AP Euro Chapter 13 Terms and Questions

Book of Common Prayer

The Book of Common Prayer was written by Thomas Cranmer and included the order of all the services of the Church of England. The Book of Common Prayer was written in proper English and not Latin. It was the first book to be approved by Parliament and the first prayer book to include the order and items of worship in complete English.

Witch Hunts

A practice in which people would hunt for "witches" trying people for witchcraft with trials like trial by drowning, or trial by fire. These trials were easily weighted in the favor the person administering the trial. Witch hunts became increasingly popular in the Reformation as a way to quickly dispose of Protestant leaders.

Against the Murderous, Thieving Hordes of Peasants

Against the Murderous, Thieving Hordes of Peasants is a literature work written by Martin Luther about the Peasant's Revolt. Although Martin Luther and his doctrine was largely the cause for the Peasant's Revolt, Luther sided with the Princes and Nobles, condemning the violence of the peasants. In an effort to try and stop the riots, Luther wrote the "Admonition to Peace", written for several reasons. The initial reason for writing the "Admonition to Peace" was written to stop the peasants from revolting, but it was also written to remove any idea that Scripture was the cause for the revolts. However, in surveying the damage later, Luther realized that the "Admonition of peace" had had little to no effect, so he wrote "Against the Murderous, Thieving Hordes of Peasants" citing many verses from Scripture to admonish the peasants and their actions in an effort to subdue the anger of the populace.

Anne Boleyn

Anne Boleyn was a lady of the court under King Henry VII's reign who later married him after he divorced his wife, Catherine of Aragon. She was King Henry's second wife, but failed to give him a son twice. She was later tried for adulterous incest by her husband and executed.

Anticlericalism

Anticlericalism, in Roman Catholicism, opposition to the clergy for its real or alleged influence in political and social affairs, for its doctrinairism, for its privileges or property, or for any other reason. Strong Anti clericalist feelings in the Reformation were mainly brought on by Martin Luther, a Germanic Monk who disliked indulgences that the Catholic Church sold. Anti clericalists believed that people should read the Bible for themselves and that the Pope and the Catholic Church held no saving power because only God could save you.

Catherine of Aragon

Catherine of Aragon was the daughter of King Ferdinand of Aragon and Queen Isabella of Castile. She was Queen of England from 1509 to 1533. She was unable to produce a son, so King Henry VII divorced her. She was a devout Catholic, so she viewed her marriage as still in effect. She stayed in England and was a Renaissance patron.

Charles V

Charles V was the ruler of three nations: the Spanish Empire, the Holy Roman Empire, and the Hapsburg Netherlands. He was a strongly opposed to Protestantism and the Reformation, being a devout Catholic. Many people were worried that Charles V would have a worldwide rule, so Charles had large opposition to his rule. When the Reformation started getting larger in the Holy Roman Empire, Charles V called an Imperial Diet to try and halt the spread of religious division. He could not respond to the Reformation with the military because, they were in France fighting the Hapsburg-Valois wars. However, unable to unify the religion of the nations, Charles V agreed to the Peace of Augsburg, and resigned to a monastery.

Elizabeth I

Elizabeth I was Queen of England and Ireland from 1533 to 1603. One of the first things Elizabeth did was reestablish the English Protestant Church after her half-sister Mary Tudor had gotten rid of it. However, she was tolerant of other religions and did not usually persecute people for believing other things. The Pope declared her an illegitimate ruler in 1570, leading to many assassination attempts, all of which failed.

Huguenots

Huguenots were followers of John Calvin in France. Originally called Calvinists, they were called Huguenots by the people who opposed them, and eventually just kept the name. The vast majority of Huguenots accepted the beliefs of Protestantism. The number of Huguenots kept growing until they were about 10% of the population of France. As Huguenots gained political power, their presence became more known and they gained more hostility until eventually the French Religious wars took place.

French Religious Wars

French Religious wars in the Reformation were incredibly common due to a number of reasons, one of them being the Concordat of Bologna which gave the French monarch the power to choose all the French bishops, cardinals, and other powerful church figures. However, most of France was comprised of Huguenots, who did not take kindly to religious oppression. There were several wars and skirmishes between the French Catholics and Huguenots, until Henry of Navarre became king and granted everyone religious freedom.

Henry of Navarre/ Henry IV

Henry IV of Navarre was a politique and king of France from 1589 to 1610. He was a strong supporter of Protestantism after the Catholic Church said that he could be King. However, he generally displayed religious tolerance. He issued the Edict of Nantes effectively ending the French Religious Wars and and giving everyone amnesty and civil rights.

Ignatius of Loyola

Ignatius of Loyola was Spanish knight and hermit from the Basque region. Ignatius of Loyola was also a strong Theologian who founded the Jesuits and became it's first ruler. Ignatius was a powerful leader of the Counter-Reformation and had a strong alliance to the Pope and the Catholic Church.

Indulgence

Indulgences were prewritten confessions and pardons sold by the Roman Catholic Church. Indulgences were signed by a priest and supposedly, let you get out of purgatory earlier; indulgences had to be bought. Anti-clericalists like Martin Luther opposed indulgences and said that the Church didn't have the power to send people to heaven.

Johann Tetzel

Johann Tetzel was a Roman Catholic friar and preacher. He was also the Grand Inquisitor of Heresy to Poland and later the Grand Commissioner of Indulgences in Germany. Tetzel was a strong opposer of Luther and his ideology, and a firm believer in the power of indulgences. He was once credited as saying that "an indulgence could wipe away the sin of a man guilty of raping Mary, Mother of God" and "As soon as a coin in the coffer rings / the soul from purgatory springs".

John Calvin

John Calvin was a French theologian and important person in the reformation. He believed that people were "predestined" or chosen by God to be saved. At the time, this view was incredibly controversial and viewed as fatalist or pessimistic. However, Calvin soon gained a large number of followers in Geneva. Calvin transformed Geneva into a community based on his religious principles with the most powerful group of people being the Consistory, a group of pastors and theologians disciplining deviations from scripture. Around a hundred people were exiled from Geneva or executed by the Consistory.

John Knox

John Knox was a Scottish Minister and a strong supporter of Protestantism. He is often considered the founder of the Scottish Presbyterian Church, which focuses more on the sovereignty of God and less on the sins of the people. He was one of the main people behind the reform of the Scottish Church and led the Protestant Reformation in Scotland.

Henry VII

King Henry VII was king of England from 1509 to 1547 and was married to Catherine of Aragon. However, Catherine had only produced a daughter for King Henry VII and he was in love with a lady of the court, Anne Boleyn. However King Henry VII could not attain an annulment because the Church was busy, so he seceded from the Catholic Church and formed the Church of England. He then divorced his wife, executed his followers, and married Anne Boleyn; however, when she failed twice to bear a son, he charged her with adulterous incest and had her executed. He then married again to Jane Seymour, who gave birth to a son, but died in childbirth. Henry had three more wives after Jane Seymour.

Martin Luther

Martin Luther was a Germanic Monk who opposed the Catholic Church, the idea of indulgences, the hierarchy of the Church, the idea of Bibles only being printed in Latin, and the idea that the Church had the power to send you to heaven. Luther was a strong anti-clerical and believed everyone should read the Bible for themselves. He inspired people like Gutenberg and Zwingli to spread his ideology and gained many followers for his teachings on Reformed Christianity. He was the founder of modern Lutheranism.

Mary Tudor

Mary Tudor was Queen of England and Ireland from 1516-1558 and was a devout Catholic. Her strong Catholicism led to the executions of Protestants starting in 1555. Her support of Lady Jane Grey's usurpation of the crown and Wyatt's Rebellion led to the common term from the people "Bloody Mary". Mary restored Roman Catholicism after her half-brother, King Henry VII's son's short reign of Protestantism. After her death in 1558, Protestantism was reinstated by her half-sister Elizabeth I.

Mary Queen of Scots

Mary was the Queen of Scotland from 1542 to 1567 until her forced abdication to England. She was married to James Hepburn and abdicated the throne to her one-year-old son James. She fled to England looking for protection from Queen Elizabeth I. Many people considered Mary Queen of Scots to be the rightful Queen of England leading to rebellions against Queen Elizabeth. Mary Queen of Scots was executed later.

Phillip II of Spain

Phillip II was the King of Spain, Portugal, Sicily, Naples, Ireland, and England following his marriage to Mary Tudor. A strong believer in Catholicism, Phillip II organised a naval fleet against England in 1588 known as the Spanish Armada. It was unsuccessful.

Politiques

Politiques were a small group of political moderates from both beliefs, Catholicism and Protestantism, who believed that only a strong monarchy could reverse the inevitable collapse of the political system. King Henry of Navarre, a politique, issued the Edict of Nantes, bringing peace to France.

How did Protestant ideas and institutions spread beyond German-speaking lands?

Protestant ideas and institutions spread beyond German-speaking lands through the printing press, through letters, and through several Diets. The printing press helped to spread Protestant ideas by printing out books, papers, and other works of literature written in the common vernacular distributing them all around Europe. Letters worked to spread Protestant ideas by certain Reformational leaders writing to other soon to be Reformational leaders causing them to influence their communities and spread Protestant ideas. Diets unintentionally caused the spread of Protestant ideas by calling public court meetings against Protestant beliefs, but letting everyone hear the Protestant argument.

Protestant

Protestants were people who were strongly opposed to Roman Catholicism, Germanic Catholicism, and the Church of England. Protestants were most often followers of Calvin or Luther, and believed that people should read the Bible for themselves, and that the Church had no saving power, only God could save you. Peasant protestants were also responsible, however, for many violent revolts against the Church in which they would raid and pillage towns, set houses on fire, and steal from people.

What reforms did the Catholic Church make, and how did it respond to Protestant reform movements?

The Catholic Church made several reforms under Pope Paul III. Some of the reforms made by the Catholic Church include the Holy Office and the Council of Trent. The Council of Trent was a Catholic Reform council which met in Trent, Italy. Called by Pope Paul III, the Council of Trent attempted to reform the Catholic Church and reconcile with protestants. The Council of Trent also attempted to set scriptural renewal in motion for the Catholic Church, giving more authority to Scripture and less to the Pope, while still upholding traditions such as the Rosary and the Seven Sacraments. The Holy Office was an Supreme Ruling Office created in the Catholic Reformation. The Holy Office was established in 1542 by Pope Paul III. The Holy Office was the main ruling power over the Roman Inquisition, a committee of Cardinals with the authority over all Catholics. The Holy Office also created the index of Prohibited Books: an index of books about Reformation and Protestantism. The Catholic Church also opposed the Protestant Reformation and started the Roman Inquisition to try and convert Protestants to Catholicism.

Catholic Reformation

The Catholic Reformation was a period of Catholic reemergence brought on by the Protestant Reformation. The Catholic Reformation created new ruling powers such as the Council of Trent the Holy Office. During the Catholic Reformation, the Catholic Church underwent several changes, such as requiring all priests to be trained Theologically. The Catholic Church also started to tell more civilized groups of people about Catholicism, leading to the Roman Inquisition in which hundreds of people were tried and executed for heresy.

Council of Trent

The Council of Trent was a Catholic Reform council which met in Trent, Italy. Called by Pope Paul III, the Council of Trent attempted to reform the Catholic Church and reconcile with protestants. The Council of Trent also attempted to set scriptural renewal in motion for the Catholic Church, giving more authority to Scripture and less to the Pope, while still upholding traditions such as the Rosary and the Seven Sacraments.

Edict of Nantes

The Edict of Nantes was an Edict that effectively ended the French Religious Wars. It was issued by King Henry IV and granted the Huguenots liberty in public worship. It also granted amnesty to people of other religious groups and reinstated their rights as citizens of France.

Holy Office

The Holy Office was an Supreme Ruling Office created in the Catholic Reformation. The Holy Office was established in 1542 by Pope Paul III. The Holy Office was the main ruling power over the Roman Inquisition, a committee of Cardinals with the authority over all Catholics. The Holy Office also created the index of Prohibited Books: an index of books about Reformation and Protestantism.

Jesuits

The Jesuits was a new order of Catholicism in Europe, blending Catholicism with Humanism. The Jesuits wanted to improve the spiritual condition of the populace. The Jesuits had a great influence in schools and politics. Members of the Jesuits were required to pledge allegiance to the Pope

The Peace of Augsburg

The Peace of Augsburg was a treaty brought up at the height of religious wars in the Holy Roman Empire which effectively recognized two religions that you could believe: Lutheranism and Roman Catholicism. The Peace of Augsburg was not completely effective, however. In territories ruled by Princes, the Princes made state churches, meaning everyone had to convert or leave.

Peasants Revolt

The Peasant's Revolt was a revolt in which protestant followers of Zwingli, Calvin, and Luther revolted against the Catholic Church. This revolt was peaceful at first, but soon turned violent when the Church would not bend to their will. The peasants would raid and pillage towns and villages, burn houses, kill people, destroy property, and steal what was left. Luther did not agree with the Peasant Revolt, but rather sided with the aristocrats in saying that the revolt should be peaceful and diplomatic.

Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis

The Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis was a treaty between France and Spain which ended the Hapsburg-Valois wars. Spain emerged as the victor of the Hapsburg-Valois wars, while France had to declare Spain the rightful rulers of Italy.

What were the central ideas of the reformers? Why were they appealing to different social groups?

The central ideas of the reformers were religious freedom for everyone meaning everyone could read and interpret the Bible as they saw fit and everyone could create their own churches; and free religion for everyone, meaning they would not be required to spend any money just to go to Church. This was appealing to different social groups because it meant that not everyone had to conform to something they didn't want to do. For example, poor people didn't have to spend money to go to church, and people who didn't agree with the the Catholic Church didn't have to go at all.

How did the political situation in Germany shape the course of the Reformation?

The political situation in Germany shaped the course of the Reformation in that most nobles were for the Reformation, and what little power opposed the Reformation was not enough to do anything about it. Germany had previously been part of the Holy Roman Empire, meaning the people of Germany were kept under the tight rule of Roman Catholicism for many years. This allowed the discontent of the people to stew for a long time until their opposition toward the Catholic Church bubbled over into revolt.

Compare and contrast the political consequences of the spread of Protestant ideas in the Netherlands and France.

The spread of Protestant ideas in the Netherlands and France had serious political repercussions. One result of the spread of Protestant ideas was the forming of the Union of Utrecht. Under the reign of Charles V, 17 provinces in the area of the Netherlands and Belgium were under Spanish rule. However, in the wake of Roman Catholic corruption, ideas of revolt spread very quickly across these 17 provinces. Eventually, Spain tried to take control of these 17 provinces. They took control of ten, and the other seven formed the Union of Utrecht. Another result of the spread of Protestant ideas was the anti-Reformation and the forming of the Jesuits. The Jesuits was a new order of Catholicism in Europe, blending Catholicism with Humanism. The Jesuits wanted to improve the spiritual condition of the populace. The Jesuits had a great influence in schools and politics. Members of the Jesuits were required to pledge allegiance to the Pope. These are only some to the things that happened as a result of the spread of Protestant ideas.

What were the causes and consequences of religious violence, including riots, wars, and witch-hunts?

There were several causes of French Religious Wars, the Peasant's Revolt, and the witch hunts. French Religious wars in the Reformation were incredibly common due to a number of reasons, one of them being the Concordat of Bologna which gave the French monarch the power to choose all the French bishops, cardinals, and other powerful church figures. However, most of France was comprised of Huguenots, who did not take kindly to religious oppression. There were several wars and skirmishes between the French Catholics and Huguenots, until Henry of Navarre became king and granted everyone religious freedom. The Peasant's Revolt was a revolt in which protestant followers of Zwingli, Calvin, and Luther revolted against the Catholic Church. This revolt was peaceful at first, but soon turned violent when the Church would not bend to their will. The peasants would raid and pillage towns and villages, burn houses, kill people, destroy property, and steal what was left. Luther did not agree with the Peasant Revolt, but rather sided with the aristocrats in saying that the revolt should be peaceful and diplomatic. Witch hunts were a practice in which people would hunt for "witches" trying people for witchcraft with trials like trial by drowning, or trial by fire. These trials were easily weighted in the favor the person administering the trial. Witch hunts became increasingly popular in the Reformation as a way to quickly dispose of Protestant leaders.

Thomas Cranmer

Thomas Cranmer was an Archbishop of Canterbury and a strong supporter and leader of the English Reformation. He worked with Thomas Cromwell and helped set up the rules of Royal Supremacy, in which the King has ruling power over the Church. He helped create the Church of England and wrote the Book of Common Prayer a liturgy for the Church of England.

Thomas Cromwell

Thomas Cromwell was an English lawyer who served as Chief Minister of England from 1532 to 1540. Thomas Cromwell was a strong supporter of the English Reformation and handled the separation from the Catholic Church as well as the shaping of the Church of England. He also helped with King Henry VII's first divorce of Catherine of Aragon. He also helped King Henry VII get married to Anne of Cleves, who he later divorced. Thomas Cromwell was tried and executed for treason.

Ulrich Zwingli

Ulrich Zwingli was a leader of the Reformation in Switzerland. Zwingli started questioning the Catholic Church when he became a pastor in Zurich, questioning the custom of fasting during Lent and the idea of images in places of worship. Eventually, Zwingli's ideas became known by Martin Luther. They met later at the Marburg Colloquy and even though they agreed on most things, they could not agree on the doctrine of the Eucharist.

Union of Utrecht

Under the reign of Charles V, 17 provinces in the area of the Netherlands and Belgium were under Spanish rule. However, in the wake of Roman Catholic corruption, ideas of revolt spread very quickly across these 17 provinces. Eventually, Spain tried to take control of these 17 provinces. They took control of ten, and the other seven formed the Union of Utrecht.