ap euro chapter 11 and 12

What impact did the black death have on society and economy of Europe?

Due to the Black Death, labor prices had drastically increased while agriculture prices plummeted. Peasant began to move up in life but landlords actually moved down. This caused tension between the classes which eventually broke out into a peasant revolt known as the Jacquerie. Several other revolts also broke out but every time the peasant were crushed. These revolts paved the way for much social conflict in the years to come

What major problems did European states face in the 14th century?

European states faced famine, plague, economic turmoil, social upheaval, violence, as well as much political instability. The battle over territory between the French and English led to the Hundred Yrs. War. There was also much conflict in Germany and Italy as they tried to find peaceful balance between the many city states that lie in them. There was also increased corruption as nobles tried to take over as well as money problems. A parliament was created and factionalism led to the war of roses and other disputes.Overall there were many problems for the European States.

How did machiavelli's work reflect the political realities of renaissance italy?

Machiavelli's work reflected the renaissance preoccupation with political power in Italy. Machiavelli was the secretary to the Florentine Council of Ten. He was exiled and wrote the Prince. The Prince was a book that realistically expressed expansion of political power to restore and maintain order. He talks about how leader must do whatever thy can for the good of the state. There is no manners when it come to political power. Politics is ruthless. He thought do whatever you got to do to stay in power.

What were the chief characteristics of renaissance art, and how did it differ in Italy and Northern Europe?

Realism was a popular style as people tried to draw nature and humans more realistically, adding depth. Masaccio and Uccello are famous for their work, making people and landscape adding perspective. Botticelli is famous for his work on Greek and Roman Mythology. There was also much success in sculpture. Donatello is famous for his life sized David. Brunellschi changed the architecture in Florence, making it more Roman. Portraits became popular. Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, and MIchaelangelo dominated the High Renaissance Period. Bramante showed architecture that reflected the era perfectly. Gifted artists could rise up in social status. Italy was different from the rest of Europe. They focused on humans and didn't have enough room to paint directly on ceilings of churches. Jan van Eyck used oil paints. Italy didn't have perspective down but more used observations. Italian art, focused mostly on saints, and emphasized empirical observations of visual realities and accurate portrayal of details.

what characteristics distinguished the renaissance from the middle ages?

The renaissance made several concepts come alive. There was the rebirth of the old civilizations of Roman and Greek. There was also the perfecting of individuals which meant individuality was encouraged. People believed in humanity. They had faith in themselves to do anything. Secularism or worldliness of the italians was encouraged. The renaissance meant wealth. People wanted to be educated, well rounded. There was also new styles of art. Ital thrived. Pagans tried to patch their relationships with Christians. The renaissance era was a new and exciting time, changing the world in its wake.

What were the major developments in art and literature in the 14th century?

Vernacular literature was developed as more and more recognized authors such as Date Alighieri, Francesco Petrarca, and Giovanni Boccaccio used common Tustean dialect. Art also greatly changed. Due to the Black Death, artwork became more morbid and concentrated on pain and death. Francesco Traini gives a good example of violent artwork. During this time there was also and artist named Giotto that released a new realism style that would affect the art styles in the the centuries to come.

How and why did the authority and prestige of the papacy decline in the 14th century?

there was a power struggle between the pope and the monarchies. When King Philip IV tried to tax the clergy, a feud started. Pope Boniface VIII believed the papacy should have spiritual influence and taxation privileges. The feud ended with the pope excommunicating the king, forcing him to strike back through kidnapping the pope. The pope eventually died and to be sure nothing like this would happen again the king made sure the french made up the majority of the cardinals. The papacy moved to Avignon which angered the people and made them worry as the French influence over the papacy was growing. The people wanted an Italian pope so Pope Urban Vi was chosen but the french voided the election saying they were forced by the mob to do so. The French chose their pope making 2 popes and thus causing the great schism. This caused chaos for catholics. They searched for stability through new reform such as conciliarism. The instability of the papacy as the Great schism went on as well as the unsure changing of the church made the authority and prestige of the papacy to decline.