AP Euro ID Terms Unit 5

John Stuart Mill

English philosopher and economist remembered for his interpretations of empiricism and utilitarianism (1806-1873)

Corn Laws

The Corn Laws were import tariffs designed to regulate the price of corn in The United Kingdom.

Reichstag

The German Parliment

House of Savoy

The Italian Family running Piedmont-Sardinia. The head was Victor Emmanuel II.

Risorgimento

The Italian nationalist movement

Repeal of Test Act

The act that repealed the law that only those who took communion as member of the Church of England could be eligible for office.

Indemnity Bill

The bill that legitimized Bismarck's illegal collection of taxes to improve the army.

Ems Telegram

The carefully edited dispatch by Bismarck to the French ambassador Benedetti that appeared to be insulting and thus requiring retaliation by France for the seeming affront to French honor.

Napoleon III

The first and only president of the Second French Republic and the first and only monarch of the Second French Empire

Giuseppe Mazzini

The head of Young Italy and one of the people who helped to unite Italy

Hegelian dialectic

The idea, according to G. W. F. Hegel (1770-1831), a German philosopher, that social change results from the conflict of opposite ideas. The thesis is confronted by the antithesis, resuiting in a synthesis, which then becomes a new thesis. The process is evolutionary. Marx turned Hegel "upside down" and made class conflict, not ideas, the force driving history forward.

Realpolitik

The political idea that the ends justify any means.

Treaty of Frankfurt

The treaty that marked the end of the Franco-Prussian wasr

Catholic Emancipation Bill

This bill allowed catholics to run for office, as previously only anglicans could run for office.

Herbert Spencer

(1820-1903)-English philosopher who argued that in the difficult economic struggle for existence, only the "fittest" would survive.

Edmund Burke

(1729-1797) Member of British Parliament and author of Reflections on the Revolution in France (1790), which criticized the underlying principles of the French Revolution and argued conservative thought.

Jeremy Bentham

(1748-1832) British theorist and philosopher who proposed utilitarianism, the principle that governments should operate on the basis of utility, or the greatest good for the greatest number.

Robert Owen

(1771-1858) Utopian socialists who improved health and safety conditions in mills, increased workers wages and reduced hours. Dreamed of establishing socialist communities the most noteable was New Harmony (1826) which failed.

David Ricardo

(1772-1823)-English economist who formulated the "iron law of wages," according to which wages would always remain at the subsistence level for the workers because of population growth.

J. G. Herder

(1774-1803)-Forerunner of the German Romantic movement who believed that each people shared a national character, or Volksgeist.

Thomas Malthus

(1776-1834)-English parson whose Essay on Population (1798) argued that population would always increase faster than the food supply.

Francois Guizot

(1787-1874)-Chief minister under Louis Philippe. Guizot's repression led to the revolution of 1848.

Flora Tristan

(1803-1844)-Socialist and feminist who called for working women's social and political rights.

Francis Deak

(1803-1876) Magyar, who forced Franz Joseph to agree to the Compromise of 1867 (Ausgleich) which created the Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary.

Giuseppe Garibaldi

(1807-1882)-Soldier of fortune who amassed his "Red Shirt" army to bring Naples and Sicily into a unified Italy.

Louie Napoleon Bonaparte

(1808-1873)-Nephew of Napoleon I; he came to power as president of the Second French Republic in 1848.

Count Cavour

(1810-1861) The prime minister of Italy appointed by Victor Emmanuel who pushed for Italian unification.

Karl Marx

(1818-1883)-German philosopher and founder of Marxism, the theory that class conflict is the motor force driving historical change and development

Carlsbad Decrees

1819, it discouraged liberal teachings in southern Germany. Censorship imposed by Metternich.

Ferdinand Lassalle

A German-Jewish jurist best known as an initiator of socialism in Germany

Kulturkampf

A church state conflict waged by Bismarck against a perceived threat from the Church

Zollverein

A coalition of german states that monitored tariffs and economic policies within their group.

Nationalism

A feeling of pride in one country and of being of that country

Friedrich Engels

A german social scientist, political theorist, and author who worked with Karl Marx to develop the Marxist theory.

Bundesrat

A house of the legislature in Prussia, a federal council composed of members appointed by governments of states.

Frederick William IV

A king and leader of Prussia who was unable to unify Germany "from above," he was replaced by William I

Holy Alliance

A league of European nations formed by the leaders of Russia, Austria, and Prussia after the Congress of Vienna

Young Italy

A movement started by Giuseppe Mazzini to unite Italy

Dialectical Materialism

A philosophy of science and nature, based on the writings of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, that was very popular in Russia and the Soviet Union.

Classical Liberalism

A philosophy that believes in limited government and liberty of individuals though freedom of religion, speech and press, assembly, and free markets.

Carbonari

A secret society; designated to overthrow Bonapartist rulers; they were liberal patriots.

Domestic System

A system in which rural home workers were given materials by their landlords and made a product with them, which was then returned to the landlords and sold for a profit. Also called the cottage industry or the putting-out system.

Decembrist

Abortive attempt by army officers to take control of the Russian government upon the death of Tsar Alexander I in 1825

Quadruple Alliance

Alliance between Prussia, Austria, Russia, and Great Britian. Pledged to act together to maintain balance of power and surpress revolutionary uprisings following the French Revolution.

Daniel O'Connell

An Irish activist. Campaigned for Catholic Emancipation in Britain and repeal of Act of Union.

Factory Act

An act that made working conditions for children better, reducing the hours they were allowed to work, and making it illegal for children under nine to work, as well as requiring education for all the factory children.

Michael Bakunin

Bakunin was a Russian revolutionary anarchist who founded collectivist anarchism. He gained many followers throughout Europe.

Henry Bessemer

Bessemer was an English inventor and engineer. He created the bessemer process for the manufacture of steel.

William Russell

British journalist who reported the events of the Crimean War first hand for the people at home.

Otto von Bismarck

Chancellor of Prussia from 1862 until 1871, when he became chancellor of Germany. A conservative nationalist, he led Prussia to victory against Austria (1866) and France (1870) and was responsible for the creation of the German Empire (714)

Rotten boroughs

Depopulated areas of England that nevertheless sent representatives to Parliament.

Reform Bill of 1832

Formally called the Representation of the People Act, this act introduced many changes to the English electoral system, especially the borough representation system.

Charles Stewart Parnell

Founder and leader of Irish Parliamentary party.

Charles Fourier

Francois Marie Charles Fourier was a French philosopher and socialist thinker who was associated with utopian socialism.

Louis Blanc

Full name Louis Jean Joseph Charles Blanc, he was a French politician and historian. He was a socialist who believed in reform by creating cooperatives to guarantee jobs for the urban poor.

Prince Clemens von Metternich

He was Austria's representative at the Congress of Vienna, he feared Russia gaining too much power along with liberalism and nationalism as a threat to Austria's power with in Europe. He effectively controlled the Congress of Vienna

J. G. Fichte

Johann Gottlieb Fichte was a German philosopher who was one of the founders of German Idealism.

Poor Law of 1834

Legislation that restricted the number of poverty-stricken eligible for aid.

Burschenschaften

Politically active students around 1815 in the German states proposing unification and democratic principles