AP Euro Chapter 13

Book of Common Prayer

1549, order of services within the Church of England.

Ulrich Zwingli

(1484-1531) Swiss humanist and priest. Convinced that scriptures were the basis of Christian life. He was in Zurich and had a lot of support. Basically the Luther of Switzerland.

Argula Von Grumbach

A german noblewoman who wrote religious works supporting Protestantism.

Eucharist

Catholics believed in transubstantiation, meaning the blood and body of Christ are actually present in the wafer and wine. Luther didn't believe that.

Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis

Signed in 1559. It ended the long conflict known as the Habsburg-Valois wars.

Munster

Some religious radicals thought the world was going to end soon, so in the 1530s, a group took over Munster, which they predicted would be the new Jerusalem. It was an insurrection of radicalism. Involved anabaptists.

European Witch Hunt

Started before reformation in 1480s, became popular in 1560s, continued until about 1660. Trials began in Switzerland and Germany in the late 15th century, and picked up again around 1560. Between 100k-200k were officially tried for witchcraft and between 40k and 60k were executed. Between 75-85% of these were women. The most famous inquisitional trials of witches were in early modern Europe, including Spain, Portugal, and Italy. Historians have called these episodes of accusations a "witch panic" and they were most common in the Holy Roman Empire, Switzerland, and parts of France, which saw the most accusations in general. The last official execution for witchcraft in England was in 1682, but the last one in the Holy Roman Empire was not until 1775.

Union of Utrecht

The 7 northern provinces, led by Holland, declared their independence from Spain in 1581 and formed the United Provinces of the Netherlands.

Religious Orders

The Carmelite order, under Teresa of Avila, who had mystical visions. The Ursuline order, founded by Angela Merici, focused on education of women.

Martin Luther

1483-1546. A German professor who propelled the Reformation. He was from Saxony and he became a priest. He was a professor at the University of Wittenberg. He believed that faith alone, grace alone, scripture alone dominated your spiritual life. Wrote the 95 Theses on the Power of Indulgences. He was ordered to Rome, but he never went. He never backed down from his ideas. Church banned Luther's books and they threatened to excommunicate him. He retaliated by burning the letter.

John Calvin

1509-1564. He believed that God had specifically selected him to reform the Church. He worked mainly in Geneva. Wrote the Institutes of the Christian Religion, which is Calvin's own Christian doctrine, and became the theology for Protestantism. He believed in predestination.

Council of Trent

1545-1563. A council called to reform the Catholic church. They tried to discipline the Church and create a more educated clergy and have less corruption. What came out of this council lasted until the 20th century.

Inquisition

A committee of cardinals who had the power to arrest, imprison, and kill heretics. They also banned a lot of books, including books by Christian humanists. Main instrument of the Counter-reformation.

St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre

A savage Catholic attack on Calvinists in Paris. August 24, 1572. The occasion was the marriage ceremony of Margaret of Valois, the king's sister to Henry of Navarre, who was a protestant. Huguenots and protestants were massacred. Religious violence spread to the countryside, where thousands were killed. Led to a civil war that dragged on for 15 years.

Protestant Beliefs

According to Martin Luther, 1. Salvation comes from faith alone. 2. Religious authority resides in the bible 3. The Church is a spiritual priesthood of all believers, and it is not fixed in any specific place or person. 4. Every person should serve God in his or her individual calling.

Luther's other important writings

All written in 1520. One of them is Address to the Christian Nobility, which says that secular government has the right to reform the church. The second one is On the Babylonian Captivity of the Church, in where he attacks other teachings of the church, such as the Sacraments. The third one is called The Liberty of a Christian Man, which is where he lays out the basic elements of his beliefs.

Roots of the Reformation

Anticlericalism The prestige of the church was damaged by the Great Schism and the Babylonian Captivity The Renaissance popes were too secular and extravagant. Uneducated lower clergy Papal taxes were extremely high Disagreement over Church doctrines

Civil War in Netherlands

Between Catholics and Protestants, 1568-1578. Also between provinces and Spain. Hostilities ended -1609.

Index of Prohibited Books

Books that were banned by the Council of Trent, including works by Erasmus and Galileo.

Mary, Queen of Scots

Catholic. Elizabeth imprisoned her so she could become queen. In imprisoning her, Philip of Spain retaliated and sent a fleet to attack. But, the Spanish Armada met an English fleet and were defeated.

Charles V

Became the Holy Roman emperor in 1519. Inherited a vast empire, partly because they had begun to intermarry with Ferdinand and Isabella's family. He was Catholic. He had a hard time holding together such a large empire, which means that he couldn't put down the Reformation easily.

95 Theses on the Power of Indulgences

By Martin Luther. Written in 1517, in Latin. A letter to Archbishop Albert (who sold indulgences) basically opposing indulgences. They were nailed to the door of Wittenberg Castle on Oct. 31, 1517 (according to legend). Printed in both Latin and German and circulated to the public. Church banned Luther's books and they threatened to excommunicate him. He retaliated by burning the letter.

Jesuits

Ignatius Loyola founded the Jesuits, who were missionaries and spread Catholicism around the world.

Counter-Reformation (Catholic Reformation)

Catholic movement that opposed protestants in all ways.

Scandinavia

Denmark/Norway was the first area outside of the Holy Roman Empire to accept reformation.

Protestant

Derives from protest of reforming German princes at the Diet of Speyer in 1529. Comes from the protest of the decisions of Catholic majority.

Iconoclasm

Destruction of religious images. Calvinist teachings often called sacred imagery into question. In France, mobs would break into churches and destroy art.

The Netherlands under the Holy Roman Empire

First ruled by Charles V Each province was self governing and collected their own taxes Only united under emperor In low countries, Lutheran ideas took root, but Charles V was able to limit impact In 1556, Charles abdicated and gave power to Philip II, protestant ideas spread.

Huguenots

French Calvinists, most of whom lived in major cities, including Paris, Lyons, and Rouen. By the time king Henry II died (accidentally shot in the face at a tournament celebrating Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis in 1559), perhaps 1/10th of the population had become Calvinist.

Predestination

God had already planned where you'd go, and your fate after death was predestined. What you did in life didn't matter.

England

Henry VIII wanted to divorce Cathrine of Aragon, decided to remove English Church from papal jurisdiction. In 1529, Henry began what is called the Reformation Parliament. In 1533, the Parliament passed the statue known as the Act in Restraint of Appeals, which said that all spiritual cases in England were within the kings jurisdiction and authority and not the popes.

Diet of Worms

In 1521. An assembly of the nobility, clergy, and cities of the Holy Roman Empire in the German city of Worms. Luther was summoned to appear to this and he went. It spread Luther's ideas even wider and created a wider audience for Luther's ideas.

Peace of Augsburg

In the 1540s, the Schmalkaldic war was fought between Charles and some Protestant princes. Charles lost. In 1555. In order to bring peace to the holy roman empire, Charles V recognized Lutheranism and allowed each territory to decide what religion they were. Ended religious wars in Germany.

King Francis I

King of France. Tried new devices to raise revenue, including the sale of public offices and a treaty with the papacy.

Edict of Nantes

Made in 1598, granted liberty of conscience and liberty of public worship to Huguenots in 150 fortified towns.

Women in the Reformation

Men were supposed to be kind to their wives but men were the authority figures in the house. Wives should be obedient, marriage is important. They didn't like brothels. It had a good effect on marriage but it was a mixed effect for women.

John Knox

Modeled the Scottish church after Calvin's church in Geneva. Presbyterian Church of Scotland.

Calvinism in The Netherlands under Philip II

Mostly Calvinists Promotes opposition to ungodly political authority Sack of Antwerp: Calvinists attacked Catholic churches around 1560 due to oppressed Calvinist worship and raised taxes. The destruction spread from Antwerp, Philip II sent troops under duke of Alva to pacify low countries. Pacification = everyone dies in bloody and horrible agony.

Indulgence

Normally, an individual who sinned could confess their sins to a priest and that would reconcile them with God. With indulgences, you could pay to buy a document that would bring you forgiveness and lessen penance.

Anticlericalism

Opposition to the Clergy, widespread in 16th century. Anticlerical thinkers thought the Clergy was immoral, ignorant, and they didn't like that priests held multiple offices at the same time. They also resented privileges that the Clergy had, including not having to serve in the military and not having to pay taxes.

Council of Blood

Part of inquisition in Netherlands. A bunch of people (1500) were executed on March 3rd, 1568.

Antitrinitarians

Part of the radical reformation. Did not accept doctrine of the Trinity.

Politiques

People who believed that only the restoration of strong monarchy could reverse the trend towards collapse.

Anabaptists

People who were baptized in adulthood. Means re baptizers. Part of the radical reformation. Believed babies should not be baptized. Baptism should happen in adulthood when a person was conscious of what was happening.

Henry IV

Previously Henry of Navarre. His willingness to sacrifice religious principles to political necessity saved France.

Scotland and Calvinism

Scotland was one of the places where Calvinism thrived.

Holy Office

The main office of the Roman Inquisition

Religious Wars in Switzerland and Germany

The religion of a particular state within Switzerland or Germany was determined by the religion of the ruler. A lot of rulers liked Luther's ideas. The German and Swiss princes would battle against Charles V. The first battle was in Switzerland because some parts of Switzerland were catholic, and some were protestant. Zwingli died in a battle. After that religious war, each area of Switzerland was allowed to pick its own religion.

German Peasant's War of 1525

There were crop failures for multiple years (1523-1524). Peasants were not happy. In response to the crop failures, nobles made the peasants angry by seizing land and taking things. The peasants made demands and Luther sided initially with the peasants. When the peasants actually broke out into rebellion, Luther switched sides. Luther wrote a tract called Against the Murderous, Thieving Hordes of the Peasants. The nobility crushed this revolt and killed over 75,000 peasants. Significance is that it greatly strengthened the authority of lay rulers. The reformation also lost some of its popular appeal after 1525.

Radical Reformation

There were some groups in the 1520s that were more radical because they broke with the prevailing ideas more clearly. Both Catholics and Lutherans attacked the Radical Reformation.

Imperial Diet of 1530

They produced the Protestant Statement of faith called the Augsburg Confession. The protestant princes presented this document to Charles the fifth, Charles tried to order people to return to Catholic church, didn't work.

Concordat of Bolonga

This gave the French crown the right to appoint all french bishops and abbots.

Catherine De Medici

Wife of Henry II, her sons were weak and often dominated by her.

Katharina Von Bora

Wife of Luther.

Anne Reinhart

Wife of Zwingli.