AP Euro Chapter 29/30

d

By 1945, Hitler and his Nazis had murdered A) 600,000 Jews. B) 1 million Jews. C) 2 million Jews. D) 6 million Jews. E) 20 million Jews.

a

Changes in the structure of European society after World War II were primarily the result of A) economic and technological transformation. B) rising birthrates among the lower classes. C) the slaughter of World War II. D) political and social revolution. E) large-scale emigration.

b

In the early 1930s German chancellor Bruning tried to cope with the Great Depression by A) spending large amounts on public works projects. B) cutting government spending and squeezing down wages and prices. C) repudiating the Treaty of Versailles and drastic increases in military spending. D) enacting new welfare measures. E) instituting free trade policies to attract foreign investment.

e

Mussolini was expelled from the Italian Socialist Party A) for plotting to assassinate its leader. B) for denying the necessity of violent revolution to establish a worker dictatorship. C) for working as a secret government informer. D) for anti-Semitism. E) for urging Italian entry into World War I

a

Mussolini's ____________ used street violence as a tool for creating chaos and disorder. A) Black Shirts B) Brown Shirts C) Red Shirts D) White Shirts E) Black Hats

d

Simone de Beauvoir argued that women could become freer through A) political revolution. B) the abolition of marriage. C) refusal to have children. D) courageous action and self-assertive creativity. E) sexual promiscuity.

a

Simone de Beauvoir was A) an influential author in the postwar feminist movement. B) minister of culture in Charles de Gaulle's government. C) a French Resistance fighter executed by the Nazis. D) secretary of the French Communist party during the strikes and riots of 1947. E) president of the Sorbonne during the student uprising of 1968.

d

The Grand Alliance was cemented by all of the following policies except A) a commitment to unconditional surrender. B) U.S. adoption of the "Europe first" principle. C) postponement of a discussion of the eventual peace settlement. D) the decision to exclude France from the Alliance. E) the promise of huge U.S. aid to Britain and the Soviet Union

a

The essence of Willy Brandt's policies toward the Eastern bloc was A) to seek peace and reconciliation. B) the reunification of Germany. C) to reduce the influence of NATO in Germany. D) to establish German neutrality in the cold war. E) to reassert German claims to majority-German areas of eastern Europe.

a

The first German act of aggression that could not be justified by selfdetermination was the A) annexation of Austria. B) occupation of the non-ethnically German areas of Czechoslovakia. C) invasion of Poland. D) remilitarization of the Rhineland. E) invasion of Denmark.

b

The founder of the National Organization for Women was A) Simone de Beauvoir. B) Betty Friedan. C) Margaret Thatcher. D) Helen Gurley Brown. E) Janis Joplin.

a

The growth of the middle class in the postwar era has been attributed primarily to A) increased demand for technologists and managers. B) the strength of family-owned businesses. C) the high birthrate among this class. D) increased opportunities for new businesses. E) high taxes on the wealthy.

d

The leaders of the Czechoslovak reform movement of 1968 attempted to A) abolish the Communist party. B) remove Czechoslovakia from the Warsaw Pact. C) reintroduce capitalism and liberalism. D) make communism more humane. E) collectivize agriculture.

b

The leveling of European society was a product of all of the following except A) social welfare programs. B) increased immigration resulting from decolonization. C) a rising standard of living and standardized consumer goods. D) higher taxes on the rich. E) high demand by government and corporations for technologists and managers.

a

The misery index is a measurement that A) combines inflation and unemployment rates. B) measures per capita levels of malnutrition and disease. C) combines expenditures for oil and government deficits. D) links per capita income to oil imports. E) combines infant mortality rates and levels of illiteracy.

b

According to Hitler's New Order, the European "race" that was next to the Jews on Hitler's scale of subhumans was the A) Latin race. B) Slavic race. C) Nordic race D) Anglo-Saxon race. E) Magyar race.

c

According to historian Daniel Goldhagen, most Germans A) detested the anti-Semitic policies of the Nazi party. B) greeted the outbreak of war with resignation. C) were Hitler's willing accomplices in the Final Solution. D) were indifferent to the Holocaust. E) feared Bolshevism above all.

a

According to the _____________ Doctrine, the Soviet Union had the right to intervene in any socialist country whenever it saw the need. A) Brezhnev B) Gorbachev C) Stalin D) Khrushchev E) Dubèek

d

After World War II, the Soviet Union A) experienced a period of general freedom. B) underwent a consumer revolution. C) reintroduced Lenin's New Economic Policy. D) returned to the totalitarianism of the 1930s. E) accepted Marshall Plan aid from the United States.

b

All of the following were factors in the success of Stalin's industrialization drive except A) a sharp decrease in domestic consumption. B) the skill of Soviet economists. C) extensive labor discipline. D) the use of foreign experts. E) the crushing of independent labor unions.

d

Among the objectives of Stalin's first Five-Year Plan were all of the following except A) to stamp out the small-scale private enterprise tolerated under the NEP. B) to catch up with the advanced capitalist countries in industrial and military power. C) to squeeze out of the peasants the capital needed for industrialization. D) to Russify the ethnic minority groups in the U.S.S.R. E) to prevent the growth of an independent class of "capitalist" peasants

d

Approximately what percentage of persons in the West educated in science and technology have been involved in weapons production in the postwar era? A) one-twentieth. B) one-tenth. C) one-fifth. D) one-fourth. E) one-half.

e

At which conference did U.S. President Harry Truman insist that Stalin immediately allow free elections in the eastern European states under Red Army occupation? A) Munich Conference. B) Teheran Conference. C) Yalta Conference. D) Helsinki Conference. E) Potsdam Conference.

d

Between 1981 and 1989, Ronald Reagan and the U.S. Congress A) increased taxes on the wealthy. B) cut defense spending. C) increased taxes and government-provided social services. D) cut taxes and ballooned the government deficit. E) eliminated the budget deficit by cutting government social services.

e

Britain and France finally confronted Hitler with the threat of war when he A) remilitarized the Rhineland. B) occupied Austria. C) took the Sudetenland from Czechoslovakia. D) invaded Norway. E) used the pretext of German minorities in Danzig to threaten Poland.

d

By 1950, __________ percent of all doctors in the Soviet Union were women. A) 20 B) 10 C) 40 D) 75 E) 90

a

By spring __________, the Bolsheviks had won the civil war. A) 1921 B) 1919 C) 1925 D) 1926 E) 1928

a

By the end of _____________, Italy was a one-party dictatorship under Mussolini's control. A) 1926 B) 1922 C) 1930 D) 1929 E) 1924

b

Common goals of the women's movement included all of the following except A) eliminating discrimination in the workplace. B) elimination of male-dominated governments. C) legislation to legalize abortion and divorce. D) support for programs to help single parents. E) support for affordable day care.

e

Conservative party figures ousted Khruschev from the Soviet leadership because of all of the following except A) Stalin's former henchmen feared that Khrushchev's de-Stalinization campaign would ultimately reach them. B) Khrushchev's 1958 failure to force the NATO allies out of West Berlin. C) Khrushchev's humiliation in the Cuban missile crisis of 1962. D) de-Stalinization ultimately threatened the party's monopoly on political power. E) Khrushchev's readiness to let Soviet satellites leave the Warsaw Pact.

a

Early writers on totalitarianism such as Elie Halévy A) asserted that all totalitarian states were closely related. B) stressed the differences between fascism and communism. C) argued that fascism was a tool of powerful capitalists. D) stressed the differences in the historical patterns of fascist states. E) celebrated conservative authoritarianism.

b

Following his election to the U.S. presidency in 1968, Richard Nixon A) immediately withdrew American troops from Vietnam. B) gradually reduced American involvement in the Vietnam War. C) increased the number of American troops in Vietnam. D) halted U.S. bombing of Vietnam. E) invaded North Vietnam.

c

Following the failure of his program of nationalization and public investment in the early 1980s, French president François Mitterrand A) resigned. B) failed to win reelection. C) was forced to introduce austerity measures. D) declared that socialism was dead. E) withdrew France from the Common Market.

e

French decolonization in sub-Saharan Africa A) broke all ties with the former colonies. B) effectively removed Western influence in Africa. C) resulted from long wars for colonial independence. D) effectively cut France off from African markets. E) enhanced economic and cultural ties with former colonies.

e

Heinrich Himmler was the leader of the A) Luftwaffe. B) Wehrmacht. C) Gestapo. D) SA. E) SS

a

Hitler acquired absolute dictatorial powers, through the Enabling Act, as a result of A) the Reichstag fire and dirty politicking. B) a wave of strikes by German labor unions. C) the remilitarization of the Rhineland. D) the assassination of a German diplomat by a Jew. E) the election of 1932.

b

Hitler's Mein Kampf included all of the following basic themes except A) living space. B) land reform. C) race. D) the leaderdictator. E) the masses were driven by fanaticism, not by knowledge.

a

Hitler's popularity was based on all of the following except A) his establishment of equality for women. B) growing profits for business. C) the perception of greater equality and social mobility for all Germans. D) his successes in foreign policy. E) high employment and rising real wages.

b

Hitler's promise to create "national socialism," a path between capitalism and communism was directed primarily at A) the army officer corps. B) the middle and lower-middle classes. C) big business. D) urban workers. E) the intelligentsia

c

How did real wages for workers and peasants in the Soviet Union in 1937 compare with those in the Russian empire in 1913? A) They were far higher. B) They were marginally higher. C) They were lower. D) They were approximately the same. E) Available data do not allow comparison.

a

How was the Tet Offensive launched by the Vietcong in January 1968 perceived in the United States? A) As a decisive American defeat. B) As an American victory. C) As a sign that the North Vietnamese were at the end of their tether. D) As a sign of Soviet direction of the Vietcong and North Vietnamese war effort. E) As a sign that more U.S. troops were needed to crush the communist insurgency.

a

In 1931, with Guomindang armies closing in on him, ___________ led his followers on a 5,000 mile march. A) Mao Zedong B) Chiang Kai-shek C) Ho Chi Minh D) Gandhi E) Sun Yatsen

e

In 1954, the ____________ were defeated by the forces of Ho Chi Minh. A) Portuguese B) Dutch C) Italians D) British E) French

c

In 1956, Gamal Abdel Nasser nationalized the ____________, provoking a military conflict with France and Britain. A) Egyptian oil industry B) Egyptian steel industry C) Suez Canal Company D) Egyptian energy industry E) Egyptian agricultural sector

d

In 1958, General de Gaulle established the ____________ Republic in France. A) Second B) Third C) Fourth D) Fifth E) Sixth

d

In Great Britain, Margaret Thatcher's efforts to encourage low- and moderate-income renters to buy their apartments A) failed miserably. B) led to destructive debt levels for poorer people. C) was supported by the Labour party. D) created a new class of property owners. E) led to accusations that Thatcher was a socialist.

a

In November 1943 the Big Three met in _____________ to discuss the shape of the postwar world. A) Teheran B) Potsdam C) London D) Istanbul E) Helsinki

d

In Stalin's Soviet Union, women A) were relegated to agricultural and domestic labor. B) were urged to liberate themselves sexually. C) shared family duties equally with men. D) were able to pursue professional careers. E) lost the right to vote.

c

In Vienna, Hitler learned important political lessons from the city's mayor, A) Max Luddendorf. B) Frederick Listoff. C) Karl Lueger. D) Rolf Hess. E) Otto Presser.

c

In order to foster economic growth, the German Minister of the Economy Ludwig Erhard A) dismantled the extensive social welfare network. B) retained the Nazi-era economic planning machinery. C) emphasized free market capitalism. D) adopted the French model of a mixed economy. E) privatized major state-owned industries.

b

In the 1920s and 1930s, ____________ built a mass movement in India preaching nonviolent "noncooperation." A) Nehru B) Gandhi C) Ashoka D) Jinna E) Das Gupta

a

In the Battle of Britain (1940) A) the German air force sought to win control of the air over Britain. B) the German army landed troops on the south coast of England. C) the German navy attempted to wrest control of the English Channel from the British. D) Hitler tried to break civilian morale in Britain with radio broadcasts and leaflet drops. E) British labor unions protested continuation of the war.

c

Jews in Palestine proclaimed the state of Israel A) when the French gave up their League of Nations mandate over Palestine. B) when Germany surrendered in May 1945. C) when the British withdrew from Palestine in 1948. D) when the United States proclaimed the Truman Doctrine in 1947. E) when the U.S. Congress promised economic assistance in 1949.

b

Lenin's New Economic Policy was a political compromise with the A) urban workers. B) Russian peasants. C) White counterrevolutionaries. D) foreign capitalists. E) Russian intelligentsia.

e

Marshal Henri-Philippe Pétain A) commanded the French armies in the spring of 1940. B) commenced French rearmament when he became premier in 1938. C) led the Popular Front government in France in 1937. D) was a French general who deserted to the Nazis during their invasion of France. E) headed the Vichy French government that made peace with the Nazis.

c

One example of the successful resistance of Russian peasants to collectivization was A) Stalin's decision to limit the extent of collectivization. B) de-kulakization. C) grudgingly tolerated family plots. D) their control of the Siberian grain and raw materials sectors of the Soviet economy. E) the restoration of their rights to move freely without carrying passports in 1935.

a

One of the most important consequences of the Great Purges was the A) creation of a new generation of communists loyal to Stalin. B) destruction of the Red Army's ability to fight. C) elimination of foreign spies and saboteurs. D) decline in the international scope of the communist movement. E) rise of significant sympathy for Nazi Germany inside the U.S.S.R

e

Stalin ordered the liquidation of the kulaks, the _____________, in 1929. A) small shopkeepers B) descendants of the Cossacks C) lower middle class D) army officers E) better-off peasants

b

Stalin's theory of "socialism in one country" A) was originally proposed by Leon Trotsky. B) argued that the Soviet Union could build socialism on its own. C) maintained that the success of socialism depended on world revolution. D) was rejected by the Communist party. E) proposed that the Soviet Union should give up trying to catalyze the world proletarian revolution

c

The European Common Market was created by the Treaty of A) Paris. B) Potsdam. C) Rome. D) Yalta. E) Versailles.

c

The Helsinki agreement of 1975 called for A) the nonproliferation of nuclear weapons. B) the reunification of eastern and western Europe. C) respect for human rights and the recognition of existing political boundaries. D) American deescalation in Vietnam and Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan. E) Finnish neutrality in the cold war.

a

The Lateran Agreement indicated that Mussolini had the support of A) the pope and the Catholic church. B) Italian labor unions. C) Nazi Germany. D) fascist Spain. E) the Greek government.

c

The Manhattan Project was responsible for the development of A) jet aircraft. B) radar. C) the atomic bomb. D) computers. E) code-breaking algorithms.

e

The Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact A) allied Germany and the Soviet Union against Britain and France. B) engaged Germany and the Soviet Union to defend one another should either be attacked. C) stated that Germany and the Soviet Union foreswore any further acts of aggression against sovereign states. D) stated that if either side became involved in war, the other would remain neutral, and included a secret agreement to divide up Yugoslavia. E) stated that if either side became involved in war, the other would remain neutral, and included a secret clause dividing up eastern Europe.

c

The Nuremberg Laws A) outlawed private property in the Soviet Union. B) established the parallel government/party structure of Nazi Germany. C) deprived German Jews of their rights of citizenship. D) attempted to implement Hitler's promises of "work and bread." E) established "reservations" for Jews on German territory.

a

The goal of the Truman Doctrine was to A) contain communism in areas liberated by the Red Army. B) rebuild the European economies. C) force the communists out of eastern Europe. D) destroy the communist parties in western Europe. E) enable cuts in U.S. military spending.

b

The most impressive accomplishments of Stalin's five-year plans occurred in A) collectivized agriculture. B) heavy industry. C) consumer industry D) foreign trade. E) foreign investment.

a

The newer comparative studies of fascism identify all of the following as shared characteristics except A) alliance with working-class movements. B) extreme, expansionist nationalism. C) a dynamic and violent leader. D) glorification of war and the military. E) alliance with powerful capitalists and landowners

b

The parliamentary government in Italy was breaking down at the time of the Fascist march on Rome in October 1922 largely because A) socialist workers were seizing control of factories. B) of the violence perpetrated by Mussolini's own black-shirted militants. C) of mass unemployment. D) of mutinies in the Italian fleet. E) of the general strike against the government declared by the Catholic church.

e

The regimes of Nazi Germany, fascist Italy, and the Stalinist Soviet Union all shared a A) complete rejection of private property. B) violently racist ideology. C) goal of complete economic transformation. D) respect for the independence of established churches. E) profound hatred of Western liberalism

a

The strategic decision that most epitomized Hitler's violent and unlimited ambitions was the A) invasion of the Soviet Union. B) offensive into the eastern Mediterranean. C) declaration of war against the United States. D) bombing of British cities during the Battle of Britain. E) occupation of the Rhineland.

d

The term Final Solution refers to A) Stalin's industrialization drive. B) the Allies' demand that Germany had to surrender unconditionally. C) Hitler's suicide as Soviet troops stormed Berlin. D) the attempted extermination of European Jews by the Nazis. E) Hitler's invasion of the Soviet Union.

d

The ultimate goal of Robert Schuman's plan for an international organization to coordinate coal and steel production in Europe was to A) rebuild the European economy. B) create a single competitive market in Europe. C) reduce the influence of the United States. D) bind the members of the Common Market so closely that war would be impossible. E) facilitate an arms buildup to defend western Europe from the Warsaw Pact.

c

The wave of social unrest that almost toppled de Gaulle's Fifth Republic was begun by A) workers. B) peasants. C) students. D) civil servants. E) the army.

e

The youth counterculture of the late 1950s and 1960s was characterized by all of the following except A) experimentation with communal living. B) unconventional sexual behavior. C) new artistic styles. D) anger at the injustices of racism and imperialism. E) the embrace of materialism.

b

Under Stalin, Soviet workers had all of the following except A) free education B) abundant housing C) old-age pensions D) free medical service E) day-care centers for children

c

Which of the following events occurred first? A) Berlin Wall is built. B) Common Market is formed. C) NATO is formed. D) Korean War begins. E) NOW is formed.

a

Which of the following events occurred first? A) Mussolini seizes power in Italy. B) Stalin launches first five-year plan. C) Collectivization starts in the Soviet Union. D) Hitler appointed chancellor in Germany. E) Lateran Agreement signed.

d

Which of the following events occurred last? A) Mussolini seizes power in Italy. B) Stalin launches first five-year plan. C) Collectivization starts in the Soviet Union. D) Hitler appointed chancellor in Germany. E) Lateran Agreement signed.

b

Which of the following events occurred last? A) Truman Doctrine proclaimed. B) Berlin Wall built. C) Marshall Plan launched. D) De-Stalinization of the Soviet Union begins. E) Korean War begins.