AP Euro Chapter 19-20 study guide

Owing to the Industrial Revolution, living and working conditions for the poor

stagnated or even deteriorated until around 1850.

In nineteenth-century Germany, Fritz Harkort sought

to match English achievements in machine production as quickly as possible, even at great, unprofitable expense.

The tendency to hire family units in the early factories was

usually a response to the wishes of the families.

Which of the following punishments did the Code grant a father the right to ask the court to do?

Arrest and confine his child

How did class-consciousness form during the Industrial Revolution?

As modern industry created conflict between industrialists and laborers, individuals came to believe that classes existed and developed a sense of class feeling.

How did industry grow in continental Europe?

Belgium led continental Europe in adopting British technology for production.

How did labor in British families change in the eighteenth century?

Family members shifted labor away from unpaid work for household consumption and toward work for wages.

What kind of punishment did the rules stipulate for most offenses?

Fines

How did Napoleon consolidate his rule?

He appealed both to disillusioned revolutionaries and members of the old nobility and offered them high posts in the expanding centralized state.

Why were cottage workers, accustomed to the putting-out system, reluctant to work in the new factories even when they received good wages?

In a factory, workers had to keep up with the machine and follow its relentless tempo.

How did the reaction of kings and nobles in continental Europe to the French Revolution change over the Revolution's first two years?

Initially pleased by the Revolution's weakening of France, they came to feel threatened by its increasingly radical message.

How did the origins of industrialists change as the Industrial Revolution progressed?

It became harder to form new firms, and instead, industrialists were increasingly likely to have inherited their wealth.

How did America's Constitutional Convention of 1787 deal with the discord between pro- and antislavery delegates?

It compromised by stipulating that an enslaved person would count as three-fifths of a person for purposes of taxation and proportional representation in the House of Representatives.

By July 1794, how had the central government in Paris managed to reassert control over the provinces and gain momentum against the First Coalition?

It harnessed the explosive forces of a planned economy, revolutionary terror, and modern nationalism into a total war effort.

Why was the Declaration of Independence so important to the American Revolution?

It universalized the traditional rights of English people and made them the rights of all mankind.

After the arrest and deportation of Toussaint L'Ouverture, how was the war of Haitian independence resolved?

Jean-Jacques Dessalines, L'Ouverture's lieutenant, led the resistance to a crushing victory over the French and later declared Haitian independence.

What of the following assumptions appears to have influenced the writing of the Code?

Most women and all children were incapable of making decisions for themselves.

According to the Napoleonic Code, what do wives owe their husbands?

Obedience

The British Mines Act of 1842 and the various Factory Acts between 1802 and 1833 provide evidence that in the early and mid-nineteenth century

Parliament was sympathetic to the new industrial working class.

Which of the following did employees provide for each other?

Sick pay

Why did the Directory continue French wars of conquest begun by early revolutionary governments?

The Directory understood that big, victorious armies kept men employed.

Which two fundamental principles of the French Revolution were incorporated into the Napoleonic Code?

The equality of all male citizens before the law and the absolute security of wealth and private property

Why were the young, generally unmarried women who worked for wages outside the home confined to certain "women's jobs"?

The sexual division of labor replicated a long-standing pattern of gender segregation and inequality.

How did iron become the basic building block of the British economy in the nineteenth century?

The spread of coke smelting and the development of steam-powered rolling mills increased production enormously and reduced the price of iron products.

Why did the French commissioners sent by the newly elected National Convention to Saint-Domingue abolish slavery in 1793?

They were desperate to rally the rebel slaves to the French cause against the Spanish and English forces on the island.

Who, according to Engels, primarily lived in the cramped, filthy, and dilapidated Manchester's Long Millgate neighborhood?

Workers of English-Irish origins

In the wake of the Great Fear in the summer of 1789, the National Assembly restored order by

abolishing all of the old noble and church privileges.

The 1844 rules for a Berlin factory

encouraged workers to inform on their fellow workers who broke the rules.

In the eighteenth century, railroad construction on the European continent

featured varying degrees of government involvement.

In Engels' view, all of the negative aspects of working-class Manchester were a direct result of

industrialization.

In the summer of 1789, the National Assembly was driven toward more radical action by

revolutionary actions of French peasants and the common people of Paris.

In the eighteenth century, many liberal thinkers believed that representative institutions could defend the liberty and interests of the people. In terms of political practice, this meant that

voting for representatives would be restricted to men of property.