AP Euro Unit IV
15. What was the result of the consumer revolution of the eighteenth century?
a new type of society in which people derived their self-identity as much from their consuming practices as from their work lives
21. Why did Great Britain seek to raise taxes on its American colonies in the 1760s?
After doubling its national debt in the Seven Year's War, Great Britain sought to tax the American colonies to fund the further defense of the colonies.
* 39. What was Napoleon's Grand Empire?
An enlarged France, a number of satellite kingdoms, and the independent but allied states of Austria, Prussia, and Russia.
53. Why do many historians now believe that the continued concentration by the French on Artisan production of luxury items made sense in an era of industrialization?
France had long dominated that sector of production; it allowed France to capitalize on its know-how and international reputation.
33. How did Napoleon consolidate his rule?
He appealed both to disillusioned revolutionaries and members of the old nobility and offered them high posts in expanding the centralized state
47. In The Condition of the Working Class in England, Friedrich Engles stated that
In general, the living conditions of the working class were "slowly improving".
* 26. How did the reaction of kings and nobles in continental Europe toward the French Revolution change over the Revolution's first two years?
Initially pleased by the Revolution's weakening of France, they came to feel threatened by it's increasingly radical message.
45. How did the origins of Industrialists change as the Industrial Revolution progressed?
It became harder to form new firms, and instead industrialists were increasingly likely to have inherited their wealth.
37. After the arrest and deportation of Toussaint L'Overture, how was the war of Haitian independence resolved?
Jean-Jacques Dessalines, L'Overture's lieutenant, led the resistance to a crushing victory over the French and later declared Haitian independence.
* 42. How did railroads affect the nature of production?
Markets became broader, encouraging manufacturers to create larger factories with more sophisticated machines.
32. How did the Concordat resolve the crisis of Catholicism in France in the Napoleonic era?
The Catholic Church gained the right to practice religion freely, while the French state gained greater control over the nomination of Church officers and Church activities.
31. What two fundamental principles of the French Revolution were incorporated into the Napoleonic Code?
The equality of all male citizens before the law and the absolute security of wealth and private property.
27. How did French armies during the French Revolution offer a mixed message to the people they conquered?
They presented themselves as liberators to the peasants and middle class but seemed more like foreign invaders as they requisitioned food and supplies and plundered local treasure.
55. In his 1835 study of the cotton industry, what did Andrew Ure conclude about conditions in most factories?
They were not harsh and even quite good.
35. According to Olympe de Gouges
men and women should be equal in the eyes of the law
17. In the eighteenth century, what problems did the church of England face?
officials of both church and state used it to provide high-paying jobs to favorites and ignored the spirtitual needs of the people
* 51. What major problem in the textile industry was solved by the inventions of James Hargreaves and Richard Arkwright?
A weaver required several spinners to stay steadily employed
23. In the wake of the Great Fear in the summer of 1789, the National Assembly restored order by
Abolishing all of the old noble and church priviledges
50. What was the key demand of the Chartist movement?
All men must be given the right to vote
44. How did class consciousness form during the Industrial Revolution?
As modern industry created conflict between industrialists and laborers, individuals came to believe that classes existed and developed a sense of class feeling.
40. How did labor in British families change in the eighteenth century?
Family members shifted labor away from unpaid work for household consumption and toward work for wages.
* 34. What was the economic effect of Napoleon's Continental System?
French artisans and the middle class suffered, for they were economically damaged by the blockade of Great Britain.
18. Why was John Wesley's Methodism particularly appealing?
He refuted the doctrine of predestination, insisting that anyone who earnestly sought salvation could gain it
36. How did the National Assembly respond to the hopes and expectations of Saint Domingue's different social groups?
It frustrated the hopes of all the different social groups
13. What caused the pattern of late marriage in early modern Europe?
It was a necessary precondition of modern independence
* 43. What was the major breakthrough in energy and power supplies that catalyzed the Industrial Revolution?
James Watt's development of the steam engine between the 1700s and the 1780s
* 19. Who wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Man (1790) and A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792) the latter a founding text of the feminist movement?
Mary Wollstonecraft
* 22. The attack on the Bastille had what political effect?
The king's plans to reassert his authority were forestalled, permitting the national assembly to continue its work.
* 54. Why were the young, generally unmarried women who worked for wages outside the home confined to certain "women's jobs"?
The sexual division of labor replicated a long-standing pattern of gender segregation and inequality
* How did governments respond to the new science?
They established academies of science to support and sometimes direct scientific research
* 28. What was the goal of the Committee of Public Safety?
To use dictatorial powers to respond to threats to France from without and within
14. Which of the following characterizes education for children outside the home in the early modern era?
schools for the children of common people taught basic literacy, religion, and some arithmetic for boys and needle work for girls
* 24. Who forced the king and the royal family to abandon Versailles and return to Paris?
several thousand Parisian women
48. The Factory Act of 1833 constituted a major victory in the prevention of the exploitation of children in that it
banned children under nine years of age from employment
16. The religious revival movement known as Pietism
called for a warm, emotional religion that everyone could experience
* 25. The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of Citizen guaranteed
equality before the law
52. How did iron become the basic building block of the British economy in the nineteenth century?
The spread of coke smelting and the development of steam-powered rolling mills increased production enormously and reduced the price of iron products.
* 41. How did cotton transform the textile industry?
Cotton would be spun mechanically with much greater efficiency than wool or flax, helping to solve the shortage of thread for textile production.
46. What was the key development in the eighteenth century that allowed continental banks to shed their earlier conservative nature?
Establishment of limited liability investment
20. How did America's Constitutional Convention of 1787 deal with the discord between pro- and anti-slavery delegates?
It compromised by stipulating that an enslaved person would count as three-fifths of a person for purposes of taxation and proportional representation in the House of Representatives.
* 30. Why did members of the National Convention turn against Robespierre on the ninth of Thermidor?
they believed that Robespierre might soon have them arrested and executed
29. Why did the French commissioners in Saint-Domingue abolish slavery in 1793?
they were desperate to rally the rebel slaves to the French cause against the Spanish and English forces on the island.
* 49. In the "separate spheres" pattern of gender relationships
women generally stopped working outside of the home after the first child was born