AP EURO EXAM

rationalism

A secular, critical way of thinking in which nothing was to be accepted on faith and everything was to be submitted to reason.

just price

The idea that prices should be fair, protecting both consumers and producers, and that they should be imposed by government decree if necessary.

Copernican hypothesis

The idea that the sun, not earth is the center of the universe.

Enlightenment

The influential intellectual and cultural movement of the late 17th and 18th cen that introduced a new worldwide based on the use of reason the scientific process and progress.

Christopher Columbus

The legendary explorer who "discovered" the Americas (landed in the Bahamas in 1492).

enclosure

The movement to fence in fields in order to farm more effectively at the expense of poor peasants who relied on common fields for farming and pasture.

Viceroyalties

The name for the 4 administrative units of Spanish possessions in the Americas: New Spain, Peru, New Granada, and La Plata

Peace of Westphalia

The name of a series of treatises the concluded the 30 years war in 1648 and marked the end of large-scale religious violence in Europe.

Protestant

The name originally given to the Lutherans, which came to mean all non-Catholic Western Christian groups

Junkers

The nobility of Brandenburg and Prussia, they were reluctant allies of Frederick William in his consolidation of the Prussian state

Protectorate

The nobility of Brandenburg and Prussia, they were reluctant allies of Frederick William in his consolidation of the Prussian state

Holy Office

The official Roman Catholic agency founded in 1542 to combat international doctrinal heresy.

guild system

The organization of artisanal production into trade-based association, or guilds, each of which received a monopoly over its trade and the right to train apprentices and hire workers.

Reign of Terror

The period from 1793 to 1794 where Robespierre's committee of public safety tried and executed thousands suspected of treason and a new revolutionary culture was imposed.

sultan

The ruler of the Ottoman Empire; he owned all the agricultural land of the empire and was served by an army and bureaucracy composed of highly trained slaves.

illegitimacy explosion

The sharp increase in out-of-wedlock births that occurred in Europe between 1750 and 1850, caused by low wages and the breakdown of community controls.

industrious revolution

The shift that occurred as families in northwestern Europe focused on earning wages instead of producing goods for household consumption, this reduced their economic self-sufficiency

predestination

The teaching that God had determined the salvation or damnation of individuals based on his will and purpose, not on their merit or works.

constitutionalism

The theory developed in early modern England and spread elsewhere that royal power should be subject to legal and legislative checks. Differs from democracy in that it does not have to grant all people the power to vote.

proletarianization

The transformation of large numbers of small peasant farmers into landless real wage earners

Treaty of Paris

The treaty that ended the 7 years war in Europe and ratified British victory on all colonial fronts.

Inca Empire

The vast and sophisticated Peruvian empire centered at the capital city of Cuzco.

consumer revolution

The wide-ranging growth in consumption and new attitudes toward consumer goods that emerged in the cities of northwestern Europe in the second half of the eighteenth century.

caravel

a small, maneuverable, three-mast sailing ship developed by the portuguese a distinct advantage in exploration and trade

cottage industry

a stage of industrial development in which real workers used hand tools in their homes to make goods on a larger scale.

mercantilism

a system of economic regulations aimed at increasing the power of the state based on the belief that a nation's international power was based on its wealth, specifically it's supply of gold and silver

millet system

a system used by the ottomans whereby subjects were divided into religious communities with each millet enjoying autonomous self-government under its religious leaders.

encomienda system

a system whereby the spanish crown granted the conquerors the right to forcibly employ groups of indians

Intendants

a title given to a high-ranking official or administrator, especially in France, Spain, Portugal, or one of their colonies

estates

The three legal categories, or orders, of France's inhabitants: the clergy, nobles, and everyone else

community controls

A pattern of cooperation and common action in a traditional village that sought to uphold the economic, social, and moral stability of the closely knit community.

public sphere

An idealized intellectual space where the public came together to discuss issues relating to economic, society, and politics

Grand Empire

Empire over which Napoleon and his allies ruled, encompassing virtually all of Europe except Britain and Russia.

Huguenots

French Calvinists.

agricultural revolution

Period in Europe during which great agricultural progress was made and the fallow was gradually eliminated.

blood sports

Popular with the eighteenth-century European masses, events such as bull-baiting and cockfighting that involved inflicting violence and bloodshed on animals.

salons

Social gatherings held by talented rich Parisian womens in their homes where they discussed literature, science and philosophy

conquistador

Spanish for "conqueror", Spanish soldier- explorers, such as hernando cortes and francisco pizarro, who sought to conquer the new world for the spanish crown

enlightened absolutism

Term coined by historians to describe the rule of 18th cen monarchs who, without renouncing their own absolute authority, adopted enlightenment ideals of rationalism, progress, and tolerance.

Napoleonic Code

The French Civil code which was the principles of equality of all male citizens before law, it also secured their wealth and property and the restriction of women's rights.

Haskalah

The Jewish enlightenment, led by Moses Mendelssohn.

Methodists

Members of a Protestant revival movement started by John Wesley, so called because they were so methodical in their devotion.

Ferdinand Magellan

1st to circumnavigate, sailed SW across of Atlantic to Brazil, he named the pacific

Admiral Zheng He

A Chinese naval leader who led seven voyages to achieve Emporer Yongle's diplomatic, commercial, and political goals, between 1405 and 1433. He sailed as far west as Egypt, and brought back all sorts of goods.

Pietism

A Protestant revival movement in early-eighteenth-century Germany and Scandinavia that emphasized a warm and emotional religion, the priesthood of all believers, and the power of Christian rebirth in everyday affairs.

continental system

A blockade imposed by Napoleon to halt all trade between continental Europe and Britain, weakening the British economy and military.

natural philosophy

Modern term for the study of the nature of the universe, its purpose and how it functioned ("science").

general will

A concept in political philosophy referring to the desire or interest of a people as a whole. As used by Jean-Jacques Rousseau, who championed the concept, the general will is identical to the rule of law.

Edict of Nantes

A document issued by Henry IV of France in 1598, granting liberty of conscience and of public worship to Calvinists, which helped restore peace in France

constitutional monarchy

A form of government where the king retains his position as head of state, while the authority to tax and make new laws resides in an elected body

philosophes

A group of French intellectuals who proclaimed that they were signing the light of knowledge to their fellow creatures in the Enlightenment

law of inertia

A law made by Galileo that states that motion, not rest, is the natural state of an object, and an object continues in motion unless stopped by another force.

Estates General

A legislative body made up of representatives of each estate.

Thermidorian reaction

A reaction to the violence involved with the Reign of Terror which resulted in the execution of Robespierre and the loosening of economic control

Ptolemy's Geography

A second-century C.E work that synthesized the classical knowledge of geography and introduced the concepts of longitude and latitude. Its ideas allowed cartographers to create more accurate maps.

Jansenism

A sect of Catholicism originating with Cornelius Jansen that emphasized the heavy weight of original sin and accepted the doctrine of predestination; it was outlawed as heresy by the pope.

Navigation Acts

A series of English laws that controlled the import of goods to Britain and British colonies.

Santa Fe Capitulations

A series of documents signed by Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain: these appointed Christopher Colombus the viceroy of the territory he might discover on his voyage.

Peace of Utrecht

A series of treaties, from 1713-1715, that ended the war of the spanish succession, ended french expansion in europe, and marked the rise of the british empire

Fronde

A series of violent uprisings during the early reign of Louis XIV

empiricism

A theory of inductive reasoning that calls for acquiring evidence through observation and experimentation rather than reason and speculation.

wet-nursing

A widespread and flourishing business in the eighteenth century in which women were paid to breast-feed other women's babies.

French classicism

Art and literature in the Age of Louis XIV - imitated classical antiquity and Renaissance art

skepticism

As scientific knowledge spread, more educated people began to question religious truths/values

The Institutes of the Christian Religion

Calvin's formulation of Christian doctrine, which became a systematic theology for Protestantism.

politiques

Catholic and Protestant moderates who held that only a strong monarchy could save France from total collapse.

Hernando Cortés

Conquistador who launched the conquest of the Mexica Empire

Cartesian dualism

Descartes view that all of reality could be reduced to mind and matter.

the Mountain

Led by Robespierre, the French National Convention's radical faction, which seized legislative power in 1793.

Test Act

Legislation passed by the English Parliament to secure the position of the Anglican church by stripping Puritans, Catholics and other dissenters the right to vote, preach, assemble, hold public office, and attend or teach at the universities.

separation of powers

Montesquieu argued that despotism could be avoided by splitting the power of government into 3 branches of legislative, executive, & judicial

abolition of slavery

National Convention promised to free all slaves who fought by France so in 1793 they abolished all slavery in colony and then in 1794 ratified the abolition of slavery throughout all of French territories.

law of universal gravitation

Newton's law that all objects are attracted to one another and that the force of attraction is proportional to the objects quantity of matter and inversely proportioned to the square distance between them.

anticlericalism

Opposition to the clergy

second revolution

Second phase of the French revolution, during which the fall of the French monarchy introduced a rapid radicalization of politics.

Union of Utrecht

The alliance of seven northern provinces that declared its independence from Spain and formed the United Provinces of the Netherlands.

experimental method

The approach, pioneered by Galileo, that the proper way to explore the workings of the universe was through relatable experiments rather than speculation.

Tenochtitlan

The capital of the Aztec Empire (current day Mexico City)

janissary corps

The core of sultan's army, composed of slave conscripts from non-muslim parts of the empire; after 1683 it became a volunteer force

Columbian exchange

The exchange of animals, plants, and disease between the Old and New Worlds.

Great Fear

The fear of noble reprisals against peasant uprisings that seized French countryside and led a revolt.

carnival

The few days of revelry in Catholic countries that preceded Lent and that included drinking, masquerading, dancing, and rowdy spectacles that turned the established order upside down.

National Assembly

The first French revolutionary legislature, made up primarily of representatives of the third estate and a few from the nobility and clergy, in session from 1789 to 1791

Spanish Armada

The fleet sent by Philip II of Spain in 1588 against England as a religious crusade against Protestantism. Weather and the English fleet defeated it.

Atlantic slave trade

The forced migration of africans across the atlantic for slave labor on plantations and in other industries

boyars

The highest-rank members of the Russian nobility

economic liberalism

This was Adam Smith's main idea on how to change England. This effected both England and Spain. It was also a form of mercantilism. He founded the basis for modern economics. He said that the government should control the economy, but not so obvious. They sould act like an 'invisable hand' and help both the rich and poor equally.

Dutch East India Company

This was a group of regrents who formed together in Holland. They came together at 1602 as a joint stock company. The investors each resieved a percentage of the profits proportional to the amount of money that they had put in. In the late 30's the buisness was giving their investors 35% annual return of what they invested. This buisness did so good that the Dutch West India Company was founed in 1622. This is what led to modern day stocks and eventually the stock market.

open-field system

This was the greatest accomplishment of medieval agriculture. It was a system of farming that was thought up by European peasants. They first got a large mass of land, then divided it into long strips for certain crops. There the farmers could farm as a whole and share the proceeds throughout the whole village.

mestizos

This was the offspring of Spanish man and Native American women. They occupied a large part of in the Spanish colonies. If they had enought wealth and power, they were considered white. If not, they were looked down upon. This signaled the end of the colonial era. 30% of the area was considered Mestizo.

cameralism

View that monarchy was the best form of government, that all elements of society should serve the monarch and that in turn the state should use its resources and authority to increase the public good.

indulgence

a document issued by the catholic church lessening penance of time in purgatory, widely believed to bring forgiveness of all sins

extended family

a family consisting of the nuclear family and their blood relatives

republicanism

a form of government in which there is no monarch and power rests in the hands of the people as exercised through elected representatives.

debt peonage

a form of serfdom that allowed a planter or rancher to keep his workers or slaves in bondage by advancing food, shelter and a little money.

Girondists

a moderate group that fought for control of the french national convention in 1793

purgatory

a place where souls on their way to Heaven went to make further amends for their earthly sins.

Jacobin Club

a political club in revolutionary France whose members were well-educated radical republicans

Mexica Empire

also known as the aztec empire a large, and complex native american civilizations in modern mexico and central america that possessed advanced mathematical astronomical and engineering technology

dechristianization

campaign to eliminate christian faith and practice in France undertaken by the revolutionary government

Cossacks

free groups and outlaw armies originally comprising runaway peasants living on the borders of Russian territory from the 14th century

Puritans

members of a reform movement within the Church of England that advocated purifying it of Roman Catholic elements

Jesuits

members of the society of jesus, founded by ignatius loyola, whose goal was the spread of the Roman catholic faith

Maupeou parlements

new obedient parlements made by Rene de Maupeou to back the government up without going against it.

rococo

popular style in Europe in 18th century known for its soft pastel, ornate interiors sentimental portraits and starry-eyed lovers protected by hovering cupids.

manorial rights

privileges of lordship that allowed them to tax the peasantry for their own profit.

popular revolts

revolts by the peasants over food shortages (food riots) caused by a series of bad harvests due to the Little Ice Age; common in Spain, Portugal, England and France

Treaty of Tordesillas

the 1494 agreement giving spain everything to the west of an imaginary line drawn down the atlantic and giving portugal everything to the east

putting-out system

the 18th century system of real industry in which a merchant loaned raw materials to cottage workers who processed them and returned finished goods

iconoclasm

the action of attacking or assertively rejecting cherished beliefs and institutions or established values and practices

sovereignty

the authority of a state to govern itself or another state

pluralism

the clerical practice of holding more than one church benefice (or office) at the same time and enjoying the income from each

transubstantiation

the conversion of the substance of the Eucharistic elements into the body and blood of Christ at consecration, only the appearances of bread and wine still remaining.

stadtholder

the executive officer of the United Provinces of the Netherlands, a position often held by the princes of Orange

sans-culottes

the laboring poor of paris, so called because men wore trousers instead of the knee breeches of the aristocracy and middle class

reading revolution

transition in Europe from society where literacy consisted of religious material to where literacy consisted of more broad and diverse material

penance

voluntary self-punishment inflicted as an outward expression of repentance for having done wrong.