AP Euro Midterm Study Sheet

URBANIZATION TABLE 1500 to 1700 According to the table, which of the following countries experienced the greatest proportional increase in urbanization between 1500 and 1700 ? A) Austria/Bohemia B) Belgium C) England and Wales D) Italy

C) England and Wales

CASSIRER ON THE ENGLIGHTENMENT 2 The change in eighteenth-century thought described in the passage is best understood in the context of A) challenges to the economic principles of mercantilism B) the effects of the Commercial Revolution and growth of a money economy C) the application of reason and empiricism to human institutions D) Romanticism's challenges to the dominant trends in European thought

C) the application of reason and empiricism to human institutions

FREDERICK THE GREAT, KING OF PRUSSIA, POLITICAL TESTAMENT, 1752 Frederick's testament was most likely intended to justify which of the following? A) Prussia's embrace of Lutheranism B) Frederick's military campaigns against Austria C) Frederick's sponsorship of Enlightenment philosophes D) Prussia's adoption of enlightened absolutism

D) Prussia's adoption of enlightened absolutism

18C CRISIS UPHEAVAL REV 1 The model of political sovereignty that inspired the French Revolution posed the most direct challenge to which of the following forms of government? A) Absolute monarchy B) Constitutional monarchy C) Democracy D) Meritocracy

A) Absolute monarchy

SC1-Jacques Barzun, French historian, From Dawn to Decadence: 1500 to the Present, 500 Years of Western Cultural Life, 2000 / SC2-Margaret Thatcher, Conservative Prime Minister of Great Britain (1979-1990), memoirs, 1993 Which of the following is an accurate comparison of each author's view of the causes of the French Revolution? A) Barzun asserts that it originated from the idea of individual liberty created by the Reformation, while Thatcher argues that it came from radical Enlightenment intellectuals. B) Barzun asserts that it was led by the bourgeoisie of France, while Thatcher argues that it resulted from the demands of radical peasants and workers. C) Barzun asserts that it was the result of the success of absolutism in France, while Thatcher argues that it was the result of antireligious sentiment during the Enlightenment. D) Barzun asserts that it was the result of the development of the working class, while Thatcher argues that it was led by reformers among the nobility.

A) Barzun asserts that it originated from the idea of individual liberty created by the Reformation, while Thatcher argues that it came from radical Enlightenment intellectuals.

James Cook, British naval officer, describing the inhabitants of Australia, 1770 Cook's voyages were primarily a result of which of the following eighteenth-century developments? A) Competition among European powers to create commercial empires B) Rivalries between Catholic and Protestant countries to gain converts overseas C) Private support for scientific exploration D) Efforts to secure new sources of labor for industrialization

A) Competition among European powers to create commercial empires

Frederick William, the Great Elector of Brandenburg-Prussia, secret letter to his son and heir, 1667 Which of the following best summarizes the advice given by Frederick William in the second paragraph? A) Cultivate good relations with your neighbors in case of disputes. B) Keep a strong army to exploit the weakness of rival states. C) Use disputes between the princes and the Holy Roman Emperor to your advantage. D) Back down when confronted by rival states in order to avoid war.

A) Cultivate good relations with your neighbors in case of disputes.

BRITISH IMPORTS 1 Which of the following best describes the overall trend in England's imports from Asia, Africa, and America as shown in the table? A) England's volume of imports increased, and consumables contributed the greatest increase per year. B) England's volume of imports decreased, and raw materials contributed the greatest decrease per year. C) England's volume of imports increased, and manufactures contributed the greatest increase per year. D) England's volume of imports decreased, and each category contributed an equal decrease per year.

A) England's volume of imports increased, and consumables contributed the greatest increase per year.

PREAMBLE TO THE FRENCH CONSTITUTION OF 1791 Based on the preamble, the authors of the French Constitution of 1791 were most heavily influenced by A) Enlightenment thought B) nationalism C) religious sentiment D) Romanticism

A) Enlightenment thought

DECLARATION OF JUSTUS GRUNER, NEWLY APPOINTED GOVERNOR-GENERAL OF THE MIDDLE RHINE REGION AFTER NAPOLEAN'S RETREAT FROM GERMANY, 1814 Which of the following best explains why Napoleon's empire provoked nationalist reactions across Europe, as suggested by the passage? A) Napoleon used nationalism to mobilize the mass armies that facilitated his conquests, and his methods were copied and in some cases amplified by his rivals. B) Napoleon's failure to conquer Russia provoked nationalist fears of the imposition of Eastern Orthodox religion on Europe. C) Napoleon's agreement with the Roman Catholic Church in the Concordat of 1801 provoked nationalist responses in Protestant areas. D) Napoleon's attempts to promote economic and industrial development in his empire threatened the merchant elites of other nations.

A) Napoleon used nationalism to mobilize the mass armies that facilitated his conquests, and his methods were copied and in some cases amplified by his rivals.

RICHELIEU TESTAMENT 3 The views of power expressed by Richelieu are best understood as an early example of which of the following developments? A) The establishment of absolutist principles of monarchical government across Europe B) The protection of traditional rights by a coalition of urban and rural interests C) The decline of religion as a cause for warfare after the Peace of Westphalia D) The growth of religious pluralism as a feature of European politics and society

A) The establishment of absolutist principles of monarchical government across Europe

The following question refers to the topic of Napoleon's rise and fall. Napoleon's efforts to limit civil rights and restrict domestic opposition are best explained by which of the following? A) The need to maintain a unified France in the face of continued resistance by other European powers to his imperial conquests B) The desire to create an absolute monarchy modeled on the Bourbon dynasty C) The desire to appear as an upholder of Enlightenment political models D) The need to suppress internal opposition to the state-sponsored Cult of the Supreme Being

A) The need to maintain a unified France in the face of continued resistance by other European powers to his imperial conquests

Goldsmith's poem most directly provides evidence for which of the following? A) The sense of unease felt by people in the face of rapid social and demographic change B) The sense of resignation at the failure of human institutions C) The growing appeal of revolutionary ideas for reforming society D) The desire to celebrate the benefits of economic and material progress

A) The sense of unease felt by people in the face of rapid social and demographic change

CASSIRER ON THE ENGLIGHTENMENT 3 The worldview described in the passage became dominant most likely as a result of which of the following developments? A) The spread of printed materials that popularized the ideas of the Enlightenment B) The continued reliance on classical Greek and Roman texts as sources of knowledge C) The revival of Protestant and Catholic religious faith during the eighteenth century D) The prevalence of absolutism forms of monarchy in much of Europe

A) The spread of printed materials that popularized the ideas of the Enlightenment

DECLARATION OF JUSTUS GRUNER, NEWLY APPOINTED GOVERNOR-GENERAL OF THE MIDDLE RHINE REGION AFTER NAPOLEAN'S RETREAT FROM GERMANY, 1814 All the following statements are historically accurate. Which would most strongly support Gruner's characterization in the second paragraph of the rule of German princes before Napoleon? A) There were virtually no instances of significant popular rebellions against German princes in the eighteenth century. B) Germany was divided in nearly three hundred independent principalities in the eighteenth century. C) The Peace of Westphalia had established the idea of state sovereignty as the governing principle for relationships among German states in the eighteenth century. D) Most German states in the eighteenth century had an official religion supported by the ruler.

A) There were virtually no instances of significant popular rebellions against German princes in the eighteenth century.

he following question refers to the topic of global markets in the 1600s and 1700s. Which of the following best explains why, in the 1600s and 1700s, Britain and the Netherlands were able overcome Portuguese dominance of the trading networks of India and the East Indies? A) They had greater domestic productivity and access to more abundant resources. B) They placed greater stress on religious conversion of local inhabitants. C) They concentrated on Asian colonization and trade, whereas Portugal had extensive American colonial territories. D) They largely limited their territorial holdings in Asia to coastal trading posts.

A) They had greater domestic productivity and access to more abundant resources.

PREAMBLE TO THE fRENCH CONSTITUTION OF 1791 The leaders of the rest of Europe saw the ideas in the preamble as a threat because A) the ideas threatened to transform the social and political hierarchies of Europe B) the ideas used the power of nationalism to mobilize a powerful military C) the ideas challenged Enlightenment belief in reason and empiricism D) the ideas risked a revival of conflicts between Catholics and Protestants

A) the ideas threatened to transform the social and political hierarchies of Europe

18C CRISIS UPHEAVAL REV 2 In 1815 the immediate political result of the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars was A) the reestablishment of conservative monarchies across much of Europe B) the adoption of republican forms of government by most European states C) the recreation of the Holy Roman Empire D) the unification of Italy and Germany as nation-states

A) the reestablishment of conservative monarchies across much of Europe

FREDERICK THE GREAT, KING OF PRUSSIA, POLITICAL TESTAMENT, 1752 Frederick's concerns expressed in the passage could best be understood as an argument against which of the following developments at the time he wrote his Political Testament? A) Increasing political, economic, and military competition between German states B) An increasing emphasis on popular sovereignty in European political thought C) The decline of the Holy Roman Empire as a political force D) The declining influence of the Catholic Church on European state politics

B) An increasing emphasis on popular sovereignty in European political thought

SC1-Jacques Barzun, French historian, From Dawn to Decadence: 1500 to the Present, 500 Years of Western Cultural Life, 2000 / SC2-Margaret Thatcher, Conservative Prime Minister of Great Britain (1979-1990), memoirs, 1993 Which of the following is the most accurate description of a similarity in the ideas of the two authors? A) Both authors see the Glorious Revolution in England as a more positive development than the French Revolution. B) Both authors see the French Revolution as an attempt to change the traditional order. C) Both authors see the French Revolution as encouraging the Industrial Revolution. D) Both authors see the motivations for the French Revolution as fundamentally conservative.

B) Both authors see the French Revolution as an attempt to change the traditional order.

Diplomatic correspondence from King William III of England to Pope Innocent XII, 1693 William's claim regarding James's "design" in the first paragraph is best explained by which of the following developments? A) Attempts to abolish the monarchy in favor of a parliamentary commonwealth B) Conflicts between the Catholic Stuart monarchy and Protestant interests in Parliament C) Powerful commercial and trade interests asserting their influence in politics D) England's policy of not intervening in the Thirty Years' War

B) Conflicts between the Catholic Stuart monarchy and Protestant interests in Parliament

URBANIZATION TABLE 1500 to 1700 Which of the following overall trends is indicated by the data in the table? A) Europe was less urbanized in 1700 than it was in 1500. B) Europe was more urbanized in 1700 than it was in 1500. C) Southern Europe urbanized more rapidly than other regions of Europe did from 1500 to 1700. D) The average size of European towns remained about the same in the period 1500 to 1700.

B) Europe was more urbanized in 1700 than it was in 1500.

James Cook, British naval officer, describing the inhabitants of Australia, 1770 Compared to Cook's portrayal of the inhabitants of Australia in the late eighteenth century, the predominant European view of non-European peoples in the late nineteenth century had changed in which of the following ways? A) Europeans in the late nineteenth century tended to view less structured and hierarchical societies as more desirable political models. B) Europeans in the late nineteenth century tended to view lack of technological development as evidence of cultural inferiority. C) Europeans in the late nineteenth century tended to view economically undeveloped societies as fairer and more just. D) Europeans in the late nineteenth century tended to view climate as less significant than other factors in determining social development.

B) Europeans in the late nineteenth century tended to view lack of technological development as evidence of cultural inferiority.

18C CRISIS UPHEAVAL REV 3 Which of the following is an accurate comparison of the political development of France and the political development of Britain over the course of the 1700s? A) Britain experienced several periods of political upheaval, while France remained relatively stable. B) France preserved its political system until it was violently overthrown, while Britain remained relatively stable. C) Both France and Britain ended the century with radically different political systems than they had at the beginning of the century. D) Both France and Britain experienced several periods of political instability over the course of the century.

B) France preserved its political system until it was violently overthrown, while Britain remained relatively stable.

The following question refers to the topic of economic developments in the 1700s. The expansion of the transatlantic slave trade in the 1700s is best explained by which of the following developments? A) Great Britain's increasing dominance of the world trading economy B) Growth in European demand for New World agricultural products C) Growing shortages of labor in Europe D) Decrease in the cost of labor in Europe

B) Growth in European demand for New World agricultural products

IMG1-Tsar Peter the Great founding the city of Saint Petersburg in 1703, anonymous engraving, Russia, 18th century / IMG2-Louis XIV and his engineers and architects at the construction site of the aqueduct at Maintenon, anonymous engraving, France, 1689 The activities shown in image 2 were most directly a result of which of the following developments in France? A) Louis's modernization of the French military through the expansion of the paid standing army B) Louis's expansion of monarchical administrative and financial control over France C) Louis's suppression of a revolt of the nobility known as the Fronde D) Louis's revocation of the Edict of Nantes

B) Louis's expansion of monarchical administrative and financial control over France

IMG1-Tsar Peter the Great founding the city of Saint Petersburg in 1703, anonymous engraving, Russia, 18th century / IMG2-Louis XIV and his engineers and architects at the construction site of the aqueduct at Maintenon, anonymous engraving, France, 1689 The activities of Peter the Great shown in image 1 were most directly the result of which of the following? A) Peter's reforms of the Eastern Orthodox Church B) Peter's efforts to westernize Russia C) Peter's campaigns against the Ottoman Empire D) Peter's suppression of rebellious nobility

B) Peter's efforts to westernize Russia

IMG1-Jan Steen, Dutch painter, The Burgher of Delft and his Daughter, 1655 / IMG2-Jan Steen, Dutch painter, The Dissolute Household, 1663-1664 Concern over which of the following best explains Steen's decision to portray The Dissolute Household as shown in image 2 ? A) The effects of conflicts between Catholics and Protestants in the Netherlands B) The effects of Dutch material prosperity on morality in the Netherlands C) The effects of constitutional rule on traditional hierarchies in the Netherlands D) The effects of cultural interactions with trading partners in Asia and Africa

B) The effects of Dutch material prosperity on morality in the Netherlands

The following question refers to the topic of global markets in the 1600s and 1700s. Which of the following best explains the importance of the East Indies in the European-dominated trade networks of the 1600s and 1700s? A) The region offered control of sailing routes to Australia and the Pacific islands. B) The region was a source of spices and other luxury goods for the European market. C) The region was a source of staple foodstuffs that supplied Europe's growing population. D) The region provided sites for Europeans to establish large settler colonies.

B) The region was a source of spices and other luxury goods for the European market.

CASSIRER ON THE ENLIGHTENMENT 1 The influence of Newton's methodology described in the passage is best understood in the context of which of the following? A) The continued popularity of spiritual and supernatural explanations for physical phenomena B) The spreading influence of thought associated with the Scientific Revolution C) The growth of knowledge resulting from the explorations of European overseas traders and missionaries D) The rising economic influence of the merchant and professional classes

B) The spreading influence of thought associated with the Scientific Revolution

Nicolaus Copernicus, On the Motions of the Heavenly Orbs, dedication to Pope Paul III, 1543 Which of the following would most directly undermine Copernicus' hope that the papacy would be receptive to his arguments? A) The increase in accusations of witchcraft in the late 1500s B) The trial of Galileo for publishing heretical works C) The establishment of the Inquisition to suppress heresy D) The creation of the Index of Prohibited Books

B) The trial of Galileo for publishing heretical works

DECLARATION OF JUSTUS GRUNER, NEWLY APPOINTED GOVERNOR-GENERAL OF THE MIDDLE RHINE REGION AFTER NAPOLEAN'S RETREAT FROM GERMANY, 1814 Which of the following best explains why many saw Napoleon as an oppressor, as stated in the passage? A) He imposed the Code Napoleon, a system of laws based on French revolutionary principles, on territories conquered by his armies. B) While he created some representative institutions in conquered regions, in practice these were manipulated to keep Napoleon's regime in power. C) He redrew territorial boundaries to meet popular nationalist demands, such as creating a new Polish state out of Prussian, Austrian, and Russian territory. D) The creation of systems of primary education under Napoleon was seen as an unjustified intrusion into family life.

B) While he created some representative institutions in conquered regions, in practice these were manipulated to keep Napoleon's regime in power.

The following question refers to the topic of Napoleon's rise and fall. Napoleon's establishment of what he called republics in various conquered territories is best explained by A) his intention to prepare those provinces for eventual self-rule B) his nominal adherence to the French Revolutionary principle of popular sovereignty C) his desire to win recognition and acceptance from conservative monarchies in Europe D) his hope to experiment with various governmental models for possible application in France

B) his nominal adherence to the French Revolutionary principle of popular sovereignty

Frederick William, the Great Elector of Brandenburg-Prussia, secret letter to his son and heir, 1667 Which of the following best summarizes the advice given by Frederick William in the third paragraph? A) Alliances are essential to the strength of the state. B) Alliances made by the ruler must have the approval of the people. C) Alliances are useful, but a state should rely on its own strength. D) Alliances should never compromise the ruler's religious beliefs.

C) Alliances are useful, but a state should rely on its own strength.

SC1-Jacques Barzun, French historian, From Dawn to Decadence: 1500 to the Present, 500 Years of Western Cultural Life, 2000 / SC2-Margaret Thatcher, Conservative Prime Minister of Great Britain (1979-1990), memoirs, 1993 Which of the following is the most accurate comparison of each author's overall view of the French Revolution? A) Both Barzun and Thatcher view the French Revolution positively. B) Both Barzun and Thatcher view the French Revolution negatively. C) Barzun views the French Revolution positively, while Thatcher views it negatively. D) Barzun views the French Revolution negatively, while Thatcher views it positively.

C) Barzun views the French Revolution positively, while Thatcher views it negatively.

BRITISH IMPORTS 2 Which of the following best describes the trend in the import of raw materials into England from Asia, Africa, and America from 1699 to 1774 as shown in the table? A) Timber continually contributed the most imports out of any raw material, while the entire category of raw materials saw an overall increase by 1774. B) Cotton continually contributed the most imports out of any raw material, while the entire category of raw materials saw an overall increase by 1774. C) Dyes continually contributed the most imports out of any raw material, while the entire category of raw materials saw an overall increase by 1774. D) Skins and hides continually contributed the most imports out of any raw material, while the entire category of raw materials saw an overall increase by 1774.

C) Dyes continually contributed the most imports out of any raw material, while the entire category of raw materials saw an overall increase by 1774.

Nicolaus Copernicus, On the Motions of the Heavenly Orbs, dedication to Pope Paul III, 1543 Which of the following later developments would best support Copernicus' claim regarding the motion of the spheres? A) Galileo's observations of sunspots as well as craters on the moon B) Newton's research into optical refraction C) Kepler's formulation of the laws of planetary motion D) Brahe's assertion that novas were not comets, but in fact newly visible stars

C) Kepler's formulation of the laws of planetary motion

BRITISH IMPORTS 3 According to the table, which item saw the greatest proportional increase in value of imports from 1699 to 1774, and which item saw the greatest proportional decrease in value of imports from 1699 to 1774 ? A) Tea saw the greatest proportional increase, and silks and mixed fabrics saw the greatest proportional decrease. B) Sugar saw the greatest proportional increase, and silks and mixed fabrics saw the greatest proportional decrease. C) Tea saw the greatest proportional increase, and pepper saw the greatest proportional decrease. D) Tobacco saw the greatest proportional increase, and pepper saw the greatest proportional decrease.

C) Tea saw the greatest proportional increase, and pepper saw the greatest proportional decrease.

Diplomatic correspondence from King William III of England to Pope Innocent XII, 1693 William's description of his status within the English government is best explained by which of the following? A) The creation of an oligarchical system of government in William's home country of the Netherlands B) The increasing diplomatic tensions created by England's expanding colonial empire C) The assertion of parliamentary supremacy over the monarchy in the English government D) The desire of William to impose an absolutist system of government on England

C) The assertion of parliamentary supremacy over the monarchy in the English government

GOLDSMITH DESERTED VILLAGE 2 Goldsmith's reference to the actions of "the man of wealth and pride" in the second section of the poem most directly provides evidence for which of the following? A) The increasing popularity of Enlightenment ideas about the reordering of society B) The improved social status of merchant and commercial elites C) The consolidation of smaller landholdings and the commercialization of agriculture D) The development of a stable form of parliamentary government in Britain

C) The consolidation of smaller landholdings and the commercialization of agriculture

RICHELIEU TESTAMENT 1 Richelieu's ideas best reflect which of the following developments in Europe during the 1600s? A) The effects of the Thirty Years' War on religious policies of European governments B) The development of constitutionalism as a form of government in Europe C) The creation of new systems of government that centralized state power D) The attempt to reunify Europe under a Catholic monarchy

C) The creation of new systems of government that centralized state power

IMG1-Jan Steen, Dutch painter, The Burgher of Delft and his Daughter, 1655 / IMG2-Jan Steen, Dutch painter, The Dissolute Household, 1663-1664 Which of the following best explains why Steen produced paintings like the one in image 1 for wealthy Dutch merchants? A) The merchants wished to show their Protestant rejection of Catholic imagery. B) The merchants wished to show their support for the imposition of royal absolutism. C) The merchants wished to show that their prosperity did not compromise their moral beliefs. D) The merchants wished to show their knowledge of classical artistic styles and influences.

C) The merchants wished to show that their prosperity did not compromise their moral beliefs.

FREDERICK THE GREAT, KING OF PRUSSIA, POLITICAL TESTAMENT, 1752 The third paragraph was most likely intended to argue in favor of which of the following? A) The establishment of the principle that a ruler's religion determines the religion of his subjects B) The growth of a Protestant religious revival movement in German-speaking lands C) The view that religious belief was a private rather than a public matter D) The replacement of traditional forms of religion by a universal worship of reason

C) The view that religious belief was a private rather than a public matter

The following question refers to the topic of economic developments in the 1700s. Which of the following best explains European states' ability to dominate the world trade system in the 1700s? A) The superior quality of European manufactured goods produced for export B) Coordinated efforts by Europe's rulers to minimize economic competition C) The creation of large European land empires in Asia and Africa D) Europe's continued superiority in naval and maritime technology

D) Europe's continued superiority in naval and maritime technology

Frederick William, the Great Elector of Brandenburg-Prussia, secret letter to his son and heir, 1667 Which of the following best summarizes the advice given by Frederick William in the first paragraph? A) A good leader should instill fear in the population. B) It is not necessary to tolerate other religions. C) Exploit the church for the enrichment of the state. D) Helping the people will strengthen the state.

D) Helping the people will strengthen the state.

The following question refers to the topic of global markets in the 1600s and 1700s. Which of the following best explains why commercial rivalries among European states increasingly affected diplomatic relations in the 1600s and 1700s? A) Improvements in military technology made warfare more destructive and risky. B) Industrial overproduction intensified the competition for Asian, African, and American markets. C) Advocates of free trade began to challenge mercantilist principles and practices. D) Overseas trade accounted for an increasing share of state revenues and national wealth.

D) Overseas trade accounted for an increasing share of state revenues and national wealth.

RICHELIEU TESTAMENT 2 Which of the following most directly influenced Richelieu's views on the power of the king? A) The passage of the Edict of Nantes guaranteeing religious tolerance for French Protestants B) The growing rivalries with other European powers for overseas colonies C) The increasing political status of the new merchant class in France D) The challenges posed to the French government during uprisings by the nobility

D) The challenges posed to the French government during uprisings by the nobility

James Cook, British naval officer, describing the inhabitants of Australia, 1770 Cook's observations concerning the material culture of the inhabitants of Australia most clearly reflect the influence of which of the following developments in Europe? A) The decline in power of the landed aristocracy relative to commercial elites B) The increase in agricultural productivity known as the Agricultural Revolution C) Protestant reaction against ornate forms of decoration and religious imagery D) The expanded availability and use of consumer goods

D) The expanded availability and use of consumer goods

IMG1-Jan Steen, Dutch painter, The Burgher of Delft and his Daughter, 1655 / IMG2-Jan Steen, Dutch painter, The Dissolute Household, 1663-1664 The choice of subject matter in the two paintings is best explained by which of the following historical developments during the artist's life? A) The Netherlands' achievement of independence from the Habsburg Empire after the Thirty Years' War B) The establishment of religious toleration in the Netherlands after the Reformation C) The poor harvests and other effects of the Little Ice Age in the seventeenth century D) The growth of a wealthy trading elite in the Netherlands

D) The growth of a wealthy trading elite in the Netherlands

Diplomatic correspondence from King William III of England to Pope Innocent XII, 1693 William's letter to Pope Innocent is best explained as an attempt to justify which of the following? A) The outbreak of the English Civil War B) The development of absolutism in England C) The rebellion of the Netherlands against the Habsburg Empire D) The outcome of the Glorious Revolution

D) The outcome of the Glorious Revolution

IMG1-Tsar Peter the Great founding the city of Saint Petersburg in 1703, anonymous engraving, Russia, 18th century / IMG2-Louis XIV and his engineers and architects at the construction site of the aqueduct at Maintenon, anonymous engraving, France, 1689 The presence of the aristocracy in both of the images most directly reflects a continuation of which of the following processes? A) The assertion of the traditional rights of the landed nobility against a centralized monarchy B) The development of a new commercial aristocracy as a result of growing overseas trade C) The modernization of the military through meritocracy and new technologies D) The preservation of the nobility's social status despite the absolutist authority of monarchs

D) The preservation of the nobility's social status despite the absolutist authority of monarchs

PREAMBLE TO THE FRENCH CONSTITUTION OF 1791 The first two parts of the preamble best support which of the following conclusions about the French Revolution's goals? A) The revolutionaries sought to create an Enlightened absolutist monarchy. B) The revolutionaries were advocates of religious toleration. C) The revolutionaries sought to spread their ideas to other European nations. D) The revolutionaries wanted to transform the traditional political order.

D) The revolutionaries wanted to transform the traditional political order.

The following question refers to the topic of economic developments in the 1700s. Which of the following best explains the increase in food supply in Europe in the 1700s? A) The increase in the urban population of Europe B) The development of early forms of factory-based mass production C) The migration of Europeans to overseas colonies D) The transfer of plant species from the Americas to Europe

D) The transfer of plant species from the Americas to Europe

Nicolaus Copernicus, On the Motions of the Heavenly Orbs, dedication to Pope Paul III, 1543 Copernicus' citation of Cicero and Plutarch was likely intended to counter which of the following ideas? A) Traditional beliefs in astrology and spiritual forces B) New conceptions of physical laws of nature formulated by Isaac Newton and others C) The influence of the new scientific method formulated by Francis Bacon D) The use of classical authorities to support traditional views of the natural world

D) The use of classical authorities to support traditional views of the natural world

The following question refers to the topic of Napoleon's rise and fall. Napoleon's mobilization of large conscript armies is best understood as a continuation of the military practices of A) the French wars of religion B) the Thirty Years' War C) the Bourbon monarchy's wars of the eighteenth century D) the French Revolutionary period

D) the French Revolutionary period