AP Euro Review: Chapter 15 Absolutism & Constitutionalism

Frederick William I of Prussia (r. 1713-1740)

1. 2nd King of Prussia 2. Truly established Prussian absolutism and gave it a unique character, infused strict military values into a whole society, intensely emotional attachment to the military life, "Prussia is not a state that possesses an army, but an army that possesses a state."

Versailles

1. A palace built by Louis XIV outside of Paris 2. Housed and entertained 10,000 aristocrats

James II of England (1685-1688)

1. Brother of Charles II 2. Last Stuart ruler 3. Unpopular Catholic 4. Was forced to abdicate in favor of William and Mary

Treaty of Lubeck

1. Christian IV of Denmark surrendered to Wallenstein. 2. Ended the Danish Phase of the Thirty Years' War

Edict of Nantes (1598)

1. Decree issued by the French crown (Henri IV) granting limited toleration to French Protestants. 2. Ended religious wars in France and inaugurated a period of French preeminence in Europe and across the Atlantic. 3. Its repeal in 1685 prompted a fresh migration of Protestant Huguenots throughout Europe and North America.

Treaty of Utrecht (1713)

1. Ended the War of Spanish Succession 2. Recognized Louis XIV's grandson, Philip of Anjou, as King of Spain 3. Prohibited the unification of the French and Spanish monarchies. 4. Gave England profitable lands in North America from France.

Jean-Baptiste Colbert (1619-1683)

1. Financial minister to Louis XIV 2. Supported mercantilism and tried to make France economically self-sufficient. 3. Brought prosperity to France.

Frederick I of Prussia (r. 1688-1713)

1. First king of Prussia. 2. Son of Frederick William the Great Elector 3. Made an agreement with Austria and the Holy Roman Emperor against France in the War of Spanish Succession to gain his "king" status.

Ivan the Terrible (r. 1547-1584)

1. First tsar of Russia 2. Increases absolute power and limits the power of Russian nobles (BOYARS) 3. Establishes trade with England via the Arctic route 4. Expands east into Siberia 5. Begins rivalry with Ottomans for control of the Black Sea.

Intendants

1. French government agents who collected taxes and administered justice. 2. Created by Richelieu

Politiques

1. French moderates who believed French unity was more important than religious differences 2. Is applied to anyone who put national interests ahead of self-religious interests (e.g., Elizabeth I)

Albert von Wallenstein

1. General of HRE Ferdinand II's Catholic army in the Thirty Years War. 2. Despite success, he fell out of favor with HRE Ferdinand II, who ordered his execution.

Battle of White Mountain (1620)

1. Great Catholic victory in the Bohemian phase of Thirty Years' War 2. Dealt a crushing blow to Lutheran Fredrick V's power in Bohemia.

Rembrandt van Rijn

1. Greatest Dutch artists of the Baroque period 2. painted portraits of wealthy middle-class merchants

Edict of Restitution (1629)

1. Issued by the Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II in 1629 2. Ordered that all Catholic land taken by the Protestants must be returned.

French East India Company

1. Joint-stock company, granted by French government 2. All part of Colbert's mercantilist policy.

Louis XIV (r. 1643-1715)

1. Known as the Sun King 2. Absolute monarch of France 3. Most powerful monarch in Europe 4. One of his greatest accomplishments was the building of the palace at Versailles.

The Dutch War (1672-1678)

1. Louis XIV's war against William of Orange. 2. The Dutch stop French advances though, famously by flooding their lands.

Christian IV (r. 1588-1648)

1. Lutheran King of Denmark during the duration of the Thirty Years War. 2. Surrendered to Wallenstein.

Henri IV of France

1. Originally, Henry of Navarre, winner of the War of the Three Henrys 2. Politique. Converted to Catholicism because he knew most of France was Catholic. 3. Issued Edict of Nantes, giving the Huguenots religious liberty. 4. His rule paved the way for French absolutism and helped restore internal peace in France.

Habeas Corpus Act, 1679

1. Parliamentary measure protecting people from arbitrary arrest and unfair imprisonment. 2. An arrested individual must be seized with a specific charge and brought before a judge.

Cardinal Richelieu (1585-1642)

1. Prime Minister to Louis XIII. 2. Put France in the Thirty Years War His three point plan (1. Break the power of the nobility, 3. Responsible for creating French absolutism

Oliver Cromwell (1599-1658)

1. Puritan general who helped lead parliamentary forces during the English Civil War 2. Ruled England as Lord Protector from 1653 until his death in 1658.

Nine Years War (1688-1697)

1. Result of Louis XIV trying to extend French territory to the Rhine. 2. Louis XIV fought against a grand alliance of Europe

Great Northern War (1700-1721)

1. Russia vs. Sweden during reign of Peter the Great. 2. Russia gained Latvia and Estonia and thus gained its Window on the West in the Baltic Sea

English Bill of Rights (1689)

1. Signed by William I and Mary II 2. Began a new co-operation between the Parliament and the monarchs, leading to a greater measure of personal liberty and democracy in Britain. 3. Signaled the end of several centuries of tension and conflict between the crown and parliament, and the end of the idea that England would be restored to Roman Catholicism.

Queen Anne of England

1. Sister of Mary II 2. Took throne after Mary II and William III died. 3. The War of Spanish Succession occurred during her reign.

Charles I of England (r. 1625-1641)

1. Son of King James I 2. Believed in the divine right of Kings and wanted to force his religious policies among the Puritans. 3. Fought with Parliament over power of the purse 4. Executed for treason.

Charles II of England (r. 1660-1685)

1. Son of beheaded Charles I 2. Is restored to the English throne following the fall of the Commonwealth of England (Stuart Restoration)

Cardinal Mazarin (1602-1661)

1. Successor of Cardinal Richelieu. 2. He ran the government while Louis XIV was still a child. 3. His bad attempts to increase royal revenue and the state led to the Fronde Rebellion, which he eventually crushed.

Asiento System

1. System that took slaves to the New World to work for the Spanish. Required that a tax be paid to the Spanish ruler for each slave brought over. 2. England gained right to system following Treaty of Utrecht (1713)

Glorious Revolution (1688)

1. The bloodless revolution in 1688 in England when James II (a Catholic) gave up the throne to his daughter Mary and her husband William of Orange (of the Netherlands) - both Protestants 2. William and Mary ruled in exchange for English Bill of Rights. 2. No Catholic monarch has reigned in England since.

War of the Spanish Succession (1701-1713)

1. The last of Louis XIV's wars involving the issue of succession to the Spanish throne. 2. England led a Grand Alliance against France. 2. Resulted in Treaty of Utrecht

Suleiman the Magnificent (r. 1520-1566)

1. The most illustrious sultan of the Ottoman Empire 2. also known as 'The Lawgiver.' 3. Significantly expanded the empire in the Balkans and eastern Mediterranean.

James I of England (r. 1603-1625)

1. The son of Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots 2. James VI of Scotland, succeeded the childless Elizabeth king of England. 3. Not popular and was an outsider. 4. Inherited a large royal debt and a divided church.

Commonwealth of England (1649 to 1660)

1. When England and Wales, later along with Ireland and Scotland, was ruled as a republic following the end of the English Civil War and the trial and execution of Charles I. 2. In reality, England was a military dictatorship under Oliver Cromwell

Universal Monarchy

1. When one king rules over all or almost all of Europe. 2. Many people were afraid of this happening with Louis XIV, just as they had been with Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire.

Fronde Rebellion (1648-1652)

A series of civil wars in France 1648-53, in which the nobles whose power had been weakened by the policies of Cardinal Richelieu rose in rebellion against Mazarin and the court during the rule of child Louis XIV.

Test Act of 1673

An act of Parliament forbidding anyone except members of the Church of England from holding political office or entering the professions

English Civil War (1642-1649)

Armed conflict between royalists and parliamentarians, resulting in the victory of pro-Parliament forces and the execution of Charles I.

Baroque Art (1550-1750)

Art that originated in Rome and is associated with the Catholic Reformation, characterized by emotional intensity, strong self-confidence, spirit

The Mutiny Act (1689)

Authorized the use of Parliament to govern the army

Battle of Lutzen (1632)

Battle in which Gustavus Adolphus was killed, thus ending any real hope the Protestants had against Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II.

St. Petersburg

Capital city built by Peter the Great of Russia to attract Europeans and to get warm water ports.

Guy Fawkes

Catholic extremist who was trying to blow up parliament and then killed (1605).

Bank of England (1694)

Enabled the English government to raise money at low interest for navy and foreign wars.

Dutch East India Company (1602)

Government-chartered joint-stock company that controlled the spice trade in the East Indies.

Ferdinand II (1578-1637)

Holy Roman Emperor and king of Bohemia and Hungary who waged war against Protestant forces, starting the Thirty Years War.

Janissaries

Infantry, originally of slave origin, armed with firearms and constituting the elite of the Ottoman army from the fifteenth century until the corps was abolished in 1826.

Louis XIII (1610-1643)

King of France whose absolute reign was run mostly by Cardinal Richelieu.

Frederick of the Palatinate

Leader of the Protestant princes against Ferdinand II, and eventual loser, during the first phase of the Thirty Years War.

"L'etat, c'est moi!" // "I am the state!"

Louis XIV's proclamation of absolutism

Gustavus Adolphus (1594-1632)

Lutheran King of Sweden who won victories for the German Protestants in the Thirty Years War but lost his life in one of the battles.

Bishop Bossuet (1627-1704)

Principle advocate of "divine right of kings" in France during the reign of Louis XIV

Frederick William the Great Elector (r. 1640-1688)

Prussia ruler who starts absolutism in Prussia by uniting the three provinces of Prussia.

Stuart Restoration (1660-1688)

Reestablishment of monarchy in the person of Charles II, the son of beheaded Charles I, after Cromwell's death.

Hohenzollern Dynasty

Ruling family of Prussia

Romanov Dynasty

Ruling family of Russia (1613-1917)

Boyars

Russian landholding aristocrats; possessed less political power than their western European counterparts

Peter the Great (1682-1725)

The Romanov tsar who initiated the westernization of Russian society by traveling to the West and incorporating techniques of manufacturing as well as manners and dress.

Exclusion Crisis (1679-81)

The Whigs tried to exclude Catholic James II, brother of Charles II, from the line of succession.

Stadholder

The executive officer in each of the United Provinces of the Netherlands, a position often held by the princes of Orange.

Defenstration of Prague

The throwing of Catholic officials from a castle window in Bohemia. Started the Thirty Years' War.

Time of Troubles (1598-1613)

The time between the death of Ivan the Terrible and the rise of the Romanov dynasty with Michael Romanov as the first ruler. It was also a period of resurgence of aristocratic power.

Peace of Westphalia (1648)

The treaty ending the Thirty Years' War in Germany; it allowed each prince-whether Lutheran, Catholic, or Calvinist-to choose the established creed of his territory.

House of Lords and House of Commons

Two chambers that make up the English Parliament

Whigs and Tories

Two political parties in the English Parliament.

Act of Union (1707)

Unified England and Scotland; the Scots sought the benefits of trade within the English empire.

Thirty Years War (1618-1648)

War within the Holy Roman Empire between German Protestants and their allies (Sweden, Denmark, France) and the emperor and his ally, Spain; ended in 1648 after great destruction with Treaty of Westphalia.

Amsterdam Stock Exchange (1602)

World's first permanent market for stocks and shares