AP Euro Ch 14

Why did Protestants allow the dissolution of marriages in divorce?

Marriage was seen as a contract of support for your spouse and if you couldn't physically, materially or emotionally do that then the only solution may be divorce

Anticlericalism

Opposition to the clergy

Union of Utrecht

The alliance of seven northern provinces (led by Holland) that declared its independence from Spain and formed the United Provinces of the Netherlands.

The Spanish Armada

The fleet sent by Philip II of Spain in 1588 against England as a religious crusade against Protestantism.

What was The Consistory?

A body of laymen and pastors to make sure people were living a healthy sin free life and help them if they weren't

What was The Edict of Nantes?

A document (by Henry IV) granted freedom of worship to Calvinists restoring peace in France

Indulgence

A document issued by the Catholic church lessening penance or time in purgatory, widely believed to bring forgiveness of all sins.

How did he inquisitorial legal procedure differ from the accusatorial legal procedure?

Accusatorial meant the suspect knew the accuser and the accuser is responsible if the suspect isn't found guilty. In inquisitorial, more people were willing to accuse because it wouldn't affect them. could be tortured for information. people gave names of others also.

The institutes of the Christian religion

Calvin's formulation of Christian doctrine, which became a systematic theology for Protestantism.

In the early sixteenth century, anticlericalism focused primarily on all of the following issues:

Clerical immorality, clerical ignorance, and clerical pluralism

Edict of Nantes

Document issued by Henry IV of France in 1598, granting liberty of conscience and of public worship to Calvinists, which helped restore peace in France.

The Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis ended the conflict known as the ________________

Habsburg Valois wars

How did the closing of the monasteries and convents affect upper-class women?

Marriage became the only occupation option of upper class women

What were Lutheran and Calvinist attitudes toward secular rulers?

Secular rulers shouldn't exist the rulers of state should base their rules on religion of the area

What was the fate of most people brought before the Inquisition and accused of witchcraft?

Sent home and warned with penance because seen as superstitious peasants, not devil worshipers. Some executed though.

Describe Martin Luther's doctrine of salvation :

"faith alone, grace alone, scripture alone"

What was Martin Luther's first response to the Peasants' War?

At first supported peasants because he encouraged them to stand up for what they wanted in faith. Then it got too violent, and he sided with the rulers to make them calm it down because if he didn't then he wouldn't have any followers.

Why did Elizabeth I have her cousin and heir Mary, Queen of Scots, executed?

Elizabeth kept Mary in prison, as she found her presence threatening. A man offered to help Mary escape, and kill Elizabeth, writing letters in code. The letters were intercepted, and Mary was found guilty of treason, and executed.

What was the result of the Peace of Augsburg on the people of Germany?

Ended the religious wars in Germany, but the country wasn't united in one church. Charles v passed his holdings in Spain and Netherlands to son Philip and imperial power to brother Ferdinand

The Calvinist doctrine of predestination led to ____________

Energizing dynamic giving a person the strength to undergo hardships in struggle against evil. Belief that you are destined for heaven.

How did the Calvinists understand the idea of work or labor?

Hard work well done was pleasing to god which encouraged aggressive activism

How did Luther view celibacy of the clergy?

He thought it was against human nature and that they should marry and not had affairs. Also marriage brought spiritual advantages

What was The Colloquy of Marburg and was it successful in achieving its intended purpose?

It was a meeting where Luther and Zwingli met to unite Protestant ideas, but they couldn't agree (especially on eucharist) and it failed.

Why did John Calvin reject the idea of human free will?

It would detract from the sovereignty of god and humans cannot actively work to achieve salvation, god determines at beginning if time.

What aided Martin Luther as his call for reform emerged?

Luther's ideas mixed with controversies about the church's wealth, power, and basic structure

How did Luther benefit from his appearance before the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V at the Diet of Worms?

Luther's ideas spread to a broader audience for reform ideas and individuals began to preach and publish his ideas

What was the Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre and what were the consequences?

Margaret of Valois was marrying (Protestant) Henry of Navarre and it was the perfect opportunity for Catherine to kill gaspard de cologny (she thought his Protestant views were a bad influence on her son) and many Huguenots died and not gaspard

Jesuits

Members of the Society of Jesus, founded by Ignatius of Loyola, whose goal was to spread the Roman Catholic faith.

Politiques

Moderates of both religious faiths who held that only a strong monarchy could save France from total collapse.

The Reformation in England was primarily the result of _____________

Protestant reformation, wanted to fix Catholic Church as a response to get followers back

What was the reason for the dissolution of the English monasteries?

So the king could get more money and land (mostly for selling)

How widespread was the influence of the Inquisition?

Spread to modern Europe, Spain, Portugal, and Italy (biggest ones)

Pluralism

The Clerical practice of holding more than one church benefice (office) at the same time, and enjoying the outcome of each.

Protestant

The name originally given to Lutherans, which came to mean all non-Catholic Western Christians.

Holy Office

The official Roman Catholic agency founded in 1542 to combat international doctrinal heresy.

In addition to reforming the church, what was the other goal of the Council of Trent?

To secure reconciliation with the Protestants

Huguenots

French Calvinists