AP euro midterm #1-10

Maria Theresa (Austria) (1740-1789)

Consolidation of Habsburg lands, guarantee of soldier and taxes at all times, broke local diets, laws against abuse of serfs, never actually abolished it, education for kids, secular colleges, less church influence (was also pretty racist though)

Pugachev's rebellion 1773

Pugachev pretends to be Peter the 3rd, gathers a bunch of peasants and promises the, radical reforms like equal rights, no more serfdom, no more taxes or forced military. After he is caught and killed, Catherine the Great represses all the peasants in order to keep the nobility on her side.

Jean-Baptiste Colbert

a financial genius; applied a central principle that that the wealth and economy of France should serve the state; applied mercantilism

tzar (czar)

emperor of Russia

Emile

emphasized the importance of education but thought it was restricted

St.Petersburg

russian city built by Peter the Great in the early 18th century as a Westernized European capital; became Russia's foremost cultural city

crime & punishment

torture was used, lower class people were subject to worse treatment, England set criminals to the New World as indentured servants

Prussia

"Not a state that possesses an army, but an army that possesses at state" describes which European state

d'Holbach

"education should teach princes to be princes and the poor to work hard"

laissez-faire

"let the people do as they choose", no government interference in economy

Centralization in Scotland

1745, British ruled highlands, set up law courts in lowlands, collected taxes for Great Britain, chiefs lost jurisdiction

American Revolution

1773- Peace of Paris- Britain recognizes American independence Had a big impact on western civilization because it showed justification for rebellion, natural rights, democracy, written constitutions and bills of rights, federalism, enlightenment ideals and social contracts, US becomes a model country for advanced thinkers

Absolutism

A system of government in which a monarch holds complete power over the state and his or her subjects. It was most prevalent in the 17th century and emerged in response to decades of religious warfare. It is best exemplified by Louis XIV (r.1643-1715) of France.

Enlightened Despotism

Absolute monarch, justify rule by usefulness to the state, not by divine right. They attempt to improve society through religious toleration, eliminating feudal priviliges, and reforming education. They reject traditional laws (eliminate torture, legal equality). They centralize the government and create a powerful state through improved taxation and limited aristocracy. The ruler is the "sevant of the state"

Regulating Act of 1773

All British establishments in India are now under a single governor general

Bishop Jacques Bossuet

Bishop and tutor to the heir to the French throne; supported absolutism through divine right

In India

British power used to be spread out, but was eventually consolidated under one Governor General who acted as a monarch in India (under the British rule), courts were set up, parliament supervised

Cardinal Armand Richelieu

Chief minister to Louis XIII of France. He worked to establish absolute rule by weakening the nobles and Huguenots and employing intendants.

Eastern Question

Competition between the European Great Powers because of the instability of the Ottoman Empire

Maupeou parlements

Created by Maupeou, judges get salaries, can't reject government edicts, purely judicial

British Reform

Enlightenment contributes to this, demands for liberty and equality, rights, written constitutions, NO PRIVILEGES AT BIRTH, elected government. Middle class movement

Henry IV

First Bourbon king of France, ruled 1589-1610, and converted to Catholicism from Calvinism to bring peace after the French Civil War. He passed the Edict of Nantes and was also assassinated in 1610.

Warren Hastings

First Governor General of India, main creator of British supremacy in India

Camerialism

Form of mercantilism, Central Europe, reduce guilds, 1775 tariff union

1st Partition of Poland (1772)

Fred organizes the split up of Poland among Austria, Prussia, and Russia.

Maupeou

French chancellor, created new "Maupeou" parlaments. Wanted to make judicial procedure more uniform.

Turgot

French head of ministry, surprised guilds and built up freedom for grain commerce wanted to abolish corvee and replace with a tax on everyone, favored legal toleration of protestants

Racine

French playwright; tragedian who based his works on Greek and Roman themes

Montesquieu

French, wrote "Spirit of the Laws" which identified 3 forms of power, was a fan of John Locke, wanted government (especially aristocracy) reform

Bach

German, Lutheran, used music to worship (most of his work was written for Church)

Handel

German, work was more secular than Bach, wrote for English court and the public, studied in Italy, wrote "The Messiah"

Brandenburg-Prussia

Group of German territories, ruled by the Hohenzollern family, that became one of Europe's most powerful states in the seventeenth century

John Wilkes

Hated George 3, arrested for writing about how much he hated George 3, became a parliament hero, re elected three times, created the Supporters of he Bill of Rights in 1769- wanted parliamentary reform

Louis XIV, the Sun King

He ruled from 1643-1715, the longest reign in French history. He constructed Versailles, believed in divine right of kings, engaged in many wars, and established absolutism in France.

In Ireland

Ireland didn't want to be a part of the U.K.- wanted independence (sided with France to try and kick England out) didn't work, Act of Union in 1801 made Ireland a part of the U.K.

Jews in Europe

Jews were despised and marginalized, they lived mostly in Eastern Europe (poland), massacred in "pogroms"

Cardinal Jules Mazarin

Louis XIV's powerful chief minister.

Parliament reform

People wanted to fix the corruption, infrequent elections, "rotation boroughs", buying seats, and unequal representation in parliament

Joseph 2 of Austria (1780-1790)

More impatient for reform than Maria, more aggressive policy. Abolished serfdom, equality of taxation, equal punishment for equal crimes, religious toleration, freedom of the press, more government influence in the church, modern bureaucracy, hospitals, national language, "revolutionary emperor"

Polish Reform

Movement to get rid of Liberum Veto and other government elements that were dumb and outdated, some nationalist revival after the first Partition , but little strength. 1788, Stanislaw led the reformers, created a new constitution and made polish rule hereditary- trying to be the Jacobins from France, Catherine the Great didn't like this, so she fought them

Febronianism

Movement within the Roman Catholic Church in Germany to nationalize Catholicism and restrict papacy powers

France

NOT ENLIGHTENED!! Financial problems, class divisions and tension, problems with raising revenue

Great Westernizer

Nickname for Peter the Great

Sun King

Nickname of Louis XIV

Noble of the Sword

Nobles who earned their titles through servitude to the King

Noble of the Robe

Nobles who purchased their titles were known as

Tory

Not really a party anymore, everything is just Whig factions. England isn't two party yet

Regulating Act of 1784

Now an India office in Britain, the Governor General acts like a monarch in India

Edmund Burke

Parliament shouldn't vote for what their constituents want, vote for their own conscience, believer in conservatism

2nd Partition of Poland (1793)

Partitioned between Russia and Prussia, Russia forces Poland to accept an alliance and Russia is given control of foreign affairs and troops

Limits of Enlightened Despotism

Problems actually getting reform, privilege (you can't say that all other privilege is bad and not acknowledge that it was privilege that got the enlightened despots the throne- hereditary)

3rd Partition of Poland (1795)

Prussia and Russia organize, Austria gets land to protect the balance of power so it isn't skewed in Russia's direction, Poland is gone

L'etat C'est Moi

Quote by Louis XIV, "I am the state"

Peter the Great

Romanov ruler of Russia from 1682-1725. He brought Western European ideas to Russia, improved the Russian army, archieved control of the Orthodox Church, dominated the nobility, and transformed Russia into a major world power.

Ivan IV

Romanov ruler of Russia known as the Terrible. HIs rule of intimidation lasted from 1547-1584

Habsburgs

Ruling family of Austria

Hohenzollerns

Ruling family of Prussia during the 18th c.

Romanovs

Russian imperial dynasty that strengthened absolutism in Russia. Ruled from 1613-1917, when the Revolution forced Nicholas II's abdication.

Catherine the Great of Russia (1762-1796)

Second period of great change in Russia, aggressive foreign policy, always looking to expand (Poland partitions, seaports on the Black Sea) , brought the enlightenment to Russian nobility, legislative commission (did nothing), some religious toleration, codification, subdivides gubernii, repression of serfs

The Fronde

Series of French Civil Wars between 1648 and 1653 during the early reign of Louis XIV, perhaps influencing his style of rule later in life.

Window on the West

St. Petersburg was known as the ________

Leopold

Succeeded Joseph the Second, overturned most of his reforms, involved in the French Revolution because of his sister Marie Antoinette

Frederick the Great of Prussia (1762-1796)

Talked with philosophes (Voltaire) frequently, codified laws and improved administration, religious freedom, attracted immigrants to Prussia, created a stable society, had to rehabilitate Prussia after 7years war, promoted agriculture

Beard Tax

Tax imposed by Peter the Great opposed by the Orthodox Church, men had to be clean shaven

Junkers

Term meaning Prussian Noble

boyars

Term meaning Russian Noble

Immanuel Kant

defined the Enlightenment as "man leaving his self caused immaturity"

George 3

The "patriot king" wanted more influence of the monarchy, created the "kings friends", a faction that supported the king

Versailles

The opulent French palace built by Louis XIV just outside of Paris. It represented absolute power of his monarchy. He required all his important nobles to live there so he could control them.

education

education kept the rigid class system intact,more focus on the classics than on math

Thomas Hobbes

This Leviathan argued that life in the state of nature was "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short" and that to avoid "the war of every man against every man", a ruler must be vested with the absolute power over his subjects

popularization of high culture

achieved through the publishing of targeted demographic magazines, also through cheap novels

Cesare Beccaria

against capital punishment, advocated for jail system, wrote "Essay on the Crimes and Punishment"

Rousseau

born in Geneva, moved to paris, "liberal arts hippie", often withdrew for solitude, wrote "Discourse on the Origins of Mankind" in which he advocated anarchy (primitive existence with no laws, no judges, and inequality), prioritized general good over individual success

Frederick William the Great Elector

built a standing army because Brandenburg-Prussia did not have any natural frontiers for defense

Church/State relations during the Enlightenment

catholic nations wanted more authority over the churches in their countries, Jesuits were expelled

economic liberalism

choices made by individuals, not corporate entities

intendants

commissioners for each of France's 32 districts appointed directly by the monarch

Diderot

condemned Christianity, wrote 28 volume "Encyclopedia"

Moliere

considered one of France's greatest playwrights, if not the greatest

cultural relativism

cultures aren't superior or inferior to one another, they just differ in culture and religion

Adam Smith

father of modern economics, wrote "Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations", scottish, created the 3 basic laws of economics

Mary Wollstonecraft

founder of modern European feminism, wrote "Vindication of the Right of Women", influenced daughter Mary Shelly (author of Frankenstein)

Adam Smith (beliefs)

free market economy, capitalism, thought government should manage country but stay out of economics

Francois Quesnay

french court physician who led the physiocrats

philosophes

intellectual reformers of the Enlightenment, came from nobility/ middle class, wanted freedom of speech

Voltaire

not an aristocrat, playwright & lawyer, wrote "Treatise on Toleration" which was pro religious-toleration, used the Calas Affair as an example

Toleration Patent of 1781

passed by Joseph II of Austria, granted non-Catholics equal rights

Edict of Fontainebleau

revoked the Edict of Nantes and provided for the destruction of Huguenot churches and schools that they fled to England, the United Provinces and the German states; this weaken French economy because many of them were skilled artisans

Deism

suggested that God created the universe but didn't directly control it, believed Jesus existed but didn't think he was divine

Divine Right

the belief that God has chosen a ruler to be the avatar or their faith through ruling

role of the Church in communities

the church was responsible for record keeping, charity for the poor, and primary education

parlements

the highest French legislature, consisting of the sovereign, the House of Lords, and the House of Commons

Pierre Bayle

thought organized and state religion was wrong, anti superstition, intolerance, and dogmatism, wrote "Historical and Critical Dictionary"

physiocrats

wanted to find economic "laws", beginning of modern economics. came to the conclusion that wealth was only acquired through land and increased through agriculture. thought self interest and laissez-faire government would help economy

Bernard de Fontenelle

wrote "Plurality of Words", a popularizer

David Hume

wrote "Treatise on Human Nature", scottish, pioneering social scientist, thought that passion, not reason, motivated actions

women in the enlightenment

women's natural value was questioned, thought to be weak, inferior, meant for the home. Rousseau thought women were meant to be mothers. Voltaire and Diderot had a more positive view of women

James Cook

wore "Cooks Travels" about Tahiti, Australia, and New Zealand, deemed the natives "noble savages"

Mary Astell

wrote "A Serious Proposal to the Ladies Some Reflections Upon Marriage", feminist, english, writer,