AP euro midterm
Major Protestant and Roman Catholic leaders of the sixteenth century condemned the Anabaptists because Anabaptists
advocated a complete separation of church and state
Like those of the Italian Renaissance, the ideas of the Northern Renaissance were strongly influenced by humanists' interest in
classical antiquity
The house above, designed by Palladio and constructed in Italy during the sixteenth century, illustrates the architectural influence of
classical temples
The artist's statement that the kings of France, Spain, and the Holy Roman Empire "stand united" most clearly suggests that
he hoped the Peace of Westphalia would bring the rival Catholic powers back together
Sixteenth- and seventeenth-century European political leaders generally viewed religious toleration as
leading to dangerous civil disorder
European monarchs of the 1700s mostly attempted to promote trade and consumption in luxury items by following
mercantilist policies that protected domestic industries and encouraged the creation of colonies
All of the following were common subjects of Italian Renaissance works of art EXCEPT
peasant life
The term "humanism," when applied to Renaissance Italy, refers primarily to the
scholarly interest in the study of the classical cultures of Greece and Rome
Portuguese commercial expansion overseas in the sixteenth century resulted in
seizure of Muslim coastal forts to serve as Portuguese trading posts and military bases
The most important goal of the Council of Trent was the
strengthening of internal Church discipline
The ability of relatively small European forces to conquer the powerful Aztec and Incan empires can be attributed to all of the following EXCEPT
successful European missionary activity
Martin Luther's response to the German Peasants' War of 1524-1525 demonstrated his
support of the prevailing social and political order
Müntzer makes his argument that the princes should rise up against the Catholic Holy Roman Emperor and his followers primarily by
telling them it is the will of God as shown in scripture
New political theories developed during the Renaissance were characterized by an emphasis on
the improvement of centralized forms of government
The political strength of the Medici family in Florence was initially based on
the influence and wealth of their bank
The Scientific Revolution overturned the accepted ideas of which of the following?
Aristotle
The rebel leaders' insistence on the importance...
Attempts by corporate groups to use existing institutions of shared governance to resist royal encroachment
Which of the following describes a major difference between northern humanists and Italian humanists?
Both looked to classical sources, but northern humanists also emphasized Christian sources.
St. Teresa's text is best understood as a direct part of the
Catholic Reformation
Which of the following was generally supported by the mercantilists
Development of colonies
John Calvin established the center of his reformed church in
Geneva
What does de Azurara argue was the major motive behind Henry's actions?
His Christian faith
The individual who first provided mathematical formulas supporting the Copernican theory and explaining planetary motion was
Johannes Kepler
Which of the following pieces of evidence in the passage does NOT support the claim that Tetzel's treatment of indulgences was viewed as corrupt?
Luther's following of academic custom in publishing his Ninety-Five Theses
"If a Prince wants to maintain his rule, he must learn how not to be virtuous, and to make use of this or not according to his need." The passage above best reflects the argument of
Machiavelli
"They are ungrateful, changeable, simulators and dissimulators, runaways in danger, eager for gain; while you do well by them they are all yours; they offer you their blood, their property, their lives, their children when need is far off; but when it comes near you, they tum about." The political assessment above of Renaissance citizens can be found in
Machiavelli's The Prince
Which of the following statements would the Moroccan ambassador have most likely agreed with?
Manufacturing products is better than resource extraction for economic development.
Which of the following does the author use as evidence of the impact of the introduction of European cattle to the New World?
Migration into labor settlements
Which of the following is best supported by the passage?
Owning and reading Protestant religious literature was illegal in Spain.
The events described in the passage best illustrate which of the following aspects of the religious conflicts in Europe in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries?
Protestants made effective use of the increased availability of printing technology to spread their ideas.
The Edict of Nantes issued by Henry IV of France did which of the following?
Recognized the rights of French Protestants.
Which of the following was the most important factor behind the Price Revolution of the sixteenth century?
Steady population growth and rising food costs
Martin Luther believed that the most important role for a Christian woman was to
become a wife and mother
Renaissance humanism drew its main inspiration from
classical languages and literature
Couples in early modern Europe generally put off marriage until they were, on average, in their mid- to late twenties because
they needed to acquire land or learn a trade before they could support a family
Martin Luther initially criticized the Roman Catholic church on the grounds that it
used indulgences as a fund-raising device
Vesalius and other sixteenth-century physicians, who made important contributions to medical knowledge, had which of the following in common?
A willingness to challenge Greco-Roman medical authority
The image could best be used to illustrate which of the following general aspects of the initial encounters between Europeans and Native Americans?
Advances in military and maritime technology usually gave Europeans an advantage over Native Americans.
Which of the following cities dominated European trade and finance in the early seventeenth century?
Amsterdam
In which of the following ways did monarchs in the 1400s and 1500s seek to create more centralized states?
By curbing the traditional power of the nobility to administer justice
The massacre of Saint Bartholomew's Day (1572) was directed against
Huguenots in France
Descartes' understanding of the human body, as shown in the image, is most similar to which of the following?
Newton's notion of a mechanistic universe
Loyola's "Rules" were created to most directly support which of the following?
The Catholic Reformation
-Hans Herberle, shoemaker in Ulm, southern Germany, personal chronicle compiled in the 1630s The ability of someone of Herberle's social status in seventeenth-century Germany to read and write was most likely the result of which of the following?
The Protestant Reformation's emphasis on individual study of the Bible
Michael Ferrer's defense best illustrates which of the following?
The Protestant victory in the Glorious Revolution
Which of the following does the author cite in support of the claim that Native Americans had defenders among the Spanish?
The actions of Bartolomé de Las Casas
Bodin's discussion of tyrannical and despotic monarchies reflects which of the following political developments in Europe?
The concentration of power in increasingly centralized governments
Military operations such as the one shown in the engraving were most strongly supported by which of the following features of Louis XIV's government?
The creation of a strong centralized system of taxation and state finance
Taken together, the two portraits best represent which of the following artistic developments of the Italian Renaissance?
The growing emphasis on naturalism and humanism
The tendency of Northern Renaissance artists to focus on contemporary individuals as well as themes of everyday life is most closely connected to which of the following developments in northern Europe during the sixteenth century?
The growing prosperity of new commercial groups
The image is best understood in the context of which of the following developments during the Renaissance?
The growth of individualist humanism in artistic expression
The overall increase of European wealth best explains which of the following demographic developments in the 1700s?
The growth of urban commercial centers
The licensing of trade described in the passage is an example of which of the following state policies?
The implementation of mercantilism to promote the state's economic interests
Müntzer's appeal to the princes to overthrow the political order is best explained by which of the following developments?
The increasing use of Luther's religious ideas to challenge political authority
The political support by various German princes for Luther and the Protestant Reformation is best explained by which of the following?
The opportunity religious conflict gave the princes to challenge the authority of the pope and Habsburgs
Which of the following events marked the effective end of Spain's ability to act as a champion of Catholicism in Europe?
The outcome of the Thirty Years' War (1648)
Which of the following best explains why the spread of the printing press encouraged the spread of new religious ideas?
The printing press allowed people to bypass the Catholic Church's traditional monopoly on the production of religious texts.
The outcome of the trial best illustrates which of the following?
The protection of the rights of the gentry and aristocracy from monarchical power
"Assume, O men of the German lands, that ancient spirit of yours with which you so often confounded and terrified the Romans and turn your eyes to the frontiers of Germany; collect her torn and broken territories. Let us be ashamed, ashamed I say, to have placed upon our nation the yoke of slavery. . . . O free and powerful people, O noble and valiant race. . . . To such an extent are we corrupted by Italian sensuality and by fierce cruelty in extracting filthy profit that it would have been far more holy and reverent for us to practice that rude and rustic life of old, living within the bounds of self-control, than to have imported the paraphernalia of sensuality and greed which are never sated, and to have adopted foreign customs." Conrad Celtis, oration delivered at the University of Ingolstadt, 1492 The passage above most clearly shows the influence of which of the following trends in fifteenth-century Europe?
The revival of classical learning and the development of Northern humanism
Which of the following is true of the German Peasants' Revolt of 1524-1525 ?
The revolt resulted from a combination of new religious ideas and peasant demands
The image provides the clearest evidence for which of the following features of European expansion in the early modern period?
The spread of Christianity as a justification for the subjugation of indigenous peoples
Which of the following would most directly undermine Copernicus' hope that the papacy would be receptive to his arguments?
The trial of Galileo for publishing heretical works
The commissioning of Image 1 best represents which of the following trends of the Italian Renaissance?
The use of art to enhance the prestige of the elites
The ability of Luther's Ninety-Five Theses to have a significant effect on Europe is best explained by which of the following?
The use of the newly developed printing press to rapidly spread Protestant ideas
The conflict that Herberle describes in his chronicle resulted in which of the following?
The weakening of the Holy Roman Empire and the strengthening of smaller sovereign states within its boundaries
Which of the following best explains why Protestant reformers such as Martin Luther stressed the use of vernacular (non-Latin) languages for religious texts and instruction?
They believed that religious teachings should be directly accessible to as wide an audience as possible.
The image demonstrates which of the following regarding scientific advances in early modern Europe?
They used information obtained through dissection to reconceptualize the body as an integrated system.
Which of the following was the likely purpose of St. Teresa's Way of Perfection?
To justify the reform of a Catholic religious order, the Carmelites
Which of the following explorers, sailing under the flag of Portugal, reached the west coast of India in 1498 after rounding the Cape of Good Hope and crossing the Indian Ocean?
Vasco da Gama
The patterns in the graph most strongly support which of the following conclusions about witchcraft prosecutions in the early modern period?
Witchcraft prosecutions are closely associated with religious conflict.
Renaissance humanism is primarily defined as
a curriculum based on the study of the classics, rhetoric, and history
Religious change in the seventeenth-century Netherlands led to
a great vitality in intellectual and artistic life
The long-term economic effect in Europe of the establishment of trading networks and colonies such as the one described in the passage was
a shift in the center of economic power from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic states
The leading economic center of early seventeenth century Europe was
Amsterdam
Which of the following groups would have been most likely to commission paintings similar to Dürer's Self-Portrait?
Commercial elites who sponsored art that emphasized everyday life and naturalist style
Which of the following best explains European states' ability to dominate the world trade system in the 1700s?
Europe's continued superiority in naval and maritime technology
"He desired glory and excellence beyond that of anyone else. He showed favor to vernacular poetry and all the fine arts. Under him the city was not free, but it would have been impossible for it to have had a better or more pleasing tyrant." The passage above most accurately describes
Lorenzo de' Medici
Based on the rebels' demands, it can be concluded that Charles V sought to implement in Castile policies characteristic of
New monarchs
How did Philip II's religious policies illustrated in the passage compare to the policies pursued by other fifteenth- and sixteenth-century European monarchs?
Philip's policies controlling religious beliefs and practices were similar to the policies of most other monarchs at the time.
Which of the following beliefs was central to Martin Luther's religious philosophy?
Salvation by faith alone
Which of the following best explains why Protestant reformers sometimes came into conflict with Protestant rulers of the states in which they lived?
Some reformers believed that the church should not be subject to the secular state.
Which of the following best describes the impact that the economic and political processes described in the passages would have in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries?
Spain would fall behind England, France, and the Netherlands in economic development.
"Religion supplies the pretext and gold the motive." This statement was a contemporary characterization of
Spanish and Portuguese expansion in the New World
De Raemond's purpose in the passage is to criticize which of the following Protestant beliefs?
That the Bible should be directly accessible to all believers
In addition to the conquest of the last Muslim outpost in Spain at Granada and Columbus' voyage to the Americas, which of the following occurred in 1492?
The Jewish population was expelled from Spain.
The ordinances in the passage best exemplify which of the following aspects of Calvinism?
The belief that laws must be based on religious principles
The petitioners' accusation that Anglican preachers are "mere readers [of the Book of Common Prayer]" is a reflection of which of the following Protestant beliefs?
The belief that the Bible conveys the message of salvation
Which of the following does the author most directly use as evidence of the effects of European diseases on Native Americans?
The change in the population of central Mexico
Bodin's discussion of monarchical power best reflects the early stages of which of the following?
The development of absolutist systems of government
Bodin's assertions about a legitimate monarchy are best understood as an example of which of the following developments in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries?
The development of new ideas concerning the value of secular systems of government
Which of the following features of Renaissance Italy had the most influence on the development of new political theories there?
The division of Italy into numerous city-states
The Portuguese slave trade described in the passage led most directly to which of the following?
The establishment of a European-dominated system of plantation agriculture
The increased European consumption of luxury goods in the 1700s resulted most directly from which of the following economic developments?
The expansion of trade between Europe and other regions of the world
Which of the following best accounts for the consistent difference between the male and the female literacy rates recorded in the tables?
The expectation that women would engage in different social and economic activities than men
The portrait of Heraclitus best reflects which of the following features of the Italian Renaissance?
The revival of interest in classical works
Which of the following affected the status of women during the Reformation?
The suppression of nunneries and the institution of a married clergy
Which of the following best explains the increase in food supply in Europe in the 1700s?
The transfer of plant species from the Americas to Europe
By the time the engraving was produced, the event portrayed had resulted in which of the following?
The transfer of plants, animals, and diseases between Europe and the Americas
Which of the following evidence does the author provide to support the claim that Luther's theses were meant for a wider audience?
The translation of Luther's theses and their rapid printing
Which of the following best describes the claim communicated by the artist about the Peace of Westphalia?
The treaty would lead to a new period of peace and prosperity.
Rene Descartes and Francis Bacon contributed to scientific development in the seventeenth century by
articulating theories of the scientific method
St. Teresa's discussion of God's attitude toward women best reflects
debates during the Reformation regarding proper gender roles
The emphasis of Northern Renaissance humanists on religious themes was most closely connected to their
desire to reform what they saw as shortcomings of the Roman Catholic Church
Other European states reacted to the Portuguese establishment of a trading-post empire by
developing rival colonies and overseas trading networks
English entrepreneurs financed the establishment of New World colonies primarily through
private funds from the creation of joint-stock companies
Galileo was found guilty of heresy and condemned by the Inquisition on the grounds that he
publicly advocated Copernicus' heliocentric system
The image provides the most reliable information about which of the following?
European attitudes toward non-European peoples
Ferdinand and Isabella supported the expulsion or conversion of Muslims and Jews in Spain because
Ferdinand and Isabella were hostile to religious faiths other than Christianity
The expansion of the transatlantic slave trade in the 1700s is best explained by which of the following developments?
Growth in European demand for New World agricultural products
Which of the following claims does de Azurara make in the first paragraph regarding Henry's motives for keeping armed ships?
Henry kept a fleet for war against the Muslims and for exploration.
The following question refers to the topic of the printing press. Which of the following most facilitated the rapid adoption of the printing press in Europe in the last half of the 1400s?
Increases in literacy and decreases in the cost of paper
Which of the following best explains why the printing press was a significant factor in spreading Protestant ideas?
It greatly decreased the cost and increased the quantity of written materials.
Which of the following best describes the French Edict of Nantes (1598)?
It provided limited political and religious liberties for French Huguenots.
Which of the following claims does de Azurara make in the passage regarding the possible benefits of sailing beyond Cape Bojador and the Canary Islands?
It would aid in trade and in spreading the Christian faith.
The most influential religious order associated with the Catholic Reformation (Counter-Reformation) was the
Jesuit
Which of the following later developments would best support Copernicus' claim regarding the motion of the spheres?
Kepler's formulation of the laws of planetary motion
Advocates of northern humanism believed which of the following?
The fusion of Christian and Classical ideals provides the best definition of virtuous conduct.
Which of the following best accounts for Núñez de Castro's confidence in Spain's economic position?
The influx of resources from the Spanish colonies in the Americas and the Philippines
The graph most strongly indicates which of the following about the likelihood of those accused of witchcraft being executed in the period 1550 to 1700?
The likelihood of those accused of witchcraft being executed remained approximately the same throughout the period.
Which of the following most accurately describes a significant trend in witchcraft prosecutions shown by the graph?
The number of prosecutions increased sharply in the late 1500s and decreased sharply in the late 1600s.
The author's view of the sixteenth century was most likely influenced by which of the following?
The ongoing divisions and conflicts with Christianity in spite of the Catholic Reformation
The "malicious words" attributed to the accused best illustrate which of the following developments in England in the late seventeenth century?
The ongoing tensions between Parliament and the Crown over the limits of royal authority
Which of the following best explains how the printing press contributed to the development of national cultures in Europe?
The printing press encouraged the spread of vernacular literature.
Copernicus' citation of Cicero and Plutarch was likely intended to counter which of the following ideas?
The use of classical authorities to support traditional views of the natural world
Demographic changes in late sixteenth- and early seventeenth-century Europe contributed to
price inflation and a decrease in real wages
The Roman Catholic Council of Trent (1545-1563) had as its primary result
reform within the Catholic church and reaffirmation of Catholic doctrine
Lorenzo Valla's demonstration that the Donation of Constantine was fraudulent weakened the papacy's claim
to extensive territories in Italy
The presence of Bellona and the statement that "the people are obedient under you, o great Philip" best support the argument that the artist
wished to portray the Catholic Habsburgs as the victors