AP EURO CHAP. 7

Tsar

"Czar", Russian term for "Caesar" or ruler; the authoritarian rulers of the Russian empire before its collapse in the 1917 revolution.

The Great Northern War

1700 - 1721 Russia, Poland, and Denmark vs Sweden to gain access (for Russia) to the Baltic Sea for a seaport -

Enlightened Monarchy

A form of absolute monarchy or despotism inspired by the Enlightenment. Enlightened monarchs especially embraced an emphasis upon rationality.

Balance of Power

A system in which no one empire, kingdom, or country would dominate, either in Europe or in the Americas.

Union of Utrecht

Alliance of seven northern provinces (led by Holland) that declared its independence from Spain and formed the United Provinces of the Netherlands -

Bill of Rights

Also known as the Declaration of Right; limited monarchs' power by protecting the Parliament's -

Boyars

Ancient Russian landholding aristocrats; possessed less political power than their western European counterparts; forced by Peter the Great to stop wearing heavy skirt-like coats and cut their long beards -

Baroque artists, such as Caravaggio

Based on the historical context in which this image was produced, which of the following would most likely have supported its artistic style? (Portrait of Louis XIV of France)

the emotional force of religious experiences.

By the end of the eighteenth century, the artistic style represented in the image had been gradually replaced by a new style that emphasized (Portrait of Louis XIV of France)

Peter the Great

Czar of Russia who introduced ideas from western Europe to reform the government -

Catherine the Great

Empress of Russia; enlightened absolutist; greatly increased the territory of the empire by overthrowing her husband; made amends with Orthodox Church (by restoring its lands) and the military (by recalling troops from Denmark); tried to improve conditions of Russia's serfs, but ultimately failed -

democracy and constitutional rule

Enlightened Monarchs tended to allow or support all of the following EXCEPT

Joseph II

Enlightened absolutist ruler of Austria; Holy Roman Emperor; limited power of Catholic Church; provided freedom for the press; abolished serfdom; signed Edict of Toleration -

Jean-Baptiste Colbert

Finance minister of France; instituted mercantilist policies to decrease France's debt and revitalize its industries, expand France's colonies, and create a favorable balance of trade -

Absolutism

Form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator, rulers amassed power by creating bureaucracies with enough resources to wage wars to either maintain or disrupt the balance of power.

Seven Years War

France & Russia vs Prussia; Frederick the Great saved by subsidies from Britain and death of Russian Empress Elizabeth, who was succeeded by Peter III -

Cardinal Mazarin

French cardinal and official regent of Louis XIV of France -

Intendents

French government agents who collected taxes and administered justice; implemented by King Louis XIV to replace provincial officials -

Charles I

King of England; son of James I; his power struggles with Parliament resulted in the English Civil War.

Frederick the Great

King of Prussia; enlightened absolutist; mistrustful of others; expanded Prussia's territories; created departments to manage mines, forests, and commerce; reformed judiciary; Prussian Common Law -

Philip II

King of Spain from 1556 to 1598; absolute monarch who lead Spain to the height of its power, but his ruling slowed down the government -

The Grand Embassy

Peter the Great's long visit to Western Europe to learn about European customs and manufacturing techniques to help westernize and modernize Russia -

William of Orange

Protestant Dutch prince invited to be king of England during the Glorious Revolution -

Frederick William I

Prussian king; son of Frederick I; responsible for Prussian absolutism and continuing militarization; expanded Prussia's territories -

Frederick the Great

Prussian king; son of Frederick William I; turned Prussian into Europe's leading military power -

The Holy Synod

Replacement Peter the Great created for the office of Patriarch of the Russian Orthodox Church; made up of officials and priests obedient to the tsar -

Peace of Utrecht

Series of treaties, from 1713 to 1715, that ended the War of the Spanish Succession, ended French expansion in Europe, and marked the rise of the British Empire

James I

Stuart monarch in England who ignored constitutional principles and asserted the divine right of kings; often conflicted with Parliament which eventually led to the English Civil War.

separation of church and state

The Bill of Rights established all of the following EXCEPT

Eighty Years War

The Dutch war of independence against Spain was known as the -

Glorious Revolution

The English Bill of Rights was written after which of the following conflicts?

Fronde

The __??__ was a series of civil wars in France between 1648 and 1653 in which King Louis XIV confronted the combined opposition of the princes, the nobility, the law courts (parlements), as well as most of the French people; yet he won in the end. The dispute started when the government of France increased taxes.

Italy

The change in the Austrian Habsburg Empire shown on this map was most like the change in which other state in the same time period?

Poland.

The country that fell victim to its neighbors in 1795 was

Divine Right

The idea that monarchs are God's representatives on earth and that their power comes directly from God

The widespread use of art by monarchs to illustrate state power.

The image best reflects which of the following trends in art in the early seventeenth century? (Portrait of Louis XIV of France)

House of Commons

The lower house of the British parliament; elected to represent the tax-paying subjects of counties and boroughs.

After 1648, balance of power played an important role in structuring diplomatic and military objectives.

The map provides the best evidence for which aspects of warfare and diplomacy in the 18th century?

The Restoration

The period of Charles II's rule over England, after the collapse of Oliver Cromwell's government -

House of Lords

The upper house of the British parliament; nobility selected by the monarch.

Edict of Toleration

This edict, issued by Emperor Joseph II, protected religious freedom for Jewish, Protestant, and Greek Orthodox citizens of Austria -

Battle of Viena

This event freed Europe from the threat of the Ottoman Turks; marked the end of Ottoman expansion in the Christian world -

War of Spanish Succession

War between France and Spain in order to unite the two states under one ruler, Phillip V -

French and Indian War

War fought in the North American colonies between the English and the French for possession of the Ohio River Valley; marked beginning of Britain's world dominance -

Courtiers

Wealthy, powerful nobles in the French court -

England & France

Which country had a ruler that was NOT an Enlightened Monarch?

The Habsburg's successful defense of Vienna in the late 17th century

Which event or trend within the Habsburg empire contributed to the shift shown on this map?

The Ottoman Empire was weakened after the loss of the Battle of Vienna, leaving territory open to Russian expansion.

Which of the following events allowed continued Russian territorial expansion after Peter left the throne?

They allowed Peter the Great to build a port and a new capital city.

Which of the following is the best characterization of the impact of the land acquisitions of Peter I of Russia from 1682-1715?

Thomas Hobbes

Which of the following political philosophers would have been LEAST likely to agree with the sentiments expressed in the passage?

Catherine the Great

Which of the following ruled Russia at the time?

The westernization of Russia as it embraced the culture and traditions of Western Europe

Which of the following was a goal of Peter the Great that was continued by Catherine the Great but never realized under Romanov rule?

The impact of the Peace of Westphalia starting in the middle of the 17th century

Which was the most important part of the context of events in Europe that contributed to the shift in Habsburg lands shown on this map?

Napoleon Bonaparte

Who reconstituted Poland?

Enlightened

__??__ or benevolent despotism; absolutism spurred by Enlightenment ideals -