ap euro mc test

(map of France) Which of the following cities dominated European trade and finance in the early seventeenth century? (A) Venice (B) Paris (C) London (D) Amsterdam (E) Madrid

(D) Amsterdam

A primary goal of Philip II of Spain was to (A) grant toleration to religious minorities (B) create a monarchy accessible to the people (C) reunite the Spanish and Austrian Hapsburg empires (D) strengthen the Spanish economy (E) maintain Spanish control of the Netherlands

(E) maintain Spanish control of the Netherlands

Renaissance humanism drew its main inspiration from (A) religious asceticism (B) classical languages and literature (C) the curricula of medieval universities (D) political reforms of the Holy Roman Empire (E) the ideas of Dante's Inferno

B - classical languages and literature

All of the following were common subjects of Italian Renaissance works of art EXCEPT (A) equestrian statues (B) nude figures (C) portraits (D) figures from mythology (E) peasant life

E - peasant life

Sixteenth- and seventeenth-century European political leaders generally viewed religious toleration as (A) leading to dangerous civil disorder (B) resulting in economic prosperity (C) restricted to Christians and Jews (D) commanded by God in the Bible (E) promoted by Protestant denominations

A - leading to dangerous civil disorder

In seventeenth-century Poland, the most significant political influence was exercised by the (A) nobility (B) town councils (C) Polish monarch (D) Russian monarch (E) Hapsburgh Empire

(A) nobility

(image of cartoon) The cartoon above from seventeenth-century England is an attempt to ridicule (A) support of William and Mary by the Dutch (B) fighting between royalist and parliamentary armies during the English Civil War (C) the movement of Puritans to the New World (D) the widespread practice of wagering on dog fights (E) the refusal of Quakers to bear arms and fight

(B) fighting between royalist and parliamentary armies during the English Civil War

A major difference between Calvinism and Lutheranism relates to (A) clerical marriage (B) the place of women in society (C) emphasis on predestination (D) infant baptism (E) monasticism

C - emphasis on predestination

Like those of the Italian Renaissance, the ideas of the Northern Renaissance were strongly influenced by humanists' interest in (A) New World cultures (B) classical antiquity (C) medieval theology (D) democratic reform

B - classical antiquity

By the early seventeenth century, which of the following European nations was the greatest commercial power in Europe? (A) England (B) France (C) The Netherlands (D) Spain (E) Sweden

(C) The Netherlands

(passage by Cicely Veronica Wedgwood) The author's conclusion regarding the significance of the ThirtyYears'War most directly challenged which of the following historical interpretations? (A) The Thirty Years' War was a uniquely devastating conflict in pre-twentieth-century European history. (B) The Thirty Years' War marked a decisive turning point in European history. (C) Although ostensibly a conflict driven by religious differences, the Thirty Years' War resulted from a variety of factors. (D) The devastation of the Thirty Years' War undermined the theological justification for the concept of just war.

B - The Thirty Years' War marked a decisive turning point in European history

(passage by regent by an agent of the Spanish Inquisition to King Philip II) How did Philip II's religious policies illustrated in the passage compare to the policies pursued by other fifteenthand sixteenth-century European monarchs? (A) Philip's policies were unique among European monarchs because Philip strongly supported Catholicism. (B) Philip's policies enforcing religious uniformity were similar to the policies of other Habsburg rulers but different from the policies of most other ruling dynasties. (C) Philip's policies controlling religious beliefs and practices were similar to the policies of most other monarchs at the time. (D) Philip's policies were unusual among European monarchs because he did not proclaim himself the head of a national church.

C - Philip's policies controlling religious beliefs and practices were similar to the policies of most other monarchs at the time.

(passage on Treaty of Osnabruck) The provisions of the treaty in the passage had which of the following long-term effects on Europe? (A) They encouraged the overseas migration of religious dissenters to European colonies in the Americas. (B) They sparked a Catholic reform movement that cemented the religious division of Christendom. (C) They led to a decline of the importance of religion as a motivation for conflict among European states. (D) They prompted an attempt by the Habsburg dynasty to unify Germany politically despite its religious diversity.

C - They led to a decline of the importance of religion as a motivation for conflict among European states.

(image of man) The inscription reads: "I, Albrecht Dürer of Nuremberg painted myself thus, with undying colors, in my twenty-eighth year." The image is best understood in the context of which of the following developments during the Renaissance? (A) The emergence of Mannerist and Baroque artistic styles (B) The development of cultural expressions that reflected nationalist values (C) The revival of Greek and Roman classical styles (D) The growth of individualist humanism in artistic expression

D - The growth of individualist humanism artistic expression

(map of europe) The map above, showing religious divisions in Europe around 1600, illustrates which of the following differences between Lutheranism and Calvinism? (A) Lutheran areas were more densely populated and urbanized than were Calvinist areas. (B) Lutheran areas were geographically closer to papal influence than were Calvinist areas. (C) Calvinist areas were more likely to be influenced by minor sects than were Lutheran areas. (D) Calvinists were more likely to share a common language than were Lutherans. (E) Calvinists were more likely to be a minority within a state than were Lutherans.

E - Calvinists were more likely to be a minority within a state than were Lutherans

The long-term effect of the Thirty Years' War on the German states was to (A) restrict Lutheranism to southern German states (B) initiate a long era of peace and rapid economic recovery (C) encourage unification (D) devastate the German states', economies (E) increase the power of the Holy Roman Emperor

D - devastate the German states', economies

(passage on ordinances) In non-Calvinist areas, many early modern town and city ordinances were similar to the Geneva ordinances in their (A) discouragement of popular festivals and other entertainments (B) prohibition of alcohol consumption (C) oversight of civil affairs by religious authorities (D) regulation of public morals and behavior

D - regulation of public morals and behavior

The term "humanism," when applied to Renaissance Italy, refers primarily to the (A) renewed interest in the scientific method at many Italian universities (B) capitalist values advanced by leading Italian merchant bankers (C) antireligious movement among leading Italian intellectuals (D) scholarly interest in the study of the classical cultures of Greece and Rome (E) non-Christian themes that became prominent in Italian art and literature

D - scholarly interest in the study of the classical cultures of Greece and Rome

New political theories developed during the Renaissance were characterized by an emphasis on (A) the formation of mass political parties (B) the creation of a unified European governing body (C) the establishment of a system of checks and balances to restrain monarchical excesses (D) the improvement of centralized forms of government

D - the improvement of centralized forms of government

Which of the following best explains why Protestant reformers sometimes came into conflict with Protestant rulers of the states in which they lived? (A) Some reformers were concerned that secular rulers were overly confrontational when dealing with the papacy. (B) Some reformers believed that the church should not be subject to the secular state. (C) Most reformers wished to create a universal church that would replace secular governments entirely. (D) Most reformers sought to reduce or eliminate sacraments, rituals, and other religious practices they regarded as superstitious.

B- Some reformers believed that the church should not be subject to the secular state.

(images of two Italian artists) The portrait of Heraclitus best reflects which of the following features of the Italian Renaissance? (A) The challenge to the power of universities (B) The continued interest in religious themes (C) The revival of interest in classical works (D) The development of Christian humanism

C - The revival of interest in classical works

(images of two Italian artists) The commissioning of Image 1 best represents which of the following trends of the Italian Renaissance? (A) The growing power of merchants and secular elites (B) The admiration for classical Greek and Roman works (C) The use of art to enhance the prestige of the elites (D) The use of print to disseminate religious ideas

C - The use of art to enhance the prestige of the elites

John Calvin established the center of his reformed church in (A) Lyon (B) London (C) Wittenberg (D) Geneva (E) Basel

D - Geneva

In addition to the conquest of the last Muslim outpost in Spain at Granada and Columbus' voyage to the Americas, which of the following occurred in 1492 ? (A) Isabella of Castile married Ferdinand of Aragon. (B) Portugal was united with Spain. (C) The Spanish defeated the Turks at Lepanto. (D) The plague broke out in Spain. (E) The Jewish population was expelled from Spain.

E - The Jewish population was expelled from Spain

Which of the following is true of the German Peasants' Revolt of 1524-1525 ? (A) The revolt led to the emancipation of the German serfs. (B) The revolt was organized by Martin Luther to break papal power in the German states. (C) The peasants were supported by French armies during the revolt. (D) The revolt was the first in Europe in which economic egalitarianism was a major rallying point. (E) The revolt resulted from a combination of new religious ideas and peasant demands

E - The revolt resulted from a combination of new religious ideas and peasant demands

Martin Luther's response to the German Peasants' War of 1524-1525 demonstrated his (A) ignorance of the economic plight of the peasantry (B) emphasis on the social aspects of Christ's teaching (C) refusal to comment on social or political issues (D) belief in the necessity of a unified German state (E) support of the prevailing social and political order

E - support of the prevailing social and political order

(2 passages Lord Kenyon and Edward Law) The ideas expressed in the passages above formed part of a debate about the merits of which of the following? (A) Mercantilism (B) Socialism (C) Laissez-faire liberalism (D) Absolutism

(C) Laissez-faire liberalism

(map of Russia) According to the map above, during the eighteenth century, Russia expanded in Europe primarily by gaining territory from (A) Austria (B) the Ottoman Empire (C) Poland (D) Prussia (E) Sweden

(C) Poland

The massacre of Saint Bartholomew's Day (1572) was directed against (A) Catherine de Médicis and her followers in Paris (B) Anabaptists in the Netherlands (C) Roman Catholics throughout the German states (D) peasant rebels in the southern German states (E) Huguenots in France

E - Huguenot's in France

(2 images Peter the Great and Louis XIV) The activities of Peter the Great shown in image 1 were most directly the result of which of the following? (A) Peter's reforms of the Eastern Orthodox Church (B) Peter's efforts to westernize Russia (C) Peter's campaigns against the Ottoman Empire (D) Peter's suppression of rebellious nobility

(B) Peter's efforts to westernize Russia

(passage of Frederick William letter) Which of the following best summarizes the advice given by Frederick William in the second paragraph? (A) Cultivate good relations with your neighbors in case of disputes. (B) Keep a strong army to exploit the weakness of rival states. (C) Use disputes between the princes and the Holy Roman Emperor to your advantage. (D) Back down when confronted by rival states in order to avoid war.

(A) Cultivate good relations with your neighbors in case of disputes.

A controversial aspect of the Agricultural Revolution in eighteenth-century England was the transformation of common land into private land through the process known as (A) enclosure (B) puddling (C) asiento (D) crop rotation (E) syndication

(A) enclosure

(image of Beware of Luxury) The painting reflects which of the following conflicts? (A) Urban wealth versus rural poverty (B) Catholic extravagance versus Protestant austerity (C) French sophistication versus Dutch simplicity (D) Traditional morality versus new consumerism

(D) Traditional morality versus new consumerism

Which of the following best describes the French Edict of Nantes (1598) ? (A) It provided limited political and religious liberties for French Huguenots. (B) It signaled the end of French territorial expansion for a century. (C) It led to the establishment of French colonies in North America. (D) It granted legal equality to all classes in France, (E) It led to fifty years of violent peasant rebellions.

A - It provided limited political and religious liberties for French Huguenots.

"He desired glory and excellence beyond that of anyone else. He showed favor to vernacular poetry and all the fine arts. Under him the city was not free, but it would have been impossible for it to have had a better or more pleasing tyrant." The passage above most accurately describes (A) Lorenzo de' Medici (B) John Calvin (C) William of Orange (D) Frederick William I (E) Philip II

A - Lorenzo de-Medici

Which of the following describes a major difference between northern humanists and Italian humanists? (A) Italian humanists focused on human intellect and achievements, whereas northern humanists concentrated on nature and emotion. (B) Italian humanists focused on national consciousness, whereas northern humanists rejected politics. (C) Italian humanists viewed human nature as corrupt and weak, whereas northern humanists viewed human nature as generally good. (D) Both concentrated on spiritual concerns, but northern humanists also focused on secular matters (E) Both looked to classical sources, but northern humanists also emphasized Christian sources

E - Both looked to classical sources, but northern humanists also emphasized Christian sources

Which of the following best summarizes the advice given by Frederick William in the second paragraph? (A) Cultivate good relations with your neighbors in case of disputes. (B) Keep a strong army to exploit the weakness of rival states. (C) Use disputes between the princes and the Holy Roman Emperor to your advantage. (D) Back down when confronted by rival states in order to avoid war.

(A) Cultivate good relations with your neighbors in case of disputes.

Which of the following was an important consequence of the Glorious Revolution of 1688-1689 ? (A) Limits were put on the power of the English monarchy. (B) The franchise was expanded to members of the lower classes. (C) French influence in England was expanded. (D) Roman Catholicism was reintroduced into England. (E) England gained control of Spanish colonial possessions in the New World

(A) Limits were put on the power of the English monarchy.

(passage by Cardinal Richelieu) The views of power expressed by Richelieu are best understood as an early example of which of the following developments? (A) The establishment of absolutist principles of monarchical government across Europe (B) The protection of traditional rights by a coalition of urban and rural interests (C) The decline of religion as a cause for warfare after the Peace of Westphalia (D) The growth of religious pluralism as a feature of European politics and society

(A) The establishment of absolutist principles of monarchical government across Europe

(passage by Joseph Priestley) Which of the following events in Britain was Priestley praising in the passage? (A) The removal of James II by parliament and Dutch intervention in 1688 (B) The split with the Roman Catholic Church to create the Church of England (C) The execution of Charles I by parliament during the English Civil War (D) The Acts of Union between England and Scotland creating the United Kingdom in 1707

(A) The removal of James II by parliament and Dutch intervention in 1688

The leadership of the Dutch revolts (1566-1648) sought all of the following EXCEPT (A) an alliance with the English Catholics (B) the end of the Inquisition (C) the end of excessive taxation (D) the elimination of the rule of foreign officials (E) an alliance with French Protestants

(A) an alliance with the English Catholics

Absolute monarchy declined in pre-1789 France primarily because of the (A) growth of judicial and aristocratic opposition (B) strength of peasant uprisings (C) increased power of the Estates-General (D) king's refusal to involve France in foreign wars (E) decline in the French population

(A) growth of judicial and aristocratic opposition

In 1713 Emperor Charles VI sought approval of the Pragmatic Sanction in order to guarantee the (A) indivisibility of the Hapsburgs' lands (B) borders between Holland and the Austrian Netherlands (C) dynastic union of the Hapsburgs and the Romanovs (D) succession of the Bourbons to the Spanish throne (E) succession of the Hanover family to the English throne

(A) indivisibility of the Hapsburgs' lands

(map of Russia) In the eighteenth century, the effectiveness of the Russian monarchy was limited by (A) the enornous land area of the country (B) the independent position of the Orthodox church (C) a united, rebellious nobility (D) a prosperous middle class located in fortified towns (E) a newly free class of former serfs

(A) the enornous land area of the country

. Which of the following was a major characteristic of the English monarchy in the eighteenth century? (A) A return to its "divine right" position of the seventeenth century (B) A steadily widening discrepancy between its theoretical and its real powers (C) Its growth in power because of its many victories over the French (D) Its refusal to support the emerging cabinet system (E) Its growing wealth due to effective taxation policies

(B) A steadily widening discrepancy between its theoretical and its real powers

(2 passages Lord Kenyon and Edward Law) During the late nineteenth century governments in western Europe most directly responded to the issue addressed in the passages in which of the following ways? (A) Abolishing traditional restrictions on labor (B) Attempting to manage business cycles through taxation and regulation (C) Nationalizing agricultural land and heavy industry (D) Expanding colonies in Africa

(B) Attempting to manage business cycles through taxation and regulation

(passage on diplomatic correspondence from King William III) William's claim regarding James's "design" in the first paragraph is best explained by which of the following developments? (A) Attempts to abolish the monarchy in favor of a parliamentary commonwealth (B) Conflicts between the Catholic Stuart monarchy and Protestant interests in Parliament (C) Powerful commercial and trade interests asserting their influence in politics (D) England's policy of not intervening in the Thirty Years' War

(B) Conflicts between the Catholic Stuart monarchy and Protestant interests in Parliament

(image of Beware of Luxury) The features of seventeenth-century Dutch life reflected in the painting were largely a result of which of the following? (A) Dutch territorial gains in the Thirty Years' War (B) Dutch financial innovation and overseas trade (C) The accession of a member of the Dutch House of Orange to the throne of England (D) The successful raids of Dutch privateers against Spanish treasure fleets

(B) Dutch financial innovation and overseas trade

The expansion of the transatlantic slave trade in the 1700s is best explained by which of the following developments? (A) Great Britain's increasing dominance of the world trading economy (B) Growth in European demand for New World agricultural products (C) Growing shortages of labor in Europe (D) Decrease in the cost of labor in Europe

(B) Growth in European demand for New World agricultural products

Kings are justly called gods for that they exercise a manner or resemblance of Divine power upon Earth." Which of the following was most likely to agree with this statement? (A) Sir Thomas More (B) James I of England (C) Napoleon III of France (D) Pope Pius IX (E) George III of England

(B) James I of England

(2 images Peter the Great and Louis XIV) The activities shown in image 2 were most directly a result of which of the following developments in France? (A) Louis's modernization of the French military through the expansion of the paid standing army (B) Louis's expansion of monarchical administrative and financial control over France (C) Louis's suppression of a revolt of the nobility known as the Fronde (D) Louis's revocation of the Edict of Nantes

(B) Louis's expansion of monarchical administrative and financial control over France

Between 1650 and 1750, which of the following was the most valuable export from the British and French colonies of the New World to Europe? (A) Cotton (B) Sugar (C) Wheat (D) Corn (E) Naval supplies

(B) Sugar

(3 maps of Prussia) Which of the following factors contributed most to the process shown on the maps? (A) The failure of Poland to industrialize as rapidly as its neighbors (B) The ability of the Polish nobility to limit the growth of royal power (C) The early adoption of French Revolutionary ideals by the Polish middle class (D) The reimposition of serfdom on the Polish peasantry

(B) The ability of the Polish nobility to limit the growth of royal power

(image of making needles) The system portrayed in the image best represents which of the following processes? (A) The expansion of capitalist investment in joint-stock companies (B) The continuation of small-scale systems of production (C) The development of mercantilist trade practices (D) The periodic business downturns in industrial economies

(B) The continuation of small-scale systems of production

(2 images on Jan Steen) Concern over which of the following best explains Steen's decision to portray The Dissolute Household as shown in image 2 ? (A) The effects of conflicts between Catholics and Protestants in the Netherlands (B) The effects of Dutch material prosperity on morality in the Netherlands (C) The effects of constitutional rule on traditional hierarchies in the Netherlands (D) The effects of cultural interactions with trading partners in Asia and Africa

(B) The effects of Dutch material prosperity on morality in the Netherlands

The system of cottage manufacture (or the "putting out" system) originated, in part, as a way for entrepreneurs to avoid (A) capitalism (B) guild regulations (C) church tithes (D) child labor laws (E) mercantilistic export restrictions

(B) guild regulations

The system of intendants was established in seventeenth-century France primarily to (A) empower the French nobility (B) implement royal policies locally (C) make the peasantry return to the land (D) collect taxes from the towns (E) improve France's ability to fight foreign wars

(B) implement royal policies locally

One of the main aims of the reforms in Russia under Peter the Great (1689-1725) was to make high social status more dependent on (A) aristocratic lineage (B) service to the state (C) wealth (D) ethnic origin (E) membership in the Orthodox Church

(B) service to the state

(map of France) The shaded areas on the map of early eighteenth century France shown above represent (A) lands controlled by peasants revolting against feudal obligations (B) territorial acquisitions during the reign of Louis XIV (C) land controlled by foreign rulers within the kingdom of France (D) Huguenot strongholds that still existed after the revocation of the Edict of Nantes (E) former Spanish territories on the border of France

(B) territorial acquisitions during the reign of Louis XIV

(map of France) Improvements associated with the Agricultural Revolution of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries began in (A) France and Spain (B) the Low Countries and Britain (C) Prussia and Saxony (D) Poland (E) Russia

(B) the Low Countries and Britain

(passage of Frederick William letter) . Which of the following best summarizes the advice given by Frederick William in the third paragraph? (A) Alliances are essential to the strength of the state. (B) Alliances made by the ruler must have the approval of the people. (C) Alliances are useful, but a state should rely on its own strength. (D) Alliances should never compromise the ruler's religious beliefs

(C) Alliances are useful, but a state should rely on its own strength.

(passage on list of demands) In which of the following European powers in the early modern period was a consultative body similar to the Castilian Cortes most firmly entrenched? (A) France (B) The Holy Roman Empire (C) England (D) The Ottoman Empire

(C) England

Which of the following was an economic policy of Louis XIV's finance minister, Jean-Baptiste Colbert? (A) Raising money through internal tariffs (B) Encouraging international competition through lower tariffs and free-trade policies (C) Establishing detailed manufacturing codes to improve the quality of French export goods (D) Opening France's colonies to foreign merchants and trade (E) Reducing military spending

(C) Establishing detailed manufacturing codes to improve the quality of French export goods

Prior to the expansion of the factory system during the Industrial Revolution, which of the following contributed to the increase in production of manufactured goods (A) Importation of silk and cotton cloth from the Far East (B) Expansion of the guild system in urban centers (C) Expansion of cottage industries in the countryside (D) Cultivation of formerly fallow lands (E) The completion of the railway system

(C) Expansion of cottage industries in the countryside

(passage by Voltaire) Based on the passage and historical context, which of the following best explains Peter the Great's motivations for visiting England and Holland? (A) He wished to expand Russian trade in Asia. (B) He wished to bring together European and Asian scholarship. (C) He wished to modernize his empire. (D) He wished to retire from political life and become an Enlightenment philosophe.

(C) He wished to modernize his empire.

"That the pretended powers of suspending of laws or the execution of laws by regal authority without consent of Parliament is illegal. That levying money for or to the use of the Crown by pretence of prerogative without grant of Parliament for longer time or in other manner than the same is illegal." The provisions above from the English Bill of Rights were enacted in response to (A) Henry VIII's divorce of Catherine of Aragon despite Parliament's disapproval (B) Elizabeth I's refusal to sign the death warrant against Mary, Queen of Scots (C) James II's attempts to dominate Parliament (D) opposition aroused by the joint rule of William and Mary (E) the ineffectual rule of George I

(C) James II's attempts to dominate Parliament

The establishment and growth of St. Petersburg during the early eighteenth century was part of Peter the Great' s attempt to do which of the following? (A) Strengthen his alliances with the Baltic states (B) Improve relations with the Orthodox church (C) Remake Russian institutions to be as effective as those in western Europe (D) Reduce the high cost of government in the old capital of Moscow (E) Discourage further Russian expansion eastward into Asia

(C) Remake Russian institutions to be as effective as those in western Europe

Which of the following most accurately describes the political system of the Dutch republic of the seventeenth century? (A) Popular democracy (B) Rule by an absolute monarch (C) Rule by wealthy merchants (D) Control by feudal lords (E) Rule by yeoman farmers

(C) Rule by wealthy merchants

(passage on diplomatic correspondence from King William III) William's description of his status within the English government is best explained by which of the following? (A) The creation of an oligarchical system of government in William's home country of the Netherlands (B) The increasing diplomatic tensions created by England's expanding colonial empire (C) The assertion of parliamentary supremacy over the monarchy in the English government (D) The desire of William to impose an absolutist system of government on England

(C) The assertion of parliamentary supremacy over the monarchy in the English government

(passage by Cardinal Richelieu) Richelieu's ideas best reflect which of the following developments in Europe during the 1600s? (A) The effects of the Thirty Years' War on religious policies of European governments (B) The development of constitutionalism as a form of government in Europe (C) The creation of new systems of government that centralized state power (D) The attempt to reunify Europe under a Catholic monarchy

(C) The creation of new systems of government that centralized state power

Which of the following best helps to explain the economic and political decline of Spain during the seventeenth century? (A) The collective security measures implemented by Cardinal Richelieu in order to prevent the spread of Catholicism (B) The extensive battles waged in the Iberian Peninsula between the imperial forces and various coalitions of Protestants (C) The extension of the empire's commitments beyond its resources (D) The advocacy of religious toleration by the Spanish rulers to promote the immigration of non-Catholic groups into Spain (E) The secret treaty between England and France to embargo the ports of the Iberian Peninsula

(C) The extension of the empire's commitments beyond its resources

(table on sugar consumption) The overall trend in sugar consumption represented in the chart contributed LEAST to which of the following? (A) The growth of the trans-Atlantic slave trade (B) The development of a consumer society (C) The increase in rural migration to urban areas (D) The outbreak of rebellion in the French colony of Saint Domingue

(C) The increase in rural migration to urban areas

(2 images on Jan Steen) Which of the following best explains why Steen produced paintings like the one in image 1 for wealthy Dutch merchants? (A) The merchants wished to show their Protestant rejection of Catholic imagery. (B) The merchants wished to show their support for the imposition of royal absolutism. (C) The merchants wished to show that their prosperity did not compromise their moral beliefs. (D) The merchants wished to show their knowledge of classical artistic styles and influences

(C) The merchants wished to show that their prosperity did not compromise their moral beliefs.

The Russian woodcut above (about 1698) symbolizes Peter the Great's (A) victory over the Swedes in the Great Northern War (B) elimination of the Cossacks as a political force within Russia (C) imposition of Western values on the Russian nobility (D) initiation of the partition of Poland (E) struggle with his son, Alexis, for control of Russia

(C) imposition of Western values on the Russian nobility

(passage by Jeremy Bentham) Bentham's argument in the passage is best explained in the context of the (A) growth of mercantilism (B) creation of joint-stock companies (C) increasing use of credit for complex financial transactions (D) development of England's railroad and canal network

(C) increasing use of credit for complex financial transactions

The French Fronde is best described as the (A) first government formed after the French Revolution (B) civil war fought between Roman Catholics and Protestants (C) revolt over increasing centralization of royal power (D) wars between France and the Holy Roman Empire (E) style of architecture developed under Louis XIV

(C) revolt over increasing centralization of royal power

Which of the following best explains European states' ability to dominate the world trade system in the 1700s? (A) The superior quality of European manufactured goods produced for export (B) Coordinated efforts by Europe's rulers to minimize economic competition (C) The creation of large European land empires in Asia and Africa (D) Europe's continued superiority in naval and maritime technology

(D) Europe's continued superiority in naval and maritime technology

(passage of Frederick William letter) Which of the following best summarizes the advice given by Frederick William in the first paragraph? (A) A good leader should instill fear in the population. (B) It is not necessary to tolerate other religions. (C) Exploit the church for the enrichment of the state. (D) Helping the people will strengthen the state.

(D) Helping the people will strengthen the state.

(2 passages on Alfonso and Muhammad) Which of the following best describes the impact that the economic and political processes described in the passages would have in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries? (A) Spain would maintain its predominant economic position in Europe. (B) Spain would embrace the economic principles outlined by Adam Smith in The Wealth of Nations. (C) Spain would become the leading innovator in new financial practices, such as the use of joint-stock companies. (D) Spain would fall behind England, France, and the Netherlands in economic development.

(D) Spain would fall behind England, France, and the Netherlands in economic development.

(passage by Cardinal Richelieu) Which of the following most directly influenced Richelieu's views on the power of the king? (A) The passage of the Edict of Nantes guaranteeing religious tolerance for French Protestants (B) The growing rivalries with other European powers for overseas colonies (C) The increasing political status of the new merchant class in France (D) The challenges posed to the French government during uprisings by the nobility

(D) The challenges posed to the French government during uprisings by the nobility

(passage by James Cook) Cook's observations concerning the material culture of the inhabitants of Australia most clearly reflect the influence of which of the following developments in Europe? (A) The decline in power of the landed aristocracy relative to commercial elites (B) The increase in agricultural productivity known as the Agricultural Revolution (C) Protestant reaction against ornate forms of decoration and religious imagery (D) The expanded availability and use of consumer goods

(D) The expanded availability and use of consumer goods

(2 images on Jan Steen) The choice of subject matter in the two paintings is best explained by which of the following historical developments during the artist's life? (A) The Netherlands' achievement of independence from the Habsburg Empire after the Thirty Years' War (B) The establishment of religious toleration in the Netherlands after the Reformation (C) The poor harvests and other effects of the Little Ice Age in the seventeenth century (D) The growth of a wealthy trading elite in the Netherlands

(D) The growth of a wealthy trading elite in the Netherlands

(passage on diplomatic correspondence from King WIlliam III) William's letter to Pope Innocent is best explained as an attempt to justify which of the following? (A) The outbreak of the English Civil War (B) The development of absolutism in England (C) The rebellion of the Netherlands against the Habsburg Empire (D) The outcome of the Glorious Revolution

(D) The outcome of the Glorious Revolution

(2 images Peter the Great and Louis XIV) The presence of the aristocracy in both of the images most directly reflects a continuation of which of the following processes? (A) The assertion of the traditional rights of the landed nobility against a centralized monarchy (B) The development of a new commercial aristocracy as a result of growing overseas trade (C) The modernization of the military through meritocracy and new technologies (D) The preservation of the nobility's social status despite the absolutist authority of monarchs

(D) The preservation of the nobility's social status despite the absolutist authority of monarchs

Which of the following represents the final defeat of efforts by the Ottoman Empire to acquire large areas of central Europe? (A) The battle of Poltava (1709) (B) The battle of Lepanto (1571) (C) The battle of Nördlingen (1634) (D) The siege of Vienna (1683) (E) The fall of Constantinople (1453)

(D) The siege of Vienna (1683)

Which of the following best explains the increase in food supply in Europe in the 1700s? (A) The increase in the urban population of Europe (B) The development of early forms of factory-based mass production (C) The migration of Europeans to overseas colonies (D) The transfer of plant species from the Americas to Europe

(D) The transfer of plant species from the Americas to Europe

Which of the following is an accurate characterization of England in the period 1688-1715 ? (A) A Puritan theocracy (B) An absolute monarchy (C) A democracy practicing religious toleration (D) A merchant republic increasingly under Dutch dominance (E) A constitutional monarchy controlled by an aristocratic oligarchy

(E) A constitutional monarchy controlled by an aristocratic oligarchy

Of the following, which was the most important result of the Peace of Utrecht (1713) ? (A) It allowed the unification of the thrones of France and Spain. (B) It weakened Great Britain's effort to replace France as the leading colonial power. (C) It divided the Spanish colonial empire between the French and the British. (D) It dealt a blow to the Austrian Hapsburgs, who had expected to acquire Gibraltar. (E) It ended the efforts of Louis XIV to dominate continental European politics.

(E) It ended the efforts of Louis XIV to dominate continental European politics.

A major result of the War of the Spanish Succession (1701-1713) and the Treaty of Utrecht (1713-1714) was to (A) unite the Spanish and French thrones under a Bourbon ruler (B) finalize the decline of the British navy after a short-lived domination (C) cause a long-term decline in international commerce and trade (D) introduce significant new developments in warfare and weapons (E) prevent France from upsetting the balance of power

(E) prevent France from upsetting the balance of power

The most important political and military result of the Thirty Years' War and the Peace of Westphalia was the (A) decline of Denmark as a Baltic power (B) decline of the Ottoman Empire as a great power (C) rise of English naval power (D) rise of Russia as a great power (E) rise of France as a great power

(E) rise of France as a great power

In seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Prussia, the Junkers supported the monarchy and served in the army in return for (A) the right to sell their lands (B) control of an independent national parliament (C) toleration of their religious diversity (D) exemption from all taxes (E) virtually absolute power over their serfs

(E) virtually absolute power over their serfs

In which of the following ways did monarchs in the 1400s and 1500s seek to create more centralized states? (A) By curbing the traditional power of the nobility to administer justice (B) By establishing new representative assemblies (C) By redistributing land to poor peasants (D) By encouraging the expansion of militias and local defense forces

A - By curbing the traditional power of the nobility to administer justice

(image of man) Based upon the image and its historical context, which of the following groups would have been most likely to commission paintings similar to Dürer's Self-Portrait? (A) Commercial elites who sponsored art that emphasized everyday life and naturalist style (B) Religious authorities who wished to emphasize the emotional aspects of Christian faith (C) Government officials who sought to be portrayed as figures from classical mythology (D) Protestant religious dissidents who favored art that broke with traditional Catholic motifs

A - Commercial elites who sponsored art that emphasized everyday life and naturalist style

Ferdinand and Isabella supported the expulsion or conversion of Muslims and Jews in Spain because (A) Ferdinand and Isabella were hostile to religious faiths other than Christianity (B) Ferdinand and Isabella feared that if they did nothing many Christians would leave Spain (C) Spanish Muslims and Jews were believed to hinder the economic development of Spain (D) Spanish Muslims and Jews outnumbered Christians in most large cities in the kingdom (E) Spanish Muslims and Jews were protected by foreign powers hostile to Spain

A - Ferdinand and Isabella were hostile to religious faiths other than Christianity

"Our sins have their source in Adam, and because Adam ate the apple, we have inherited sin from him. But Christ has shattereorder that we might be saved by His works and not by our works. Christ says: I am your justification." Which of the following best describes Luther's meaning in the excerpt above? (A) Only faith in Christ will bring salvation, not good works. (B) "Justification" is different from "salvation." (C) Faith means nothing without good works to demonstrate belief. (D) Good works are necessary for justification, but only faith in Christ will bring salvation. (E) Neither faith nor good works will bring salvation.

A - Only faith in Christ will bring salvation, not good works.

The Edict of Nantes issued by Henry IV of France did which of the following? (A) Recognized the rights of French Protestants. (B) Made public the king's conversion to Roman Catholicism. (C) Settled the Bourbons on the French throne. (D) Ordered the Spanish out of France. (E) Announced French entry into the war between the Spanish and the Dutch

A - Recognized the rights of French Protestants.

Which of the following beliefs was central to Martin Luther's religious philosophy? (A) Salvation by faith alone (B) Saints as intermediaries between the individual Christian and God (C) The sacrament of penance (D) The priesthood defined as distinct from the laity (E) The equality of men and women

A - Salvation by faith alone

(map of Spain) Which of the following can be deduced from the maps above, which chart population density and taxation in sixteenth-century Castile? (A) Southeastern Castile was sparsely populated and paid proportionally more taxes. (B) Northern Castile was most densely populated and heavily taxed. (C) The rural areas of Castile were densely populated, heavily taxed, and had higher mortality rates. (D) The poor lived in the northern urban areas and were heavily taxed. (E) The consumption tax was distributed evenly across the population.

A - Southeastern Castile was sparsely populated and paid proportionally more taxes

(table of literacy rates) A historian might use data such as those in the table to attempt to determine actual literacy rates in Spain in the period 1500-1700. All of the following statements are factually accurate. Which would LEAST limit the value of the data in the tables as a means of determining literacy rates? (A) The data in the tables cover a period of about 120 years (1540-1661). (B) The defendants in cases brought by the Spanish Inquisition were not a representative sample of the Spanish population at the time. (C) The compilers of the data in the table defined literacy as the ability to sign one's name to a document. (D) The percentages in the tables were based on a very small number of cases

A - The data in the tables cover a period of about 120 years (1540-1661)

(painting of Massacre of the Huguenots) Incidents such as the one depicted in Vasari's painting contributed most directly to which of the following? (A) The exacerbation of conflicts between the Valois monarchy and various noble factions (B) The establishment of royal absolutism under Louis XIII and Louis XIV (C) The entry of France in the Thirty Years' War on the side of the Protestants (D) The intensification of the grievances of the Third Estate against the nobility and the clergy

A - The exacerbation of conflicts between the Valois monarchy and various noble factions

Advocates of northern humanism believed which of the following? (A) The fusion of Christian and Classical ideals provides the best definition of virtuous conduct. (B) The conventions of romantic love enhance social respect for women. (C) Education and scholarship should be equally open to men and women. (D) The new poetic forms, such as the sonnet, could be used to articulate their beliefs. (E) Political rights should be extended to all men.

A - The fusion of Christian and Classical ideals provides the best definition of virtuous conduct.

The tendency of Northern Renaissance artists to focus on contemporary individuals as well as themes of everyday life is most closely connected to which of the following developments in northern Europe during the sixteenth century? (A) The growing prosperity of new commercial groups (B) The spread of knowledge about European exploration of Africa, Asia, and the Americas (C) The attempts by new monarchs to create more centralized states (D) The increasing production of vernacular texts

A - The growing prosperity of new commercial groups

(passage on Treaty of Osnabruck) The passage provides evidence for which of the following features of European society in the seventeenth century? (A) The nobility continued to retain some traditional forms of social authority. (B) Social groups such as merchants were increasingly able to challenge traditional restrictions on their status. (C) Absolute monarchs expanded their ability to dictate the organization of society. (D) Members of the aristocracy became increasingly less likely to change their religious beliefs

A - The nobility continued to retain some traditional forms of social authority.

Which of the following best explains how the printing press contributed to the development of national cultures in Europe? (A) The printing press encouraged the spread of vernacular literature. (B) The printing press allowed for easier publication of laws and legal findings. (C) The printing press led to the creation of guilds and craft associations dedicated to the production of books and pamphlets. (D) The printing press encouraged the spread of humanist ideas from Italy to northern Europe

A - The printing press encouraged the spread of vernacular literature.

Which of the following affected the status of women during the Reformation? (A) The suppression of nunneries and the institution of a married clergy (B) Papal agreement allowing the ordination of women (C) Permission from secular rulers permitting women to own property (D) The abolition of primogeniture and the institution of equal inheritance for men and women (E) The establishment of equal access to education for men and women

A - The suppression of nunneries and the institution of a married clergy

Renaissance humanism is primarily defined as (A) a curriculum based on the study of the classics, rhetoric, and history (B) an antireligious program dedicated to the destruction of the Church (C) an artistic style that portrayed the depraved state of human beings (D) a philosophical movement that emphasized the beauty of nature (E) a religious movement that attempted to make Christianity relevant to daily experience

A - a curriculum based on the study of the classics, rhetoric, and history

(passage on list of demands) The rebel leaders' insistence on the importance of the Cortes best exemplifies which of the following processes in early modern Europe? (A) Attempts by corporate groups to use existing institutions of shared governance to resist royal encroachment (B) Attempts by commercial and professional groups to obtain political power commensurate with their economic and social standing (C) Attempts by the peasantry to maintain access to common lands and other resources threatened by privatization by members of the nobility (D) Attempts by members of the landed aristocracy to reverse the trend toward greater use of professional or mercenary armies

A- Attempts by corporate groups to use existing institutions of shared governance to resist royal encroachment

(passage by Johannes von Staupitz) Based on the passage and the historical context in which it was published, which of the following would most likely have challenged the author's assertions? (A) Protestant reformers, such as Martin Luther (B) Catholic authorities, such as the pope (C) Secular authorities, such as the German princes (D) Radical religious groups, such as the Anabaptists

B - Catholic authorities, such as the pope

Which of the following is true of Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden? (A) He was a devout Roman Catholic. (B) He was a major participant in the Thirty Years' War. (C) He defeated the Russian army at the Battle of Borodino. (D) He established Calvinism as the Swedish state religion. (E) He set up an organization to mediate international disputes.

B - He was a major participant in the Thirty Years War

"If a Prince wants to maintain his rule, he must learn how not to be virtuous, and to make use of this or not according to his need." The passage above best reflects the argument of (A) Thomas More (B) Machiavelli (C) Louis XIV (D) Frederick the Great (E) Napoleon I

B - Machiavelli

(painting of Massacre of the Huguenots) Which of the following was most directly intended to resolve the conflict illustrated in Vasari's painting? (A) The Peace of Augsburg (B) The Edict of Nantes (C) The Pragmatic Sanction (D) The Civil Constitution of the Clergy

B - The Edict of Nantes

(passage by Hans Herberle) The ability of someone of Herberle's social status in seventeenth-century Germany to read and write was most likely the result of which of the following? (A) The diffusion of Renaissance humanist ideas to areas outside Italy (B) The Protestant Reformation's emphasis on individual study of the Bible (C) The establishment of mandatory systems of national education (D) The growth of representative forms of government as alternatives to absolutism

B - The Protestant Reformation's emphasis on individual study of the Bible

(passage on petition of puritans) The petitioners' accusation that Anglican preachers are "mere readers [of the Book of Common Prayer]" is a reflection of which of the following Protestant beliefs? (A) The doctrine that some individuals are predestined for salvation and others are not (B) The belief that the Bible conveys the message of salvation (C) The condemnation of corrupt practices, such as the sale of indulgences (D) The position that only baptism and the Eucharist are valid sacraments

B - The belief that the Bible conveys the message of salvation

(passage on Euan Cameron) Which of the following does the author most directly use as evidence of a shift in political attitudes toward authority? (A) The attack of scholars against their superiors (B) The demands of lay people for their leaders to adopt Protestant reforms (C) The Church attack against dissenters (D) The privileged status of scholars in medieval society

B - The demands of lay people for their leaders to adopt Protestant reforms

(table of literacy rates) Which of the following best accounts for the consistent difference between the male and the female literacy rates recorded in the tables? (A) The growth of monastic orders for women during the Catholic Reformation, such as the Ursulines (B) The expectation that women would engage in different social and economic activities than men (C) The weakening of traditional Catholic institutions as a result of the Protestant Reformation (D) The practice of delaying marriage and postponing having children to improve economic prospects

B - The expectation that women would engage in different social and economic activities than men

(images of two Italian artists) Taken together, the two portraits best represent which of the following artistic developments of the Italian Renaissance? (A) The growing emphasis on secularism (B) The growing emphasis on naturalism and humanism (C) The growing emphasis on rationality and empiricism (D) The growing emphasis on portraying common people

B - The growing emphasis on naturalism and humanism

(passage by Cicely Veronica Wedgwood) Which of the following most directly undermines the author's argument that the Thirty Years' War "settled nothing worth settling"? (A) The Thirty Years War had a devastating impact on civilian populations in many parts of northern Europe. (B) The ideal of a universal Christendom was effectively abandoned as religion largely ceased to be the major cause for warfare between European states. (C) The rulers of the German states maintained the right to designate the official religion of their territories. (D) Charles II was restored as the king of England after the interregnum of Oliver Cromwell's Puritan military dictatorship.

B - The ideal of a universal Christendom was effectively abandoned as religion largely ceased to be the major cause for warfare between European states

(passage by regent by an agent of the Spanish Inquisition to King Philip II) Which of the following events marked the effective end of Spain's ability to act as a champion of Catholicism in Europe? (A) The Battle of Lepanto against the Ottoman Empire (1571) (B) The outcome of the Thirty Years' War (1648) (C) The Siege of Vienna (1683) (D) The outcome of the Seven Years' War (1763)

B - The outcome of the Thirty Years' War (1648)

(passage on demands of peasants) The list of demands could best be used as evidence for which of the following? (A) The creation of new economic elites associated with the growth of commerce (B) The persistence of traditional social hierarchies in rural society (C) The increasing productivity associated with the Agricultural Revolution (D) The role of the printing press in undermining the elite monopoly on the creation and dissemination of knowledge

B - The persistence of traditional social hierarchies in rural society

(passage by Conrad Celtis) The passage above most clearly shows the influence of which of the following trends in fifteenth-century Europe? (A) The development of natural philosophy based on inductive and deductive reasoning (B) The revival of classical learning and the development of Northern humanism (C) The continued reliance on traditional supernatural explanations of the world (D) The development of Baroque dramatic forms to enhance the stature of elites

B - The revival of classical learning and the development of Northern humanism

(passage 5) A historian could best use Lord Kenyon's attitude toward witchcraft in Source 1 as evidence of which of the following? (A) The embrace of folk beliefs by elites (B) The spread of Enlightenment thought (C) The increasing involvement of women in commercial activities (D) The ongoing social and religious tensions in England as a result of the Reformation

B - The spread of Enlightenment thought

(passage by Hans Herberle) The conflict that Herberle describes in his chronicle resulted in which of the following? (A) The establishment of several religiously pluralistic and tolerant states within the German-speaking regions (B) The weakening of the Holy Roman Empire and the strengthening of smaller sovereign states within its boundaries (C) The virtual extinction of all Christian denominations except Lutheranism and Roman Catholicism within the German-speaking regions (D) The political unification of most of the German-speaking regions under a Protestant, rather than a Catholic monarch

B - The weakening of the Holy Roman Empire and the strengthening of smaller sovereign states within its boundaries

The emphasis of Northern Renaissance humanists on religious themes was most closely connected to their (A) concern over the threat posed by the expansion of the Islamic Ottoman Empire (B) desire to reform what they saw as shortcomings of the Roman Catholic Church (C) attempts to revive belief in the ancient Greek and Roman gods (D) hope to create a new religion based on reason rather than tradition

B - desire to reform what they saw as shortcomings of the Roman Catholic Church

Which of the following features of Renaissance Italy had the most influence on the development of new political theories there? (A) The threat of Ottoman expansion into Italy (B) The division of Italy into numerous city-states (C) The predominance of Catholicism in Italy (D) The use of several closely related dialects in Italy

B - the division of Italy into numerous city-states

The political strength of the Medici family in Florence was initially based on (A) a close alliance with the papacy (B) the influence and wealth of their bank (C) the support of the lower classes (D) the support of a powerful citizen militia (E) their tenure in various municipal offices

B - the influence and wealth of their bank

(passage on list of demands) All of the following statements are factually accurate. Which would best explain the rebels' demands in the passage concerning money? (A) The massive inflow of silver from the Americas to Spain did not start until the second half of the sixteenth century. (B) A significant number of economic transactions in sixteenth-century Castile were still in the form of barters or exchanges in kind. (C) Charles's election as Holy Roman Emperor in 1519 involved him in many expensive commitments outside Spain. (D) Charles's economic policies in Castile were consistent with the principles of mercantilism

C - Charles's election as Holy Roman Emperor in 1519 involved him in many expensive commitments outside Spain.

(passage by Johannes von Staupitz) Which of the following best describes the main claim made by von Staupitz in the passage? (A) Church authorities are the best judges of whether someone is truly repentant. (B) The collection of money for the forgiveness of sins has corrupted the church. (C) Forgiveness of sins depends on repentance, not on a monetary payment. (D) Bishops, rather than the pope, should have the power to forgive sins.

C - Forgiveness of sins depends on repentance, not on a monetary payment

Which of the following most facilitated the rapid adoption of the printing press in Europe in the last half of the 1400s? (A) Subsidies from new monarchs for the establishment of official government printing presses (B) Interest in new geographic discoveries being made by European explorers (C) Increases in literacy and decreases in the cost of paper (D) Demand for vernacular versions of the Christian Bible

C - Increases in literacy and decreases in the cost of paper

(passage by regent by an agent of the Spanish Inquisition to King Philip II) The events described in the passage best illustrate which of the following aspects of the religious conflicts in Europe in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries? (A) Catholics responded to the challenge of the Protestant Reformation by creating new religious orders to revitalize the Roman Catholic Church. (B) The spread of Protestant ideas in France had already resulted in the French monarchs adopting a policy of religious toleration. (C) Protestants made effective use of the increased availability of printing technology to spread their ideas. (D) Despite doctrinal differences, Catholics and Protestants continued to live amicably together in many regions of Europe.

C - Protestants made effective use of the increased availability of printing technology to spread their ideas.

(passage by Johannes von Staupitz) The controversy over the power to forgive sins referred to in the passage contributed to which of the following results in Europe over the next century? (A) Widespread rejection of organized religion by Europeans (B) Establishment of state-sponsored Catholic churches in most of Europe (C) Religious violence and the end of Catholic authority over much of the continent (D) Abandonment by the papacy of claims to spiritual authority over Christians

C - Religious violence and the end of Catholic authority over much of the continent

(passage on ordinances) The ordinances in the passage best exemplify which of the following aspects of Calvinism? (A) The rejection of Roman Catholic sacraments (B) The recognition of the desirability of religious toleration in mixed-faith communities (C) The belief that laws must be based on religious principles (D) The belief in the predestination of the elect to salvation

C - The belief that laws must be based on religious principles

(passage Euan Cameron) Which of the following does the author use as evidence for the argument that the Reformation was a series of parallel movements? (A) The attack on Martin Luther by the pope and other church leaders (B) Luther's threat to "the Pope's crown and the monks' bellies" (C) The blending of religious reformers' protests with those of laymen (D) The high status of the scholars who started the Reformation

C - The blending of religious reformers' protests with those of laymen

The Peace of Westphalia (1648) resulted in which of the following? (A) Undisputed control over central Europe by the Hapsburgs (B) The creation of a strong central government to rule the Holy Roman Empire (C) The guaranteed independence of numerous small German states (D) An end to the persecution of Protestants in the Hapsburg Empire (E) An end to the Hundred Years' War

C - The guaranteed independence of numerous small German states

(passage on petition of puritans) In the seventeenth century, adherents to the beliefs expressed in the passage most strongly supported which of the following? (A) The establishment of the Stuart dynasty in England in 1603 (B) The attempts by Charles I to establish an absolutist government (C) The parliamentary rebellion that started the English Civil War (D) Opposition to the Glorious Revolution of 1688

C - The parliamentary rebellion that started the English Civil War

(passage by Johannes von Staupitz) The passage best reflects which of the following developments of the early sixteenth century? (A) The rejection of Protestant ideas by members of the Catholic hierarchy (B) The beginning of Europeans' self-identification with national and ethnic groups (C) The questioning of established Catholic Church doctrine (D) The attempt to restrict access to new ideas made available by the printing press

C - The questioning of established Catholic Church doctrine

(passage on Euan Cameron) Which of the following does the author most directly use as evidence for the persistence of the religious reformers? (A) Their silence in the face of Church counterattacks (B) The support of political rulers trying to advance their own agendas (C) Their use of the printing press to denounce their accusers (D) The dissent of ordinary, moderately prosperous householders

C - Their use of the printing press to denounce their accusers

Which of the following best explains why Protestant reformers such as Martin Luther stressed the use of vernacular (non-Latin) languages for religious texts and instruction? (A) Most of the early Protestant reformers had little or no knowledge of Latin. (B) They were pressured by secular rulers to discontinue the use of Latin in favor of local languages. (C) They believed that religious teachings should be directly accessible to as wide an audience as possible. (D) They wished to covertly spread their teachings in languages less likely to be understood by the Catholic clergy.

C - They believed that religious teachings should be directly accessible to as wide an audience as possible.

Major Protestant and Roman Catholic leaders of the sixteenth century condemned the Anabaptists because Anabaptists (A) rejected the Bible as the source of religious truth (B) favored government enforcement of morality (C) advocated a complete separation of church and state (D) restored the privileges of the clergy (E) tried to reconcile Protestant and Catholic teachings

C - advocated a complete separation of church and state

Martin Luther believed that the most important role for a Christian woman was to (A) minister to the sick and poor (B) preach the word of God in church on Sunday (C) become a wife and mother (D) lead a life devoted primarily to prayer and contemplation (E) teach reading and writing in a religious school

C - become a wife and mother

(passage by Voltaire) Compared with Luther's sixteenth-century critique of the Roman Catholic Church, Voltaire's critique in the first paragraph of the passage is (A) more focused on the corruption of the Catholic clergy (B) more focused on challenging specific points of Catholic doctrine (C) less reliant on using Scripture to challenge Catholic tradition

C - less reliant on using Scripture to challenge Catholic tradition

(passage on list of demands) Based on the rebels' demands, it can be concluded that Charles V sought to implement in Castile policies characteristic of (A) constitutional monarchs (B) Enlightened monarchs (C) New monarchs (D) elective monarchs

C - new monarchs

During the great witchcraft persecutions of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, those most often tried as witches were (A) young girls (B) young boys (C) older women (D) members of the clergy (E) members of the aristocracy

C - older women

During the Thirty Years' War, France pursued a policy of (A) supporting the Hapsburgs against the Protestant princes and rulers (B) allowing French Protestants to fight for the Protestants even though the monarchy supported the Roman Catholics (C) supporting the Protestant princes and rulers against the Hapsburgs (D) remaining neutral (E) opposing England in order to recapture Normandy

C - supporting the Protestant princes and rulers against the Hapsburgs

The house above designed by Palladio and constructed in Italy during the sixteenth century, illustrates the architectural influence of (A) Egyptian palaces (B) Roman baths (C) classical temples (D) Byzantine monasteries (E) medieval castles

C- classical temples

Which of the following best explains why the printing press was a significant factor in spreading Protestant ideas? (A) It was initially developed in a region of Germany that later became divided between Catholics and Protestants. (B) It was initially used to create books that were designed to replicate the appearance of handwritten works. (C) It enabled the reproduction of images as well as text. (D) It greatly decreased the cost and increased the quantity of written materials.

D - It greatly decreased the cost and increased the quantity of written materials.

"In conformity, therefore, to the clear doctrine of the Scripture, we assert, that by an eternal and immutable counsel, God has once for all determined, both whom he would admit to salvation, and whom he would condemn to destruction." The idea expressed in the passage above is most closely associated with the theological views of (A) Erasmus (B) Pope Leo X (C) Thomas More (D) John Calvin (E) Ignatius Loyola

D - John Calvin

"They are ungrateful, changeable, simulators and dissimulators, runaways in danger, eager for gain; while you do well by them they are all yours; they offer you their blood, their property, their lives, their children when need is far off; but when it comes near you, they tum about." The political assessment above of Renaissance citizens can be found in (A) Castiglione's The Book of the Courtier (B) Shakespeare's Julius Caesar (C) More's Utopia (D) Machiavelli's The Prince (E) Cellini's Autobiography

D - Machiavelli's The Prince

(passage by Conrad Celtis) Celtis' discussion of Italian influence in the German lands is most similar to which of the following? (A) Machiavelli's criticism of Italian political systems in The Prince (B) Galileo's science-based inquiries that threatened the authority of Catholic worldviews (C) Erasmus' arguments in favor of religious toleration and criticizing traditional superstitions (D) Martin Luther's criticisms of the Catholic Church in his Ninety-five Theses

D - Martin Luther's criticisms of the Catholic Church in his Ninety-five Theses

(passage by regent by an agent of the Spanish Inquisition to King Philip II) Which of the following is best supported by the passage? (A) The Spanish government used agents of the Inquisition as ambassadors to neighboring countries. (B) Barcelona was the center of Protestant activity in Spain. (C) The Spanish government was producing religious treatises for the Catholic Reformation and sending them abroad. (D) Owning and reading Protestant religious literature was illegal in Spain.

D - Owning and reading Protestant religious literature was illegal in Spain.

(table of literacy rates) Which of the following best accounts for the changes indicated in the tables between the literacy rates of the sixteenth century and those of the seventeenth century? (A) The revival of Classical humanist texts during the Renaissance (B) Jesuit efforts to encourage the reading of the Bible (C) The development of mandatory public education systems (D) The development and spread of cheap printed educational materials, such as books for learning to read

D - The development and spread of cheap printed educational materials, such as books for learning to read

Which of the following best explains why the spread of the printing press encouraged the spread of new religious ideas? (A) The printing press required specialized knowledge and training to operate efficiently. (B) The printing press spread relatively quickly to many areas of Europe beyond the Rhineland region where it was first developed. (C) The Catholic Church attempted to control the production of religious texts by establishing approval procedures and lists of forbidden books. (D) The printing press allowed people to bypass the Catholic Church's traditional monopoly on the production of religious texts.

D - The printing press allowed people to bypass the Catholic Church's traditional monopoly on the production of religious texts.

Italian women artists of the Renaissance and Baroque era were able to achieve recognition as artists primarily as a result of their (A) commissions from governments (B) work painting religious scenes in churches (C) role as important teachers in art schools (D) commissions from wealthy patrons (E) marriage to other famous artists

D - commissions from wealthy patrons

(map of Spain) Lorenzo Valla's demonstration that the Donation of Constantine was fraudulent weakened the papacy's claim (A) that Lutheranism was a heresy (B) of supremacy over the Orthodox Church (C) that good works were necessary for salvation (D) to extensive territories in Italy (E) to supremacy over church councils

D - to extensive territories in Italy

Martin Luther initially criticized the Roman Catholic church on the grounds that it (A) supported priests as religious teachers (B) sponsored translations of the Bible into vernacular languages (C) reduced the number of sacraments (D) used indulgences as a fund-raising device (E) formed close associations with secular rulers

D - used indulgences as a fund-raising device

(passage on Treaty of Osnabruck) The treaty provisions in the first paragraph were most similar to which of the following? (A) Luther's Ninety-Five Theses that criticized the papacy in 1517 (B) The Act of Supremacy in 1534 that established the Anglican Church (C) The decrees of the Council of Trent (1545-1563) (D) The Edict of Nantes (1598)

D -The Edict of Nantes (1598)

Which of the following best describes the results of the Peace of Augsburg (1555) ? (A) It empowered German rulers to impose Lutheran, Calvinist, or Zwinglian Protestantism. (B) It was rejected by the Emperor Charles V. (C) It released all German-speaking states from papal authority. (D) It established toleration for Anabaptists in the Holy Roman Empire. (E) It provided a legal basis for the existence of Lutheranism.

E -It provided a legal basis for the existence of Lutheranism