habsburg Empire during 1848-1849, Leader of the Hungarians, demanded national autonomy with full liberties and universal suffrage in 1848.
Treaty of Tordesillas
In 1494, an agreement between Portugal and Spain, declaring that newly discovered lands to the west of an imaginary line in the Atlantic Ocean would belong to Spain and newly discovered lands to the east of the line would belong to Portugal. A papal bull of 1493 had allocated the New World colonies to Spain and Africa and India to Portugal.
Principia Mathematica
In 1687, Sir Isaac Newton wrote this. It was filled with contributions to many areas of science, and included the three well-known laws of motion.
Principia Mathematica
In 1687, Sir Isaac Newton wrote this. It was filled with contributions to many areas of science, and included the three well-known laws of motion. 1684, England, Newton's publication of his studies and discoveries in physics. Integrated the astronomy of Copernicus, as corrected by Kepler's laws, with the physics of Galileo and his predecessors, as well as Newton's three laws of motion.
C. (Genoa)
In the fifteenth century, which Italian city became increasingly focused on trade and finance in the western Mediterranean and along the Atlantic coast? A. Florence B. Padua C. Genoa D. Venice
David Ricardo
Iron law of wages suggested that wages would always tend to be low which justified those who did not advocate high wages
Emancipation of the Serfs
Issued by Alexander II on March 3, 1861. It freed the serfs, but they were subjected to the authority of the mir, or village commune.
Carlsbad Decrees
Issued by Metternich, required 39 independent German states, including Prussia and Austria, to root out subversive ideas. (censorship) Also established permanent comittee with spies to punish any liberal or radical organization.
Giuseppe Mazzini
Italian nationalist whose writings spurred the movement for a unified and independent Italy (1805-1872). Wanted a centralized democratic republic based on universal male suffrage and will of the people in Italy
Victor Emmanuel II
King of Piedmont, Savoy, and Sardinia. Eventually became first king of a united Italy. Led the north in Italian unification and united with Garibaldi's south in 1861. Drove the pope into the Vatican city, and eventually made Rome the capital of Italy.
Phillip II
King of Spain, 1556 - 1598; married to Queen Mary I of England;he was the most powerful monarch in Europe until 1588; controlled Spain, the Netherlands, the Spanish colonies in the New World, Portugal, Brazil, parts of Africa, parts of India, and the East Indies. Launched Armada to attack England but was defeated by Queen Elizabeth and English army; he sought to maintain absolute power, spread Catholicism and gain territory; he ruled during Spain's Siglo de Oro (golden century) and was an enthusiastic patron of the arts.
Atlantic slave trade
Lasted from 16th century until the 19th century. Trade of African peoples from Western Africa to the Americas. One part of a three-part economical system known as the Middle Passage of the Triangular Trade. African and Muslim leaders sold the Africans to Europeans as a form of trade and the Africans were bought to work as slaves in the newly discovered Americas. They endured harsh conditions, labor, weather, and working in the silver mines. This trading network involved the movement of African slaves across the Atlantic.
Reform Bill of 1832
Legislation passed in Great Britain that extended the vote to most members of the middle class; failed to produce democracy in Britain.
Legislative Assembly
Legislative body from October 1791 to September 1792 (didn't last a year) that was deemed a failure and replaced by the National Convention. More radical than the National Assembly/Constituent Assembly
Revolutions of 1848
Liberal and nationalistic revolutions that occurred throughout Europe, and instilled incredible change - but conservatism returned stronger than ever. French monarchy was overthrown and failed in Hungary, Italy, Germany, and Austria.
regionalism
Literature that emphasizes a specific geographic setting and that reproduces the speech, behavior, and attitudes of the people who live in that region
Zemstovs
Local assemblies, that provided a moderate degree of self government. Representatives were elected from different classes, but a property-based system of voting gave advantage to nobles. These assemblies helped provide education, famine relief, and infrastructure maintenance to their given areas.
Gutenberg
One of serveral metal-smiths who recognized that the metal stamps used to mark signs on jewelry could be covered with ink and used to mark symbols onto a surface.
C) (a glorification of individual genius.)
One of the central components of the Italian Renaissance was A) Christian humility. B) a concern for the improvement of society in general. C) a glorification of individual genius. D) the attempt to use art to educate the urban masses. E) rejection of spiritual authority.
Jan van Eyck
One of the earliest artists to use oil-based paints successfully and painted works such as Ghent Altarpiece and Giovanni Arnolfini and His Bride.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
One of the most important philosophes (1712-1778) that argued that only a government based on a social contract among the citizens could make people truly moral and free.
Henri de Saint-Simon
One of the most influential socialist thinkers was a nobleman, Count Henri de Saint-Simon. He was an early utopian socialist, who advocated industrial development. Saint-Simon also stressed in highly moralistic terms that every social institution ought to have its main goal improved for the poor. Saint-Simon's stress on industry and science inspired middle-class industrialists and bankers such as the Pereire brothers, founders of the Crédit Mobilier. (p.764)
Johan Gutenberg
One of the three developers of the moveable type, whose letters could be rearranged to create any type of text, creating profound social changes throughout Europe. He also produced Gutenberg's Bible.
Directory (1795-1799)
Phase of the French Rev. in which the National Convention established a five-member executive and was noted for its political instability, wars, and economic hardship -created by Thermidorians -part of new constitution of 1795 -comforts of the wealthy contrasted greatly with deprivations of the poor -ended terror but did not bring stability nor peace
Iron law of wages
Ricardo's concept that if wages increased, childbirth would increase; if child birth increased, then the workforce would increase; if the workforce increased, then wages decreased; if wages decreased, then childbirth would decrease; workforce would decrease, wages would then increase; repeat.
C) (to glorify themselves and their families.)
Rich individuals sponsored artists and works of art A) because it was good for business. B) in order to please God. C) to glorify themselves and their families. D) to control unemployment. E) to enlighten the masses.
Napoleon Bonaparte
Rises through military system, wins battles in Egypt, stages coup and becomes France's dictator but pretends to maintain a republic, builds meritocratic army, created schools, peace with the catholic church, and a legal code but had political control, secret police, and censorship, conquered Europe preventing IR's and causing nationalism, invades Russia but fails and is defeated by Prussia, Austria, and Britain
France Before Revolution
Rising national deficit, increased taxes, high food prices, crop famines
Treaty of Tordesillas
Set the Line of Demarcation which was a boundary established in 1493 to define Spanish and Portuguese possessions in the Americas.
Communes
Sworn associations of free men in Italian cities led by merchant guilds that sought political and economic independence from local nobles.
Quadruple Alliance
The Quadruple Alliance was signed by Austria, Britain, Prussia, and Russia in 1815. The Holy Alliance signed by all European rulers except the Pope, the king of England, and the sultan of Turkey. It was meant to unite Europe, preserve peace, and spread Christianity.
Council of Trent
The council was a meeting of Catholic leaders that begin and Trent, Italy, and 1545; Pope Paul III summoned the council to combat corruption in the church into fight Protestantism; The council continued its work in more than 20 sessions over the next 18 years. They assessed the condition of the Catholic Church and defined its doctrines. It rejected most points raised by the Protestant movement and reaffirmed the authority of the pope and bishops, the seven sacraments, and the presence of Christ in the Eucharist. It is often described as the embodiment of the Counter-Reformation.
Christine de Pisan
The daughter of a professor of astrology. She was one of the most versatile, prolific French writers of the later middle ages who also produced major historical works, which she was well-known for.
The Medici
The great banking family held power almost continually for centuries. God father for the Renaissance.
English Statute of Laborers
The guild that froze salaries to the amount before 1347 because of the low productivity caused by the plague.
Holy Office
The holy judges who were to try heretics.
Defenestration of Prague
The hurling, by Protestants, of Catholic officials from a castle window in Prague, setting off the Thirty Years' War. Defenestration is the act of throwing someone or something out of a window. The throwing of Catholic officials from a castle window in Bohemia. Started the Thirty Years' War.
Henry V
The king who invaded France in 1415 and led the English victory at Agincourt with the reconquest of Normandy.
House of Commons
The knights and burgesses made up the Commons. Eventually, they began to meet apart from the lords and realized that they controlled the country's money.
Pilgrimage of Grace
The largest multi-class rebellion in English history that protested the English Reformation policies of Henry VIII.
Charles Ⅳ of France
The last surviving son of Philip the Fair, died childless in 1328. With him ended the Capetian dynasty of France and the start of the Hundred Year's War and dispute over who would inherit the French throne
Agincourt
The location near Arras in Flanders where an English victory in 1415 led to the reconquest of Normandy.
C) (The papal banking system.)
The merchants of Florence established dominance over what aspect of the papacy's activities? A) The papal system of trade to the Crusader states B) The papal system of tax collection on church lands C) The papal banking system D) The provisioning of papal troops throughout Italy E) The papal selling of indulgences
Gustave Courbet
The most famous Realist artist. The word Realism was coined in 1850 to describe one of his paintings. He showed realistic portrayal of everyday life and one of his famous works, "The Stonebreakers" (1849) showed human misery of laborers breaking stones for roads.
Albrecht Durer
The most famous artist of Reformation Germany, widely known for his paintings, drawings, prints, and theoretical writings on art, all of which had a profound influence on 16th century artists in his own country and in the Lowlands. Famous Northern Renaissance artist, he often used woodcutting along with Italian Renaissance techniques like proportion, perspective and modeling. (Knight, Death, and Devil; Four Apostles)
C) (great commercial revival in Italy.)
The most important factor in the emergence of the Italian Renaissance was the A) decline of religious feeling. B) political disunity of Italy. C) great commercial revival in Italy. D) creation of powerful, centralized monarchies. E) French patronage of Italian artists.
Chartism
The movement of supporters of the People's Charter (drawn up in Britain in 1838), which sought to transform Britain into a democracy and demanded universal suffrage for men, vote by secret ballot, equal electoral districts, annual elections, and the elimination of property qualifications for and the payment of stipends to members of Parliament.
E) (some cities were under authority of the papacy, which ruled them as personal lands of the pope.)
The northern Italian communes took all of the following forms EXCEPT A) some cities were sworn associations of free men who sought political and economic independence from local nobles. B) some cities were ruled by military leaders who had established order following popular uprisings. C) some cities were established as republican governments by the common people through armed revolts. D) some cities were ruled by signori who kept communal institutions in place but left them no actual power. E) some cities were under authority of the papacy, which ruled them as personal lands of the pope
Utilitarianism
The theory associated with Jeremy Bentham that the principle of utility, defined as the greatest good for the greatest amount of people, should be applied to the government, the economy, and the judicial system.
Mir
The village commune that serfs were subject to following their emancipation in 1861
War of the Roses
The wars between the houses of York and Lancaster. Because the symbol of the Yorkists was a white rose and that of the Lancastrians a red one, it has been called as War of the Roses.
A. (no culture can be considered to be superior to another.)
The works of Michel de Montaigne suggested the idea that A. no culture can be considered to be superior to another. B. the Christian faith justifies enslaving people for their own benefit. C. truth must be upheld and defended at all costs. D. the age of European dominance was soon to pass.
Thomas Hobbes
The writer of "Leviathan" who created the concepts of a state of nature and social contract.
How does religion play into Neoclassical plays?
There is a focus on religion because religion follows the ordered, hierarchical structure supported by neoclassicism.
Corn Laws
These laws forbade the importation of foreign grain without the prices in England rising substantially
carbonari
These were groups of secret revolutionary societies in Italy
Luddites
These were the angry old cottage industry workers who lost their jobs and costumers to machines and as a result, they began to secretly destroy the machines.
Fur-collar crime
This refers to when the nobility was involved in the commission of theft, plunder, and pillage, and, being members of the nobility, these crimes went unpunished.
Luncheon of the boating party
This was painted in 1880 by Pierre-Auguste Renoir. It shows the relaxation of those he knew. Things have reflective light in the painting as it shows the sun peaking through in spots. It had a fuzzier approach with a softer and brighter look. There are no sharp edges.
Conservatism
This was the political idea in which the people regarded tradition as the basic source of human institutions and the proper state and society remained those before the French Revolution which rested on a judicious blend on monarchy, bureaucracy, aristocracy, and respectful commoners
Diet of Worms
This was when Charles V, the Holy Roman Emperor, and Pope Leo X, called upon Luther to recant. He refused, saying that unless they could prove him wrong using scripture, he could not, because "it is neither safe nor right to go against conscience."
Frankfurt Parliament
Unsuccessful attempt to unify Germany in 1848. It intended to write a moderately liberal constitution for a unified Germany, but alienated conservatives, workers and liberals.
Cesare Borgia
Used aggressive methods from Renaissance political ideas to rebuild the government. He was unscrupulous, cruel and treacherous toward his political rivals. Before the death of his father, Cesare was instrumental in the aiding militarily and politically of Alexander's reassertion of his papal authority in papal lands. He became very well known when he became a hero in The Prince because of his work in uniting the peninsula and getting almost total obedience from the principalities making up the Papal States.
Marco Polo
Venetian trader and explorer, who wrote tales of his travels from 1271 to 1295 to China during the Yuan Dynasty (when the Mongols ruled) and did business there; his written tales led to more Europeans coming to China
Franco-Prussian War of 1870
War between France and Prussia over a dispute of a relative of the Prussian king to the throne of Spain. France declared war on Prussia in 1870 following the Ems Dispatch, which Bismarck had edited to sound more provocative and angry. The south German states and Prussian defeated the French at Sedan in September, 1870 and continued until Paris capitulated in January 1871. France's defeat caused them to pay about 5 billion francs and lost provinces of Alsace and Lorraine to the new German state.
War of the Roses
War between the York and Lancaster houses for control of the English crown. The white rose symbolized the York House and the red rose symbolized the Lancaster House. By 1485, Henry Tudor of Lancaster defeated King Ruchard III of York. Tudor set up a strong monarchy in England.
D. (a curiosity about geography and the peoples of the world)
What Renaissance characteristic did the European expansion manifest? A. the desire to prove ancient authors correct in their understanding about the size and shape of the universe B. the hope to find lands in which the church had no authority or power C. a belief that humans were small and insignificant in the face of the enormity of the world D. a curiosity about geography and the peoples of the world
B) (Status as a Jew was defined as inherent the blood, so Jews could never be true Christians.)
What new type of anti-Semitism emerged in fifteenth-century Spain? A) Status as a Jew was defined as a cultural rather than biological or Christian, so that it could only be removed by being raised in a non-Jewish culture. B) Status as a Jew was defined as inherent the blood, so Jews could never be true Christians. C) Status as a Jew was defined as the result of religious choice, so status, could change Christians. D) Status as a Jew was defined as political, so status could change if a Jew separated himself from the political authority of Jewish community leaders. E) Status as a Jew was defined as intellectual, so status could change if a Jew dedicated himself to learning and adopting the Christian scholastic tradition.
C. (Columbus was to be named viceroy over any territory he discovered and would receive one-tenth of the material rewards of his journey.)
What rewards was Columbus to receive if he was successful on his initial voyage? A. Columbus was to be made a knight of Gibraltar and would receive an annual pension of three thousand gold pieces. B. Columbus was to be made governor of the lands he discovered, with the title passing on to his children, and the right to tax all gold discovered at a rate of five percent. C. Columbus was to be named viceroy over any territory he discovered and would receive one-tenth of the material rewards of his journey. D. Columbus was to named king of the Indies and would have the right to appoint his family members to noble titles.
B. (The intendants held broad administrative, military, and judicial powers and reported directly to the monarchy.)
What role did intendants serve in Spanish America? A. The intendants served as the viceroy's local advisers who ensured that the viceroy's decrees were enacted. B. The intendants held broad administrative, military, and judicial powers and reported directly to the monarchy. C. The intendants served as the Spanish settlers' representatives to the monarchy to ensure that their views were heard. D. The intendants were responsible for protecting the interests of the Catholic Church with regard to both the church's lands and its missionary efforts.
B. (He angered Muslim merchants with his arrogance and failed to forge any trading alliances.)
What type of relationship did Vasco da Gama forge with local powers in Calicut? A. He established a trade alliance that included a neutral council to resolve trade disputes. B. He angered Muslim merchants with his arrogance and failed to forge any trading alliances. C. He established a Portuguese colony on the Indian coast and agreed to pay local leaders a 12 percent tax on all goods sold. D. He forged a trade monopoly with the Indian emperor that gave Portugal exclusive trading rights in the Indian Ocean.
B) (The most skilled and prepared ruler could not fully escape the operations of fate that might cause a prince to lose his realm.)
What was the importance of "fate" to Machiavelli's analysis in The Prince? A) Fate marked the sheer random movement of nature and people that was beyond the ability of any ruler to control. B) The most skilled and prepared ruler could not fully escape the operations of fate that might cause a prince to lose his realm. C) The idea of fate was but a metaphor for the favor that God randomly bestows on some rulers and denies to others. D) The skilled ruler can overcome the operations of fate if he is willing to abandon all moral limitations and scruples. E) Fate was the poor justification that deposed rulers used to explain their failure to properly hold and use power.
A. (written descriptions of the courses along which ships sailed)
What were the portolans that aided in Portuguese shipping? A. written descriptions of the courses along which ships sailed B. weighted devices that automatically adjusted the ballast in ships C. new rigging systems that allowed sails to be raised and lowered with a smaller crew D. regularized maps that showed both wind and sea currents
Council of Trent
When the Catholic leaders got together to respond to Luther.
B) (Savonarola came to power in Florence denouncing vice and corruption, but as people tired of his moral denunciations, he lost authority.)
Which of the following BEST characterizes Girolamo Savonarola? A) Savonarola came to power in Florence as a general suppressing a popular revolt but lost authority when the merchants rejected his efforts to restrict their wealth. B) Savonarola came to power in Florence denouncing vice and corruption, but as people tired of his moral denunciations, he lost authority. C) Savonarola was appointed ruler in Florence by the pope but lost authority when he challenged papal interference in Florence's baking industry. D) Savonarola was appointed chief administrator in Florence by ruling oligarchs but lost power when he failed to defeat the French invasion. E) Savonarola came to power as signori but lost authority when criticism of his extravagant, luxurious lifestyle led the oligarchs and the papacy to oust him.
D) (The nobility retained its status by taking in and integrating the new social elite of wealth)
Which of the following BEST characterizes the intersection of the hierarchies of wealth and orders in the Renaissance? A) The nobility retained its status by blocking the newly wealthy from political positions and from marriage into the nobility. B) The newly wealthy used their resources to establish new forms of social prestige that the nobility could not copy and which discredited the nobility as social leaders. C) The newly wealthy rejected the claims of the nobility to moral superiority of landed wealth. D) The nobility retained its status by taking in and integrating the new social elite of wealth. E) The nobility embraced the innovations of the newly wealthy and abandoned the ineffective limitations of traditional conceptions of honor.
D. (His poor leadership led to a revolt, and he was returned to Spain in chains, though he was quickly cleared of wrongdoing.)
Which of the following best characterizes Columbus's success in administering the lands he discovered? A. Columbus established effective political rule, but economically the colony failed to thrive. B. Nobles rejected Columbus's leadership and refused to aid in the colony's economic development. C. Columbus focused on further exploration and left the administration of the colony to royal officials chosen by the king. D. His poor leadership led to a revolt, and he was returned to Spain in chains, though he was quickly cleared of wrongdoing.
A) (The ability to shape the world around oneself according to one's will)
Which of the following best characterizes the Renaissance idea of virtú? A) The ability to shape the world around oneself according to one's will B) The expression of perfection in the life lived in balance and simplicity C) Moral goodness as set out in the Christian Scriptures D) The serenity achieved through contemplation and acceptance of life's hardships E) Moral goodness as expressed in nature and natural law
C. (People living on fixed incomes, such as nobles, were hurt, while those who owed fixed sums of money, such as the middle class, prospered.)
Who was hurt and who was helped by price inflation in sixteenth-century Europe? A. Kings and nobles able to taxing the increasing prices were helped, while the church and the middle class saw their incomes decline in value. B. Peasants were helped since they were little affected by the commercial economy, while artisans suffered from the increase in prices. C. People living on fixed incomes, such as nobles, were hurt, while those who owed fixed sums of money, such as the middle class, prospered. D. The church was aided by growing donations from the prospering nobility, while states suffered under the increased costs of warfare.
A. (The Spanish economy could not meet the demand for goods, leading to widespread inflation, which in turn increased production costs.)
Why did Spain's productive capacity decline during its golden age? A. The Spanish economy could not meet the demand for goods, leading to widespread inflation, which in turn increased production costs. B. The Americas supplied so many manufactured goods to Spain that Spain itself did not need to manufacture products. C. With the influx of wealth from the Americas, many Spanish people were able to stop working, causing production to diminish. D. Spain focused its activities on spreading Christianity through warfare in Europe and through missionaries in its colonies.
C. (The Catholic prohibition of eating meat on Fridays and during Lent created a thriving European market for fish.)
Why did fierce competition emerge over cod in the waters off Newfoundland? A. Control of the cod trade would provide economic support for colonial development. B. The schools of cod served as insurance against starvation and famine in Europe. C. The Catholic prohibition of eating meat on Fridays and during Lent created a thriving European market for fish. D. Cod was considered an aphrodisiac and thus was in high demand in Europe.
D) (It was understood that a woman was either married or to be married and, therefore, not responsible for supporting a family.)
Why was women's work less valued and less compensated than men's work? A) The traditional work associated with women was unskilled and, therefore, more widely performed. B) Women were largely secluded in their homes; therefore, their work was seen as strictly domestic and not worthy of compensation. C) Women did not seek to organize in guilds so that they could better influence wages and prices for their work. D) It was understood that a woman was either married or to be married and, therefore, not responsible for supporting a family. E) Women's work was viewed as work that affected the body, such as clothing and food preparation; therefore, it was associated with fleshly sinfulness.
D. (the problems of imperial conquest and settlement in the sixteenth century.)
William Shakespeare's last play, The Tempest, seems to echo A. the religious wars of continental Europe in the sixteenth century. B. the witch-hunts of the sixteenth century. C. the efforts of Renaissance kings to centralize political authority. D. the problems of imperial conquest and settlement in the sixteenth century.
The Veteran in a New Field
Winslow Homer
A. (the kingdom of Ethiopia)
With which Christian state in Africa did European rulers have occasional contact? A. the kingdom of Ethiopia B. the Swahili-speaking city-states that were active in the Indian Ocean trade C. the wealthy kingdom of Mali D. the expanding kingdom of Ghana
"Institutes of the Christian Religion"
Written by John Calvin, it contained four books which codified Protestant theology. It was one of his important work. Among these beliefs were the ultimate authority of the word of God, the depravity of man, and his belief that the Bible is the only source of Revelation. An organized explanation of the doctrine and principles of the theology of the reformers. Inspired by Luther, this book gave him international praise and gave Protestantism intellectual force and legitimacy. It was published in 1536 and expressed Calvin's ideas regarding God, salvation, and human nature. It was a summary of Protestant religious belief. John Calvin's seminal work on Protestant systematic theology. Highly influential in the Western world and still widely read by theological students today, it was published in Latin in 1536 and in his native French in 1541. The book was written as an introductory textbook on the Protestant faith for those with some previous knowledge of theology and covered a broad range of theological topics from the doctrines of church to the teachings of those Calvin considered unorthodox, particularly Roman Catholicism to which Calvin says he had been "strongly devoted to" before his conversion to Protestantism. The over-arching theme of the book--and Calvin's greatest theological legacy-- is the idea of God's total sovereignty, particularly in salvation and election.
François Rabelais
Wrote Gargantua and Pantagruel. His stories possessed a distinctly secular flavor and applied wild and gross humor, attracting broad readerships among the literate public. Like Thomas More, he believed that institutions molded individuals and that education was the key to a moral and healthy life.
Maximilien Robespierre
a French lawyer and politician who led the Mountain group of the Jacobin Club and was one of the major influential leaders of the French Revolution and his part in the Reign of Terror to which he was also killed by the guillotine for his unreasonable control of the executions by the guillotine, by which many of his opponents and critics were killed by, and for his great part in the Reign of Terror; he was known for defending the poorest of society and for his adherence to strict moral values, gaining him the nickname "the incorruptible," although some saw his rigid stand against authority as extreme and impractical radicalism; during 1793, he dominated much of the Committee of Public Safety and held controls that repressed anyone even suspected of plotting against the revolutionary government, but he was overthrown and guillotined
Ferdinand Magellan
a Portuguese mariner who was sent by Charles V of Spain, in 1519, to look for a western passage to Asia and a "sea route to the spices of the Moluccas off the southeast coast of Asia"; he sailed from Spain to the coast of South America, around the Cape of Good Horn and through the straits, then through a new ocean to which he called the Pacific; he was unable to finish his expedition because the disease, storms, and starvation had killed nearly all of his crew except eighteen men who managed to return to Spain
Francisco Pizarro
a Spanish conquistador and explorer, who landed on the northern coast of Peru on May 13, 1532, the same day Atahualpa won control of the empire after five year civil war (with his brother, Huáscar) and was going to his coronation, Atahualpa was captured by the Spaniards and collected an enormous ransom of gold and was executed on July 25, 1533 by the Spanish who eventually captured the whole empire
Zwingli
a Swiss humanist, priest, and admirer of Erasmus, was an important early reformer who, in 1519, announced he would preach on Erasmus's New Testament as he was a strong believer in Christian life based on Scripture and the pure words of God as religious truth; he attacked the indulgences, the Mass, the institution of monasticism, and the clerical celibacy of the church; was killed on the battlefield in 1531 between Catholics and Protestants
Contintental system
a blockade imposed by Napoleon to halt all trade between continental Europe and Britain, thereby weakening the British economy and military
continental system
a blockade imposed by Napoleon to halt all trade between continental Europe and Britain, thereby weakening the British economy and military
Christopher Columbus
a controversial figure in history, a Genoese mariner who took Spanish ships to what he thought were the Indies, traveling westward from Europe; a knowledgeable man of sea and a mapmaker, familiar with mariner techniques and using the compass; also a deeply religious man; he tried to convert the "Indians" (who were actually Americans) to Christianity and concluded that they would make good slaves in his letter to Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain
dictatorship
a country, government, or the form of government in which absolute power is exercised by a dictator; form of government where one person holds all power and makes all the executive decisions without anyone else's input
Transubstantiation
a dogma held by Catholicism, by the consecrating words of the priest during the Mass, the bread and wine become the actual body and blood of Christ
hyperbole
a figure of speech that uses exaggeration to express strong emotion, make a point, or evoke humor
aristocracy
a government in which power is vested in a minority; governing body or upper class usually made up of an hereditary nobility
Assembly of Notables
a group of high-ranking nobles, ecclesiastics, and state functionaries having deliberative powers, convened by the King of France on extraordinary occasions to consult on matters of state; Louis XVI asked support from this assembly to support general tax on all landed property and they asked for a meeting of the Estates-General
class
a group sharing the same economic or social status; social rank
Napoleon Bonaparte
a keen-minded French military and political leader (dictator) who rose to prominence during the end of the French Revolution and led several successful campaigns during the Revolutionary Wars; he seized France in a coup d'état and created a stronger dictatorship and ended the Directory's rule in France; he also put an end to civil strife in France in order to create unity and consolidate his rule; he also defeated many lands in war and dreamed of a universal empire; he organized a takeover of the Directory with prominent members of the legislature who disliked the weak dictatorship of the Directory and so helped him capture France
Estates-General
a legislative body in pre-revolutionary France made up of representatives of each of the three classes, or estates; it was called into session in 1789 by Louis XVI for the first time since 1614
Estates General
a legislative body in pre-revolutionary France made up of representatives of each of the three classes, or estates; it was called into session in 1789 for the first time since 1614
assembly
a legislative body; the gathering of a political or social group
"Reflections of the Revolution in France"
a literary piece written by Edmund Burke that defends inherited privileges in general and those of the English monarchy and aristocracy in particular; it was a glorification of the unrepresentative Parliament and predicted that revolution would only lead to chaos and tyranny; the piece sparked much debate
Battle of Trafalgar
a naval engagement that took place on October 21, 1805 and was fought by the Royal Navy against the combined fleets of the French and Spanish Navies, during the War of the Third Coalition of the Napoleonic Wars; under Admiral Lord Nelson the Royal Navy defeated both the combined forces of the French and Spanish fleets--this victory would mean Napoleon would never invade Britain
humanism
a program of study designed by Italians that emphasized the critical study of Latin and Greek literature with the goal of understanding human nature
Thermidorian Reaction (1794-1795)
a reaction of violence of the Reign of Terror in 1794, resulting in the execution of Robespierre and the loosening of economic controls
Thermidorian Reaction
a reaction to the violence of the Reign of Terror in 1794, resulting in the execution of Robespierre and the loosening of economic controls
Olympe de Gouges
a self-taught writer, playwright, and woman of the people who protested against the evils of slavery as well as the injustices done to women, publishing her "Declaration on the Rights of Woman" in September of 1791, which was met with little sympathy among leaders of the Revolution; she was sent to the guillotine for sedition because of her feminist and abolitionist writings and for being a political activist during the revolution
National Convention
a single-chamber assembly in France from September 20, 1792 to October 26, 1795 during the French Revolution; in August, the revolutionary crowd that had attacked the royal palace had called for a new Convention to be elected by universal male suffrage and in late September, this new, popularly elected group (consisting mainly of Jacobins) came to the stand and made France a republic, ruled by the people who held sovereign power instead of the monarch; they were elected to provide a new constitution after the overthrow of the monarchy
despotism
a system of government in which the ruler has unlimited power
encomienda system
a system whereby the Spanish crown granted the conquerors the right to forcibly employ groups of Indians; it was a disguised form of slavery
New Christians
a term applied to Jews and Muslims who accepted Christianity; in many cases they included Christians whose families had converted centuries earlier
Socialism
a theory or system of social organization that advocates the vesting of the ownership and control of the means of production and distribution, of capital, land, etc., in the community as a whole.
mary cassatt
an American painter exiled in Paris, painted sensitive portraits of women and children and earned a place in the pantheon of the French impressionist painters
Marie Antoinette
an Archduchess of Austria and daughter of Holy Roman Emperor Francis I and Empress Maria Theresa who became the Queen of France when she married Louis XIV; her marriage meant the unity between the Austrian Hapsburgs and the French Bourbons; she was eventually executed by the guillotine
Thomas Malthus
an English economist who argued that increases in population would outgrow increases in the means of subsistence (1766-1834)
William Tyndale
an English scholar who became a leading figure in Protestant reform in the years leading up to his execution, well known for his translation of the Bible into English; born in 1494 in England
Sir Francis Drake
an English sea captain, navigator, slaver, and politician of the Elizabethan era. Drake carried out the second circumnavigation of the world, from 1577 to 1580; was a privateer-- captain who could loot other ships. He was sent by England's Queen Elizabeth I to raid Spanish ships and settlements for gold; helped defend England against the Spanish; the Spaniards call him El Draque, or "the Dragon"; used to be a pirate before he was sent to complete voyages for Queen Elizabeth who later knighted him
planned economy
an economy in which some central authority makes a wide range of decisions involving production and wages rather than through consumers and businesses; in France price regulations such as a set maximum for allowable prices for key products rather than letting supply and demand determine prices were made to make it fair for much of the poor so that they could afford these fair prices and this also created a moral economic order in France
Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès / What is the Third Estate?
argued that the nobility was tiny over privileged minority and that the neglected third estate consituted the true strength of the French nation
Elizabeth Settlement
as a response to the religious divisions created in England over the reigns of Henry VIII, Edward VI and Mary I, during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I two Acts of the Parliament of England were made: The Act of Supremacy of 1558 (re-established the Church of England's independence from Rome), with Parliament conferring on Elizabeth the title Supreme Governor of the Church of England, and the Act of Uniformity of 1559 (outlined what form the English Church should take, including the re-establishment of the Book of Common Prayer)
Assembly of Notables
assembly used in great deal with an emergency crisis that was used instead of Estates-General in order for Louis XVI to avoid losing power; made up of upper clergy/nobles- but they refused to make decisions and instead wanted the convocation of the Estates-General
Nationalism
belief in the superiority of one's own country, patriotism, connection to common culture and heritage that unites a people, common language and destiny, idealism/romanticism, and belief in the right for a people to govern themselves.
Nation
body of people who share history, culture, language, or ethnic origin and inhabit a country often ruled by themselves
John Calvin
born in Noyon in northwestern France, he studied law as a young man which had a great impact on his later thought and after experiencing a religious crisis he converted to Protestantism, believing that God had selected him to reform the church and helped assist in the reformation of Geneva, working to establish a Christian society ruled by God through civil magistrates and reformed ministers
Jeremy Bentham
creator of Utilitarianism. Advocates "the greatest happiness for the greatest number." Used the Pain-Pleasure litmus test, rather than ideology
Peasants' War
crop failures in 1523-1524 aggravated an explosive situation and as radical reformers called for a social change along with the religious change, more German peasants were heard and began to make demands against raised services and rents, citing reform thinkers including Luther, who, however, did not want rebellion but reformation of the authority of the church; many peasants died in 1525 with their revolt (led by lay rulers) against the nobility, who crushed them, but this surprisingly led to improvements in peasant economic conditions in Germany
Madame de Pompadour
daughter of a disgraced of bourgeois financer, she was King Louis XV's favorite mistress from 1745-1750, and exercised tremendous influence over literature, art, and the decorative arts, using her patronage to support Voltaire and promote the rococo style, also bringing an alliance with Austria that would result in the Seven Years' War
Edmund Burke / Reflections of the Rights of Woman
defended inherited privileges in general and those of the English monarchy and aristocracy in particular; glorified the unrepresentative Parliament and predicted that reform like that occurring in France would lead only to chaos and tyranny
How is Neoclassical theatre illusionistic?
depicts ordinary life as more beautiful than it really
Concordat of 1801
document signed by Pope Pius VII and Napoleon after arduous negotiations to which they finally reached an agreement where the pope gained the precious right for Catholics to practice their religion freely in France but Napoleon had the political power and his government would nominate the hierarchy of the church in France; this ended the problems caused by church reforms and confiscations during the French Revolution and would lead to a separation of State and Church
Third Estate
estate that had everyone else, which was nearly 98 percent of the population; consisted of all the commoners, many of them poor with only a few prosperous merchants, lawyers, and officials who were rich and educated (the bourgeoisie); many were peasants, rural agricultural workers, urban artisans, and unskilled day laborers; this estate consisted of a wide variety of groups united only by legal status
Second Estate
estate that had nobility and consisted of some four hundred thousand nobles, descendants of those who fought in the Middle Ages and owned about 25 percent of the land in France and were too lightly taxed; they enjoyed privileges of lordship and manorial rights like hunting, fishing, village monopolies like baking bread, pressing grapes for wine, fees for justice, and a host of other entitlements; also had the right to wear swords making them superior and of a high social position
Storming of the Bastille
event on July 14th, 1789 that occurred in Paris where people marched to the famous medieval fortress and prison, which represented royal authority in Paris, and forced their way into the prison, fighting until the prison finally surrendered even with its eighty retire soldiers and thirty Swiss mercenaries; the governor of the prison was then hacked to death and his head stuck on a pike and paraded through the streets and appointed the commander of the armed forces marquis de Lafayette; it was the common people's first act of the Revolution (mainly resulting from bread riots as food grew expensive)
Vasco da Gama
famed explorer who employed a local Indian pilot to guide his expedition from the East African coast to India; he traveled from Spain around the Cape of Good Hope of Africa to India where he gained Portuguese holdings along the way (from 1497-1498)
patronage
financial support of writers and artists by cities, groups, and individuals, often to produce specific works or in specific styles
exordium
five simple sentences of introduction that lay the foundations for the speech and initiate the sympathy and attention of the audience
Women's March on Versailles
following the Storming of Bastille, an event that took place on October 5th, 1789 when a crowd of Parisian women, discontented with the little bread they were given and with the high prices on food, marched to Versailles demanding bread for their families; an angry mob of nearly 7,000 women with pitchforks, pikes, and sticks marched to Versailles and invaded the National Assembly demanding bread and invading the royal apartment, killing some royal bodyguards, and searching furiously for Marie Antoinette, despised because of her frivolous behavior and taste for clothes (she however, was saved by Lafayette and the National Guard before being found, but the royal family had to move to Paris, closer to where his people were, as the crowd demanded)
Battle of Waterloo
fought on June 18, 1815, the battle near Waterloo, a part of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands, and marked the final defeat of the French military leader and emperor, Napoleon Bonaparte, who had been abdicated and exiled in 1814; the war was fought between the British, Germans, Belgians, and Dutch, and also the allied states of Austria, Prussia, and Russia; this would bring an end to his reign and France's domination in Europe, replacing him with Louis XVIII taking his place
Committee of Public Safety
founded in 1793 by the National Convention it was formed to keep control over France during the Reign of Terror; this political body during the French Revolution was setup during the crises of the Revolution and was there to provide for the defense of the nation against its enemies as well as any enemies of the revolution or those opposing the revolutionary government; they claimed that they alone could speak for the "general will" of the French people and sought to impose republican unity across the nation (through pain of death if necessary!) collaborating with the sans-culottes and trying to establish a planned economy with egalitarian overtones
dramatic irony
irony that occurs when the meaning of the situation is understood by the reader but not by the characters
Presbyterians
is a part of the Reformed tradition within Protestantism which traces its origins to the British Isles; Presbyterian churches derive their name from the presbyterian form of church government, which is government by representative assemblies of elders
Iconoclasm
is the destruction of religious icons and other images or monuments for religious or political motives, refers to aggressive statements or actions against any well-established status quo (i.e. in the Netherlands: Calvinist men and women break stained-glass windows, remove statues, and carry off devotional altarpieces, many mobs
the Mountain
led by Robespierre, the French National Convention's radical faction, which seized legislative power in 1793
the Mountain
led by Robespierre, the French National Convention's radical function, which seized legislative power in 1793
courts
magnificent household and palaces where signori and other rulers lived, conducted business, and supported the arts
argument
main body of the speech that seeks to convince and to persuade, building to a climax
Constantinople
modern-day Istanbul; was the capital city of the Roman Empire when it was built (or founded) by Roman Emperor Constantine in 324; was taken over by the Ottomans when they captured it in 1453 and became the capital of the Ottoman Empire, renamed Istanbul
Tenochtitlán
modern-day Mexico City; the capital city of the Mexica Empire, was a great sophisticated city and civilization with advanced mathematics, astronomy, and engineering, a complex social system, and oral poetry and historical traditions; was unfortunately captured by Cortés who took Moctezuma II, the ruler, captive
Gustave Courbet
most famous member of realist school. Painted only things that he saw. Phrase "realism" was coined in reaction to one of his paintings. All of his works represented everyday life.
Madame de Pompadour
most famous mistress of 18th c. who influenced Louis XV in making important government decisions and giving advice on appointments and foreign policy
assignat
paper currency backed by the proceeds of the Church's land but eventually led to inflation because the National Assembly used up the money
assignat
paper money issued by the National Assembly in France from 1789 to 1796 during the French Revolution on the security of expropriated lands, specifically former church property as collateral
Decembrist Revolt
place in Russia on December 14 1825, Russian army officers led about 3,000 soldiers in a protest against Nicholas I's assumption of the throne after his elder brother Constantine removed himself from the line of succession.
Marie Antoinette
queen of France (as wife of Louis XVI) who was unpopular; her extravagance and opposition to reform contributed to the overthrow of the monarchy; she was guillotined along with her husband
Neoclassicism believes in a world that is...
rational, ordered, and hierarchical
price revolution
refers most specifically to the influx of gold and silver from the New Worlds and newly acquired lands in the Americas that created a high rate of inflation across Europe; prices rose steeply and the excess of demand over supply resulted in a rise in production costs and decline in Spain's productive capacity and soon across Western Europe and the European economy
Montezuma II
reigned from 1502-1520, was the ruler of the Mexica (Aztec) Empire, until its fall under the conquest of Cortés, he was killed during the attacks and counterattacks of the Spaniards versus the Aztecs; myth has it, he thought the Spanish were living gods
American Revolution
revolution that: (a) it inspired the French and (b) it contributed to the French debt
Haitian Revolution
revolution that: (a) that the French Revolution inspired the Haitians to fight for the abolition of slavery, political rights, and independence, (b) what rights the National Assembly and National Convention granted to the Haitians, and (c) that in 1804 Haiti was successful in obtaining independence from France
Bloody Mary (Tudor)
ruled England from 1553-1558, when she turned a sharp move back to Catholicism, rescinding the Reformation legislation of her father and restored Catholicism, but after marrying Philip II of Spain, unpopular among the English, and her execution of the Protestants devoutly Catholic because of her mother, Catherine of Aragon
Mansa Musa
ruler of the kingdom of Mali, who discussed sending vessels to explore the Atlantic Ocean, suggesting that not only Europeans explored using naval exploration
Water Lilies
series of Monet's paintings had over 250 oil paintings on the subject
Rouen Cathedral
series of studies in various light
Charles X
set out to restore the absolute monarchy with the help of the ultraroyalists. Tried to repay nobles for lands lost during the revolution, but the liberals in teh legislative assemly opposed him. Eventually, he issued the July Ordinances.
Marie Antoinette
she was known as Madame Deficit for her excessive spending on clothes and fashion; many French people (women) hated her for this
bourgeoisie
tensions between this group of people and the nobility grew as they were usually prosperous merchants, lawyers, and officials who lived comfortable lifestyles even as a part of the Third Estate; eventually, exasperated by the feudal laws restraining the economy and the pretensions of nobility (tensions grew between the groups), they lead the entire estate in a great social revolution
Union of Utrecht
the alliance of seven northern provinces (led by Holland) that declared its independence from Spain and formed the United Provinces of the Netherlands
Simony
the buying or selling of ecclesiastical privileges, for example pardons or benefices
Industrial Revolution
the change from an agricultural to an industrial society and from home manufacturing to factory production, especially the one that took place in England from about 1750 to about 1850.
plebiscite
the direct vote of all the members of an electorate on an important public question such as a change in the constitution.
Declaration of the Rights of Man (and of the Citizen)
the document that demanded the equal and natural rights of man: liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression, along with the phrase "every man is presumed innocent until he is proven guilty among other laws," and writings regarding the law, which is considered "an expression of general will; all citizens have the right to concur personally or through their representatives in its formation... Free expression of thoughts and opinions is one of the most precious rights of mankind: every citizen may therefore speak, write, and publish freely;" this revolutionary document guaranteed equality before the law, representative government for a sovereign people, and individual freedom; this document would spread and spark a basis of democracy throughout the world
Great Fear
the fear of noble reprisals against peasant uprisings that seized the French countryside and led to further revolt
National Assembly
the first French revolutionary legislature, made up primarily of representatives of the third estate and a few from the nobility and clergy, in session from 1789 to 1791
National Assembly
the first French revolutionary legislature, made up primarily of representatives of the third estate and a few from the nobility and clergy, in session from 1789 to 1791; took the Tennis Court Oath
James I
the first Stuart to be king of England and Ireland from 1603 to 1925 and king of Scotland from 1567 to 1625
ultilitarianism
the idea that the goal of society should be "the greatest happiness for the greatest number" of its citizens.
Louis XVI
the king of France from 1774 until deposition in 1792 and was guillotined on January 21, 1793 at which he gave one of his most famous quotes; his marriage with the Archduchess of Austria, Marie Antoinette meant a union between the Austrians and French, but when he inherited the throne and succeeded his father in 1715, he inherited a nation uprising in revolution and also in deep financial crisis because of the costs from wars before; he had lived in Versailles until the Women's March on Versailles to which he moved with his family to Paris at the center with the common people; his rule meant the end of absolutist rule and he gave in to many of the demands of the revolutionaries that would result in the end of his rule
September Massacres
the mass killing of prisoners that took place in Paris from September 2 to September 6 in 1792; a major event of what is sometimes called the "First Terror" of the French Revolution; an expression of the collective mentality in Paris in the days after the overthrow of the monarchy (August 10, 1792)where people believed that political prisoners were planning to rise up in their jails to join a counterrevolutionary plot
"What is the Third Estate?" (by Sieyès)
the most influential pamphlet during its time. Written in 1789, it condemns the privilege that lay at the heart of French society, meaning "private law" specifically; it criticized the Old Regime of France where no one set of laws applied to all, no matter which "estate," and special rights and entitlements were given to selected individuals and groups; the author, Sieyès, rejected this system of legal and social inequality, to which he says that in a nation are to live as a body under a common law and represented by the same legislature... equally; he also encouraged public opinion and told them to represent themselves by becoming a "National Assembly."
Holy Office
the official Roman Catholic agency founded in 1542 to combat international doctrinal heresy
Reign of Terror (1793-1794)
the period from 1793 to 1794 during which Robespierre's Committee of Public Safety tried and executed thousands suspected of treason and a new revolutionary culture was imposed
Reign of Terror (1793-1794)
the period from 1793 to 1794 during which Robespierre's Committee of Public Safety tried and executed thousands suspected of treason and a new revolutionary culture was imposed; described as a great "political weapon" directed against all those suspected of opposing revolutionary government
point of view
the perspective from which a story is told
reason
the power of comprehending, inferring, or thinking especially in orderly rational ways
planned economy
the type of economy Robspierre attempted to establish which was a system that let the government determine prices as opposed to supply and demand
Ottoman Empire and Persian Empires
two great rival empires in the Middle East whose faiths clashed and who competed for control over western trade routes to the East; under Sultan Mohammed II Turks captured one of Europe's largest cities, Constantinople, and their increasing expansion frightened the Europeans
League of Schmalkalden
was a defensive alliance of Lutheran princes within the Holy Roman Empire during the mid-16th century, formed by Protestant territories of the Holy Roman Empire to defend themselves collectively against any attempt to enforce the recess of the Diet of Augsburg in 1530, which gave the Protestant territories a deadline by which to return to Catholic practices; established in February 1531 at Schmalkalden, Germany, the league was led by Landgrave Philip the Magnanimous of Hesse and John Frederick I of Saxony
Mexica Empire (aka Aztec empire)
was a large and complex Native American civilization in modern Mexico and Central America that possessed advanced mathematical, astronomical, and engineering technology; unfortunately, it was conquered by Cortés and so fell the empire and its great capital city, Tenochtitlán
Teresa de Ávila
was a prominent Spanish mystic, Roman Catholic saint, Carmelite nun, author during the Counter Reformation, declared a Doctor of the Church, and theologian of contemplative life through mental prayer, was also a reformer of the Carmelite Order and is considered to be a founder of the Discalced Carmelites along with John of the Cross; believed in four basic principles in her convent: poverty was fully observed, nuns were barefoot and their work supported their community, strict enclosure meant no visitors allowed, class distinctions were forbidden and everyone did chores, and obedience was important, especially to one's professor
Peace of Augsburg
was a treaty between Charles V and the forces of the Schmalkaldic League, an alliance of Lutheran princes, in 1555, at the imperial city of Augsburg, now in present-day Bavaria, Germany, officially ending the religious struggle between the two groups and made the legal division of Christendom permanent within the Holy Roman Empire
Olympe de Gouges / Declaration of the Rights of Woman (1791)
was sent to the guillotine in November 1793; protested the evils of slavery and injustices done; "Women is born free and remains equal to man in rights." and sexes be "equally admissible to all public dignities, offices, and employments, according to their ability, and with no other distinction that their virtues and talents"
spice trade
with the revival of the population and economic activity (the Renaissance?) after the Black Death, came a demand for goods, especially from the East, such as pepper nutmeg, ginger, mace, cinnamon, and cloves (introduced in the twelfth century by the Crusaders) leading to this trade; was a dominant form of trade for the Dutch
verbal irony
words are used to suggest the opposite of what is meant
Mary Wollstonecraft
young woman writer and philosopher in London who advocated and supported women's rights and worked as a governess and a teacher to earn her living; in response to Burke's publication, she gave a powerful rebuttal with her books: A Vindication on the Rights of Man (1790) and A Vindication on the Rights of Woman (1792); a determined writer and woman who told women to be independent even in a society that expected obedience from wives
What is the relationship of humans to nature from a neoclassical point of view?
Human control over nature... ie Versailles in France (the garden having tress in boxes)
King William I
Successor to Frederick William IV. He wanted to double the size of the army and require three years of compulsory military service for all young men. He appointed Otto von Bismarck as his Prime Minister and eventually became the emperor of the Second German Empire.
Chartism
The first large-scale European working class political movement. It sought political reforms that would favor the interests of skilled British workers in the 1830's and 1840's.
Classical economics
The theory that economies grow through free enterprise of individuals competing in a largely self-regulating marketplace with minimum government intervention.
Red Shirts
Volunteers who fought under Giuseppe Garibaldi that were known for their distinctive dress. Starting in May, 1860, they helped defeat the Bourbon king of the Two Sicilies and then proceeded to mainland Italy.
Laws of Thermodynamics
the physical laws that define the basic properties and behavior of energy
Ascribed Status
A condition in which people are born into their social class and cannot change it.
New Harmony
A society in Indiana that focused on utopian socialism. It was started by Robert Owens but failed because everybody did not share their fair load of work.
Jeremy Bentham
Advocated utilitarianism, the greatest good for the greatest amount of people, to overcome the special interests of the privileged groups who prevented rational government through traditionalism.
Ausgleich
Also known as the Compromise of 1867. It established a dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary. It did not, however, solve multinational issues because the German-speaking Austrians and Hungarian Magyars dominated all the other minorities in the region.
Austro-Prussian War of 1866
Also known as the Seven Weeks' War, it was engineered by Bismarck as part of his master plan to unify Germany under the Prussian monarchy. Prussian troops surprised and overwhelmed a larger Austrian force, winning victory in only seven weeks. The result was that Austria was expelled from the old German Confederation and a new North German Confederation, completely under the control of Prussia, was created. Southern German states were left independent, but were coerced into military treaties with Prussia. Austria lost Venetia, which was given to the united Italian state.
International Workingmen's Association
Also the called First International. It was an international organization which aimed at uniting a variety of different left-wing socialist, communist, and anarchist political groups and trade union organizations that were based on the working class and class struggle. Karl Marx served on General Council of the association.
social contract
An agreement in which the people give a sovereign authority in exchange for maintenance of order and peace.
Proudhon, Pierre
An anarchist who attacked banking systems because they would not extend credit to the poor and small property owners so they could participate in enterprise. Mutualism- a system of small businesses. There would be peaceful cooperation and exchange of goods among these groups; therefore, government would be unnecessary.
Socialism
An economic theory that denied the free market could efficiently and fairly allocate wealth and resources as compared to an organized, collective group of expert individuals that managed wealth and resources to society.
Malthus, Thomas
Asserted that the human population must be controlled or it could outgrow the food supply. Mentioned contraception in Christian-Catholic Europe as a means of population control.
Lord Palmerston
British Prime Minister from 1855 - 1865 who was a Whig but was able to compromise across party lines. He opposed expanding voting rights.
Louis Blanc
Demanded an end to competition and expanding political power to the working class. The working class would then influence the government and economy to their, and society's, benefit, and by doing so, improve the quality of life.
William Gladstone
First Liberal Prime Minister who served from 1868 - 1874. He opened civil service positions to exams rather than patronage, introduced the secret ballot, and abolished the purchasing of military commissions. He also supported the Education Act of 1870, which tried to made education available to all children.
religious conformity
Forced conversion.
Danish War
In 1864 after three months of fighting, Denmark surrendered to Prussia and Austria. They were forced to give up two duchies; Prussia would administer Schleswig and Austria would administer Holstein.
Irish Potato Famine
Irish peasants with no land or small plots starved when the potato crop failed to yield a good harvest; resulted in emigration and rural flight to European cities.
Anti-Corn League
Organized by manufacturers who sought to repeal the Corn Laws; wanted to abolish tariffs protecting the domestic price of grain. This would lower food prices, which would then allow lower wages at no real cost to workers. The price of British manufactured goods could also be lowered to make them more competitive globally.
Count Otto von Bismarck
Prime minister under King William I who oversaw the unification of Germany. He won the Danish War (1864), the Austro-Prussian War (1866), and the Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871). He is also associated witht the Ems Dispatch and a policy of Realpolitik.
Baron Haussmann
architect who replaced Paris's narrow streets and old city walls with broad boulevards, spacious buildings, circular plazas, public squares, an underground sewage system, a new public water supply, and gaslights
