AP Euro Chapter 15 - Exploration

Bartholomew Diaz

(1487-1488) Portuguese, first European to reach the southern tip of Africa in 1488.

William Shakespeare

- Shakespeare's work reflected the new ideas of his days. Othello was a work that used terms such as Moor. English poet and dramatist considered one of the greatest English writers (1564-1616)

Treaty of Tordesillas

A 1494 agreement between Portugal and Spain, declaring that newly discovered lands to the west of an imaginary line in the Atlantic Ocean would belong to Spain and newly discovered lands to the east of the line would belong to Portugal.

Inquisition

A Roman Catholic tribunal for investigating and prosecuting charges of heresy - especially the one active in Spain during the 1400s.

Amerigo Vespucci

A navigator from Florence who realized what Columbus did not. He wrote Mundus Novus (the new world) the first document to describe America as a separate continent than Asia. The italian sailor who corrected Columbus's mistake, acknowledging the coasts of america as a new world. America is named after him

Caravel

A small, maneuverable, two- or three-masted sailing ship developed by the Portuguese in the fifteenth century that gave them a distinct advantage in exploration and trade A small, highly maneuverable three-masted ship used by the Portuguese and Spanish in the exploration of the Atlantic.

Assess the impact of fifteenth-and sixteenth-century European exploration and subsequent colonization on European politics and economics.

As a result of European exploration and colonization many new types of goods were delivered back to the Old World. New spices, foods and crops were brought back that greatly altered the European economy. Corn or Maize was an example of a crop that changed agriculture and economics in Europe. Nations such as Portugal and Spain greatly expanded their empires with new colonies and their status in the world. They became rich off of the profits from trade from the new world.

Compare and contrast the Portuguese empire in Asia and Africa with the Spanish empire in the New World.

As the Portuguese expanded their empire, they were were concerned with the business at hand and trade in their expansion. They did not pursue territories further inland than their ports of trade, also they inserted themselves into pre-existing trading systems. For the first century of their relations the Portuguese treated the African rulers as equal partners. The Spanish conquered the existing empires where they explored, developed large scale settlements and subjugated the indigenous populations.

Bartolome de Las Casas

Dominican priest who spoke out against mistreatment of Native Americans

1. What role did the Muslim presence in Europe play in spurring exploration of the Americas?

European traders wanted to bypass the Muslim middle man and have direct access to the trade routes themselves. he eleventh through the thirteenth century, the Christian kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula emerged through warfare against Muslim states, a process that became known as the reconquista.

Analyze the relative importance of political, economic, and cultural causes of European exploration.

Exploration was driven by European's desire to gain direct access to overseas trade. Each country however, was interested in their own agenda, no country wanted another to become more powerful by gaining new lands and new sources of revenue so exploration became a way of competition for economic and political growth. Also, religion played a large role in the expansion of empires, Europeans wanted to spread Christianity, this also pleased the Pope and he granted his support to the explorer. The main reasons that explorations was important were expansion of empire, expansion of profits through trade and conversion to Christianity.

Were domestic or foreign policy factors more important in the rise and fall of the Spanish empire?

Foreign policy factors lead to the rise of the Spanish Empire. By establishing colonies in the Americas and taking control of valuable trade routes they were able to rise to a world power.

. What changes enable Europe, which in 1300 was an economic backwater, to begin to explore and eventually dominate much of the world by 1500?

Many technological changes took place that allowed Europe to dominate exploration. The Renaissance has sparked a great thirst for knowledge an innovation. The Portuguese developed the Caravel, a ship capable of longer sea voyages. New tools in navigation such as the compass and astrolabe which allowed sailors to navigate via the stars gave sailors the confidence to venture further in pursuit of new trade routes.

In what ways did the Renaissance encourage European exploration and expansion in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries?

New developments in technology and navigation that took place in the Renaissance made it easier to travel greater distances and to engage in high volume trading. Studies in geography also aided in navigational capabilities. Also, during the Renaissance, people began learning and embracing new ideas and new cultures, new spices , medicines and goods from overseas had developed a following.

Examine the impact of fifteenth and sixteenth century European expansion on European intellectual life and lifestyle.

New ideas about race began to emerge after expansion. New cultural ideas such as Skepticism and cultural relativism found expression in the work of Montaigne. Remarkable developments in England in theater and poetry began to emerge. As Shakespeare began to write his plays in his own time to reflect a more diverse range of human problems such as race and the treatment of women.

The Travels of Sir John Mandeville

One of the most popular books of the 14th century as it documented a firsthand account of the author's travels in the Holy Land, Egypt, Ethiopia, the Middle East, and India and his service to the Mamluk Sultan of Egypt and the Mongol Great Khan of China.

What role did the new sixteenth century commercial economics play in creating Shakespeare's success?

Shakespeare's writings show an intimate knowledge about the world he lived in . Showing different characters in his plays dealing with problems such as race, having Othello's blackness taint his Venetian wife, when art is relevant, it thrives.

Pizarro

Spanish explorer who conquered the Incas in what is now Peru and founded the city of Lima (1475-1541).

Slave sugar

Sugar was the engine that drove the slave trade in the Americas. Sugar was difficult to grow, harvest and process. Also, the growing season for sugar was 12 months a year meaning workers never got a break. The Europeans with their small populations in the Americas had to rely on slave labor for this work. African Slaves began to be imported in great numbers, eventually making their way north to work on the farms in north America as well.

Reconquista

The effort by Christian leaders to drive the Muslims out of Spain, lasting from the 1100s until 1492.

Columbian Exchange

The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.

Explain the causes of both the initial and continuing African slavery in the New World, and discuss its impact on colonial society and economy.

The history of African slavery in the New World began on the sugar plantations. Sugar was hard to grow, harvest and produce. As the native populations began to decline due to disease and war, plantations relied more heavily on the imported African slaves. They were brought over mostly to work on sugar plantations. As colonization pushed further into North America, the slave trade followed. The English were slow to adapt to using African for slaves as they preferred their indentured servants. Soon African slavery and its trade became a huge part of the colonial economy.

How and why did overseas travel and exploration become so popular among sixteenth and seventeenth century Europeans?

They were in pursuit of land, profits from gold, spices, silks and other trade goods and they wanted to spread Christianity throughout the world. Also, the Renaissance had sparked a quest for knowledge and learning. Many explorers such as Marco Polo had documented their time spent away and that had many people wanting to see those places for themselves.

Magellan

This was the first person to lead an expedition that circumnavigated the world - Portuguese

Ptolemy's Geography

Written in the second century C.E., the work synthesized the geographical knowledge of the classical world. It represented a major improvement over medieval cartography by depicting the world as round and introducing the idea of latitude and longitude markings, but it also contained crucial errors. Ptolemy was unaware of the Americas.

Cortes

a minor Spanish nobleman who had spent fifteen years in the Caribbean as an imperial administrator. He conquered the Aztecs and claimed Mexico on behalf of Spain

Columbus

a native of Genoa, was an experienced seaman and navigator, with close ties to the world of Portuguese seafaring. A deeply religious man who convinced the King and Queen of Spain to finance his voyage to find better trading routes, he wound up in the Americas Italian navigator who discovered the New World in the service of Spain while looking for a route to China (1451-1506)

Encomienda

by which the Crown granted the conquerors the right to employ groups of Native Americans as laborers or to demand tribute from them in exchange for providing food and shelter a grant by the Spanish Crown to a colonist in America conferring the right to demand tribute and forced labor from the Indian inhabitants of an area.

Montaigne

helped to develop the essay as a means to express ideas. He wrote in French rather than Lain and his essays were soon translated into many different languages. He spoke against European superiority based upon race. Few agreed with him at the time, however he raised questions and doubts among many. French writer regarded as the originator of the modern essay (1533-1592)

Prince Henry the Navigator

participated in Portugal's conquest of Ceuta. This event market the beginning of European overseas expansion. Under Henry's direction, the Portuguese claimed sovereignty over islands in the Atlantic off the northwest coast of Africa, Madeira (ca. 1420) and the Azores (1427). In 1443 they founded their first African commercial settlement at Arguin in North Africa. This was the Portuguese Prince that gave steadfast financial and moral support to the navigators