AP Euro Review Exercise #22 Some Real Enlightened Guys

Philosophe

-(French for "philosophers") were the intellectuals of the 18th-century Enlightenment. Few were primarily philosophers; rather, philosophes were public intellectuals who applied reason to the study of many areas of learning, including philosophy, history, science, politics, economics, and social issues; Most philosophes were men, but some were women. -They strongly endorsed progress and tolerance, and distrusted organized religion (most were deists) and feudal institutions. Many contributed to Diderot's Encyclopédie. They faded away after the French Revolution reached a violent stage in 1793.

Thomas Paine

-American Revolutionary leader and pamphleteer (born in England) who supported the American colonist's fight for independence and supported the French Revolution (1737-1809) -"Rights of Man" - 1791, Written by this person. It has been seen as a defense of the French Revolution, but it's also an influential work that embodied ideas of liberty and human equality. p. 600 Rights of man - mentioned in conclusion but couldn't find this person specifically in text

Voltaire (Francois-Marie Arouet)

-grandfather of the Enlightenment -the greatest figure of the Enlightenment -wrote Candide and favored enlightened monarchies -a philosophe; he was well known for his criticism of traditional religion and his support of religious toleration -had a classical education in Jesuit schools -first success was a playwright p. 515 textbook & Midterm study guide chap 11-20

J.J. Rousseau

-philosophes of the late enlightenment -most critical of his predecessors - he believed humans were most happy in their natural state and private property corrupted man -he believed govt should protect the general will and people can change it if it doesn't -his political beliefs were presented in two major works, in his 'Discourse on the Origins of the Inequality of Mankind', he began with humans in their primitive condition (or state of nature, where they were happy). There were no laws, no judges; all people were equal. But what had gone wrong?... -In his treatise, 'The Social Contract' published in 1762, Rousseau tried to harmonize individual liberty with govt authority (box on pg p.520) The social contract was basically an agreement on the part of an entire society to be governed by its general will p.518 - 519 text & Midterm study guide chap 11-20

Condorcet (Marie-Jean de Condorcet (1743-1794))

-was a French philosophe -made an exaggerated claim for progress -was a victim of the turmoil of the French Revolution and wrote his chief work, The Process of the Human Mind, while in hiding during the Reign of Terror -his survey of human history convinced him that humans had progressed through nine stages of history -He died in a French Revolutionary prison p.517 textbook

D' Holbach (Baron Paul d' Holbach (1723-1789))

a wealthy German aristocrat who settled in Paris, preached a doctrine of strict atheism and materialism. In his 'System of Nature' argued that everything in the universe consisted of matter in motion. Human beings were simply machines; God was a product of the human mind and was unnecessary for leading a moral life. People needed only reason to live in this world p.517 textbook