AP Euro Chapter 15 Study Guide

Mercantilism

A form of economic policies and regulations that are controlled by and serve the state.

Second Treatise of Civil Government

A work written by political philosopher John Locke after the Glorious Revolution. It posited that any government that oversteps its proper duties becomes a tyrannical dictatorship.

Moral economy

An economy in which the needs of the people surpasses competition and profit.

Final collapse of Spain

At the beginning of the seventeenth century, Spain began to experience economic failure, leading to its ultimate demise.

Baroque Artists

Baroque artists include Peter Paul Rubens, Bach, and Caravaggio.

Cardinal Mazarin

Cardinal Jules Mazarin was Cardinal Richelieu's successor as chief minister for the child king Louis XIV.

Cardinal Richelieu's centralization of the French State

Cardinal Richelieu established a genius administrative system across France, employing intendants to be the monarchies eyes, ears, and hands across the nation.

Cardinal Richelieu's domestic policies

Cardinal Richelieu sought to suppress and in fact wipe out all Protestantism in France.

Charles I

Charles I of England succeeded James I in 1625. He tried to impose Anglicanism on his subjects and refused to obey Parliament in anything, thus sparking the English Civil War.

Charles II

Charles II succeeded Oliver Cromwell, restoring the British monarchy in England. He suspended the laws that persecuted all who did not practice Anglicanism, but required all who wished to participate in government to also take part in Anglican sacraments.

Famines in Europe

Famines in 17th century were because of little ice age; caused economic meltdown.

Frederick William I

Frederick the Great was an absolute monarch of Prussia. He ruled with an iron grip, heavily taxing the poor and maintaining civil discipline.

French Classicism

French Classicism was an art form that emerged during Louis XIV's reign. It imitated much of the Renaissance period's art.

Cause of the Glorious Revolution

In 1688, after King James II's Protestant daughter Mary married the Dutch William of Orange, a group of nobles recruited the couple to depose the king. King James fled when he heard of this, peacefully abdicating the throne and giving it to his daughter.

Change in the armed forces

In the 17th century, France rose to become the leading nation in army size and quality. Louis XIV was instrumental in the creation of a permanent monarchy army that remained obedient only to the king, rather than to noble lords that formed them. By the century's end, France's army had grown from 125,000 men to 340,000.

Outcome of increased absolutism

Increased absolutism resulted in the high taxation of lower classes to fund many wars (France) or in gross abuses of power (England).

Jean-Baptiste Colbert

Jean-Baptiste Colbert was Louis XIV's controller general and financial mastermind. To fund Louis's wars, he devoted his career to applying the tenets of mercantilism to France.

Growth of commercial agriculture

Mostly in East Europe (Poland, Germany). The result of overworking serfs.

Oliver Cromwell

Oliver Cromwell was the Puritan leader of the Roundhead army that deposed Charles I. He took over as dictator, but was greatly disliked by his people due to his strict Puritanical rule.

Peter the Great

Peter the Great was Russia's Tsar from 1682 to 1675. He was devoted to westernizing Russia.

Prince Francis Rakoczy

Prince Francis Rakoczy was a Hungarian Prince who led a great uprising against the Habsburgs who took over the country.

Princes of Moscow seeking legitimacy

Princes of Muscovy declared their independence from the Mongols, became autocratic.

Baroque style

The Baroque style emerged in the early seventeenth century at the hands of the Catholic Church. The Church patronized the arts, wishing artists to create beautiful art that would pierce through the hearts of the masses, filling them with a greater sense of adoration for God and devotion to the Faith.

Cossacks

The Cossacks were groups of freemen and armies of outlaws that formed in the fourteenth century. They were originally composed of runaway peasants, and had allied themselves with the Russian state by the sixteenth century's end.

Count Duke of Olivares

The Count-Duke of Olivares was given power over a number of the Spanish King Philip IV's kingdoms. His actions caused Spain to collapse in the Thirty Years' War.

Political power in the Dutch Republic

The Dutch people established for themselves a republic. In this system, power was given to the people who were represented by elected officials.

English Revolution

The English revolution was brought on by Charles I's refusal to comply to Parliament's efforts to limit his power. He formed his own army and proceeded to attack Parliament itself.

Junkers

The Junkers were Brandenburg and Prussia's noble class. They reluctantly allied themselves with Frederick William as he consolidated Prussia.

Peace of Westphalia

The Peace of Westphalia was a series of treaties that finally brought the Thirty Years' War to a close.

Michael Romanov

The grandnephew of Ivan IV. He came to the throne at age sixteen in 1613. He brought civil order to Russia, but did not do much to improve the lives of commoners.

Thomas Hobbes

Thomas Hobbes was a British political philosopher responsible for creating much of modern political philosophy. He was a supporter of absolutism.

Louis XIV selection of councilors

To emphasize his absolute power, Louis would select his councilors from among those who were recently ennobled or from the upper middle class. He had no intention of giving them any share in his power.

William Laud

William of Laud was the Archbishop of Canterbury who, under Charles I, tried to impose a book similar to the Anglican Book of Common Prayer on the Scots as well as bishoprics.