AP Euro Final Chapter 17

In general, what was Voltaire's attitude toward government?

He believed that a good monarch was the best one could hope for

Newton's law that all objects are attracted to one another and that the force of attraction is proportional to the object's quantity of matter and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.

Law of Universal Gravitation

How did Isaac Newton's law of gravity bring the scientific revolution to maturity?

newton synthesized mathematics with physics and astronomy to demonstrate that the entire universe was unified into one coherent system

Joseph II's conversion of labor obligation to cash payments...

was opposed by both nobles and peasants

What change within the Jewish community accompanied the Haskalah Enlightenment movement?

Increased interactions with Christians occurred as rabbinic controls diminished

The Discipline of Natural Philosophy focused on...

fundamental questions about the nature, purpose, and function of the universe

In his Essay Concerning Human Understanding, John Locke claimed that...

human development is determined by education and society

A striking feature of the salons was that...

philosophes, nobles, and members of the upper middle class intermingled

How did the governments respond to the new science?

states established academies of science to support and sometimes direct scientific research

Rousseau's concept of the general will asserts that...

the authentic, long-term needs of the people can be correctly interpreted by a far-seeing minority

What core concept of the enlightenment was the most important and original?

the methods of natural science should be used to examine all aspects of life

How did the scientific revolution affect the economy in the 16th century?

the new science had few practical economic applications

The Jewish Enlightenment of the second half of the 18th century, led by the Prussian philosopher moses mendelssohn

Haskalah

Why did scientists find that protestant countries were more conductive to their work, especially after 1640?

Protestant countries generally lacked a strong religious authority capable of censoring or suppressing scientific work that challenged religious doctrine

Which powers participated in the partitioning of Poland in the late 18th century?

Prussia, Russia, and Austria

An idealized intellectual space that emerged in Europe during the Enlightenment, where the public came together to discuss important issues relating to society, economy, and politics

Public Sphere

Rousseau believed that...

Women were best suited to a passive role in social relations

How did Enlightenment thinkers differ from those of the Middle Ages and Renaissance?

Enlightenment thinkers believed that thought had progressed far beyond that of antiquity, which demonstrated the possibility of human progress

An early modern term for the study of the nature of the universe, its purpose, and how it functioned; it encompassed what we woul call "science" today

Natural Philosophy

A group of french intellectuals who proclaimed that they were bringing the light of knowledge to their fellow creatures in the Age of Enlightenment

Philosophes

A secular, critical way of thinking in which nothing was to be accepted on faith, and everything was to be submitted to reason.

Rationalism

The transition in Europe from a society where literacy consisted of patriarchal and communal reading of religious texts to a society where literacy was commonplace and reading material was broad and diverse

Reading Revolution

A popular style in Europe in the 18th century, known for its soft pastels, ornate interiors, sentimental portraits, and stary-eyed lovers protected by hovering cupids

Rococo

Regular social gatherings held by talented and rich parisian women in their homes, where philosophes and their followers met to discuss literature, science, and philosophy

Salons

View that monarchy was the best form of government, that all elements elements of society should serve the monarch, and that, in turn, the state should us its resources and authority to increase the public good

Cameralism

Descartes's view that all of reality could ultimately be reduced to mind and meatter

Cartesian Dualism

The idea that the sun, not the earth, was the center of the universe

Copernican Hypothesis

A theory of inductive reasoning that calls for acquiring evidence through observation and experimentation rather than reason and speculation

Empiricism

Term coined by historians to describe the rule of 18th century monarchs who, without renouncing their own absolute authority, adopted Enlightenment ideals rationalism, progress, and tolerance

Enlightenment Absolutism

The influential intellectual and cultural movement of the late 17th century and 18th centuries that introduced a new worldview based on the use of reason, and scientific method, and progress

Enlightnment

How did the idea of "race" transform Europeans' idea of their superiority over other peoples?

European superiority increasingly was defined as biologically superior as well as culturally superior

The approach, pioneered by Galileo, that the proper way to explore the workings of the universe was through repeatable experiments rather than public came togerher to discuss important issues relating to society, economy, and politics

Experimental Method

A law formulated by Galileo that stated that motion, not rest, is the natural state of an object, that an object continues in motion forever unless stopped by some external force

Law of Interia

In Persian letters, what did the Baron de Montesquieu use to symbolize Eastern political tyranny?

The oppression of women in a Persian harem

How did the philosophes evade the work of censors?

They filled their writings with satire and double meanings

Catherine the Great of Russia came to power in 1762 through...

a military coup

In Historical and Critical Dictionary, Pierre Bayle demonstrated...

all knowledge can be questioned and doubted

What correctly characterizes the response of various religious perspectives to Copernicus's hypothesis?

calvin and luther condemned copernicus, while catholic reaction was mild at first and only declared hypothesis false in the 17th century

The Scientific Revolution drew on all of the following for its origins except.... * the establishments of universities and their partial practice of free inquiry * the recovery of ancient texts in the Renaissance * Arabic commentaries on mathematics and studies of nature * efforts to solve problems of navigation * efforts to prevent a recurrence of the Black Death

efforts to prevent a recurrence of the Black Death

Francis Bacon formalized the research methods of Tycho Brahe and Galileo into a theory of reasoning known as...

empiricism

Johannes Kepler believed that the elliptical orbit of planets...

produced a musical harmony of heavenly bodies

The most influential aspect of Rene Descartes' theories of nature was that...

the universe functioned in a mechanistic fashion

All of the following correctly characterize the role of women in the new science except... * in Italy, universities offered positions to women * women were involved in informal scientific communities, attending salons, and participating in scientific experiments * most new academies that furnished professional credentials did not accept female members * women worked as illustrators and model makers * women were forbidden from publishing learned treaties

women were forbidden from publishing learned treatises

The Enlightenment reached its highest development in France for all of the following reasons except... * France had the highest literacy rates in Europe * French was the international language of educated classes * France was the largest and most populous country in Europe * French intellectual had more freedom than those in Eastern and East-Central Europe * French philosophes sought to reach a large audience of elites

France had the highest literacy rates

The enlightened policies of Frederick 2 of Prussia included all of following except... * freeing the Prussian serfs * abolishing the torture of prisoners * permitting scholars wide latitude to publish what they wished * promoting schools * religious toleration

freeing the Prussian serfs