AP Euro Chapter 16 Practice

Renaissance humanists' mastery of Greek made new works of which of the following available?

All of these are correct.

William Harvey argued that disease was not caused by an imbalance of the four bodily humors but by chemical imbalances that could be treated by chemical remedies.

False

Descartes asserted that he would accept only those things that the Bible said were true.

False

Galileo is credited with the invention of calculus.

False

Like many of the medieval scholastic philosophers, Blaise Pascal argued that the truths of Christianity could be proved by reason alone.

False

Tycho Brahe agreed with Copernicus that the earth does indeed move.

False

What was the name of Descartes's book that expounded his theories about the universe?

Discourse on Method

Because of the scientific successes and accomplishments of such women as Margaret Cavendish, Maria Merian, and Maria Winkelmann, most male scientists agreed, though reluctantly, that females had the same intellectual abilities as males.

False

Among the following, the individual NOT associated with advances in medicine and chemistry is

Galen

The first European to make systematic observations of the heavens by telescope was

Galileo

Galileo's idea that a body in motion continues in motion unless deflected by an external force is called the principle of

Inertia

Which one of the following comments best summarizes the impact of the Scientific Revolution on Western Civilization?

It was a major turning point that represented cooperation in the pursuit of new knowledge.

Which of the following created three laws of planetary motion that helped disprove the basic structure of the Ptolemaic system?

Johannes Kepler

The author of Observations upon Experimental Philosophy and Grounds of Natural Philosophy was

Margaret Cavendish

The scientist whose work led to the law that states that the volume of a gas varies with the pressure exerted upon it and who argued that matter is composed of atoms, later known as the chemical elements, was

Robert Boyle

Copernicus's major book was titled

On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres

Newton's major work was

Principia

Galileo wrote

The Starry Messenger

The cosmological views of Antiquity and the Middle Ages held that which of the following was the center of the universe?

The earth

Despite his place in the history of modern science, Isaac Newton remained extremely interested in aspects of the occult world.

True

The Scientific Revolution was not a revolution that explosively changed and rapidly overthrew traditional authority, but its results were truly revolutionary.

True

Unlike Francis Bacon, who argued that humanity's powers were to be used to "conquer nature," Benedict de Spinoza claimed that nature does not exist for human domination because nature and the universe and humanity itself are all part of God.

True

Unlike many Protestants, the Catholic Church did not denounce and condemn the theories of Copernicus until the works of Galileo appeared over seventy-five years later.

True

The French Academy differed from the English Royal Society in the former's

abundant government support and control

Paracelsus revolutionized the world of medicine in the sixteenth century by

advocating the chemical philosophy of medicine.

The Scientific Revolution of the seventeenth century

although an innovative phase in western thinking, was based upon the intellectual and scientific accomplishments of previous centuries.

Isaac Newton's scientific discoveries

although readily accepted in his own country, were resisted on the continent.

The greatest achievements in science during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries came in what three areas?

astronomy, medicine, and mechanics

In his work Pensées, Pascal

attempted to convince rationalists that Christianity was valid by appealing to their reason and emotions.

During the seventeenth century, royal and princely patronage of science

became an international phenomenon

The work of Blaise Pascal

believed that reason had limitations.

Benedict de Spinoza

claimed that God was not just the creator the universe; God was the universe.

The immediate reaction of the clerics to the theories of Copernicus was

condemnation, initially by Protestant leaders like Luther who condemned the discovery as contrary to their literal interpretation of the Bible.

Newton's world-machine

created a new cosmology in which the world was seen largely in mechanistic terms.

Concerning Galileo and his ideas, the Catholic Church

forced Galileo to recant them in a trial before the Inquisition

Maria Sibylla Merian

gained fame as an important entomologist

The overall effect of the Scientific Revolution on the querelles des femmes was to

generate facts about differences between men and women that were used to prove male dominance.

The foundation of Francis Bacon's scientific method was built on

inductive reasoning

Antoine Lavoisier

is regarded as the founder of modern chemistry

Science became an integral part of Western culture in the eighteenth century because

it offered a new means to make profits and maintain social order

Copernicus supported the heliocentric conception of the universe because

it offered a simpler and more accurate explanation for the observed motions of heavenly bodies.

Tycho Brahe contributed to the advance of astronomy by

making accurate observations of the planets

According to Leonardo da Vinci, what subject was the key to understanding the nature of things?

mathematics

For Spinoza, the failure to understand God led to

people using nature for their own self-interest.

Johannes Kepler was the first astronomer to show that

planetary orbits are elliptical

The scientific societies of early modern Europe established the first

regularly published scientific journals

Organized religions in the seventeenth century

rejected scientific discoveries that conflicted with the Christian view of the world.

Scholars devoted to Hermeticism

saw the world as a living embodiment of divinity where humans could use mathematics and magic to dominate nature.

The philosophy of René Descartes

stressed a separation of mind and matter

Galileo's Dialogue on the Two World Systems was chiefly an attempt to

support Copernicus through a publication in Italian accessible to a wide audience.

The Ptolemaic conception of the universe was also known as

the geocentric conception.

William Harvey's On the Motion of the Heart and Blood refuted the ideas of

the liver as the beginning point of the circulation of blood.

Newton's contribution to astronomy was to prove that

the planets obey the same laws as do objects on earth.

All of the following are considered possible influences and causes of the Scientific Revolution EXCEPT

the practical knowledge and technical skills emphasized by sixteenth-century universities.

Descartes believed that the world could be understood by

the same principles inherent in mathematical thinking

Which of the following is NOT true of the ideas of Copernicus?

they resulted in a system much less complicated than that of Ptolemy

The Inquisition found Galileo guilty of teaching condemned ideas and sentenced him

to house arrest

On the Fabric of the Human Body

was Andreas Vesalius's masterpiece on anatomical structure.

Maria Winkelmann

was a German astronomer.

During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, female midwives

were replaced by men who used devices and techniques derived from the study of anatomy.