AP European Final Exam Reveiw

Middle Ages

(Printing press map 1480) The development depicted in the map helped bring which of the following eras to an end? Middle Ages Absolutism Renaissance

The increasing dependence upon American capital investment

(map of unemployment) Which of the following best explains a cause for the situation depicted on the map? The increasing dependence upon American capital investment The international tension caused by the limitations of the League of Nations The emergence of models for centralized economic planning The rise of anti-Semitic discriminatory laws in continental Europe

The rise of extremist political movements opposed to democracy

(map of unemployment) Which of the following best illustrates a consequence of the situation depicted on the map? The popularity of American culture, including music and apparel The importation of foreign labor from the Middle East and Africa The rise of extremist political movements opposed to democracy The establishment of a communist state in the Soviet Union

volatile boom and bust business cycles

Alexander Blaikley, British painter, Crystal Palace Interior, 1866 A negative side effect in the second half of 19th century of the processes depicted was: the pursuit of colonies in Africa and Asia volatile boom and bust business cycles revolutionary violence across central Europe unification of Germany under Prussian leadership

Anger over the tactics of Realpolitik political leaders

All of the following caused the situation in the map above EXCEPT: Poor economic and agricultural conditions Anger over the tactics of Realpolitik political leaders Nationalist discontent with the Congress of Vienna settlement Liberal frustration with lack of representation in government

Invention of the printing press and the spread of books.

German schoolmaster greets a new student, woodcut, unknown artist, 16th century The development that most likely facilitated the situation depicted was the: movement from communal to commercial agriculture. discovery of the Americas and subsequent travel accounts. discovery of the Americas and subsequent travel accounts. invention of the printing press and spread of books.

Municipal governments increasingly regulating public morals.

Q: A historian could best use this passage as evidence for which of the following features of early modern city life?A: Municipal governments increasingly regulating public morals.

States saw military and technological benefits from promoting scientific study.

Q: A historian might use this image as evidence that would support which of the following statements?A: States saw military and technological benefits from promoting scientific study.

The French Revolution

Q: All of the following developments most likely contributed to the values expressed in the scene EXCEPT:A: The French Revolution

The movement by states toward religious tolerance

Q: All of the following resulted from the developments indicated by the passage EXCEPT:A: The movement by states toward religious tolerance

Subsistence farmers faced famine and malnutrition

Q: As a result of the changes described in the passage, which of the following effects had the greatest impact on the rural population of Europe?A: Subsistence farmers faced famine and malnutrition

Extend the administrative control of the French state.

Q: Colbert's advice in the passage was part of a broader goal to:A: Extend the administrative control of the French state.

The coalitions created against Louis XIV.

Q: Colbert's approach to diplomacy, as suggested in the passage, was most evident in which of the following historical situations?A: The coalitions created against Louis XIV.

Growth of commercial rivalries and warfare

Q: Colbert's dissertation was offered in response to the: A: Growth of commercial rivalries and warfare

Mercantilism

Q: Colbert's ideas best reflect the influence of:A: Mercantilism

The shift in scientific reasoning based on new theories of knowledge and conceptions of the universe.

Q: Crosby's interpretation reflects which of the following 16th-century trends most directly? A: The shift in scientific reasoning based on new theories of knowledge and conceptions of the universe.

Capitalist economic practices.

Q: Diderot would cite all of the following as sources of the situation he describes EXCEPT:A: Capitalist economic practices.

Clavius wished to solidify and advance the prestige and power of the Catholic Church.

Q: Given the depiction above, what might a historian conclude about Clavius's motivations for his astronomical investigations?A: Clavius wished to solidify and advance the prestige and power of the Catholic Church.

The Dutch lost commercial primacy to the British

Q: How did the goals expressed in the text change by 1750?A: The Dutch lost commercial primacy to the British

Mercantilism

Q: The economic theory most associated with the passage is:A: Mercantilism

A consumer revolution in new luxury products.

Q: The economic trend that helped bring about the situation above was:A: A consumer revolution in new luxury products.

Families dedicating more resources to children and child-rearing

Q: The painting represents which trend regarding families in the 18th century?A: Families dedicating more resources to children and child-rearing

Empirical methods used to critique traditional institutions and customs

Q: The passage best reflects which of the following trends of the eighteenth century? A: Empirical methods used to critique traditional institutions and customs

The Reformation raised debates about the appropriate role of women in society and church.

Q: The passage provides evidence for which of the following features of the Protestant Reformation?A: The Reformation raised debates about the appropriate role of women in society and church.

The belief that the Bible conveys the message of salvation

Q: The petitioners' accusations that Anglican preachers are "mere readers [of the Book of Common Prayer]" is a reflection of which of the following Protestant beliefs?A: The belief that the Bible conveys the message of salvation

Division caused by ideas of religious reform.

Q: The two sources demonstrate the influence in the 16th century of the:A: Division caused by ideas of religious reform.

Francis Bacon

Q: Which of the following figures would have agreed most strongly with Crosby's portrayal of Europe?A: Francis Bacon

The rejection of the classics as a source of knowledge

Q: With which of the following goals of the Encyclopedia, as expressed by Diderot, would Erasmus have disagreed?A: The rejection of the classics as a source of knowledge

Increased rivalry amongst European powers for control of global trade and strategic outposts.

Source 1 "Let us return to the attack they made on us. Montezuma was placed by a battlement of the roof with many of us soldiers guarding him, and he began to speak to his people with very affectionate expressions telling them to desist from the war, and that we would leave Mexico... ...They had hardly finished this speech when suddenly such a shower of stones and darts were discharged that (our men who were shielding him having neglected for a moment their duty, because they saw how the attack ceased while he spoke to them) he was hit by three stones....Indeed, when we least expected it, they came to say that he [Montezuma] was dead. Cortes wept for him, and all of us captains and soldiers, and there was no man among us who knew him and was intimate with him, who did not bemoan him as though he were our father, and it is not to be wondered at, considering how good he was." -- Bernal Diaz del Castillo, Spanish solider, The True History of the Conquest of New Spain, 1517-21 Source 2 "Here it is told how the Spaniards killed....They murdered the Mexicans who were celebrating the Fiesta of Huitzilopochtli in the place they called "The Patio of the Gods." ....They came to close the exits, the steps, the entrances [to the patio]: The Gate of the Eagle in the smallest palace, The Gate of the Canestalk and the Gate of the Snake of Mirrors. And when they had closed them, no one could get out anywhere. ....At that moment, they then attacked all the people, stabbing them, spearing them, wounding them with their swords. They struck some from behind, who fell instantly to the ground... And the Spaniards walked everywhere, searching the communal houses to kill those who were hiding. They ran everywhere, they searched every place." --Aztec account of the Massacre at the Temple, 1500s The era of exploration and colonization is most similar to the imperialism of the late 19th and early 20th centuries in that both resulted in: The establishment of large-scale plantations that relied on an enslaved indigenous labor forces. The emergence of mixed populations like mestizos and creoles. European adoption of non-European artistic styles and aesthetic principles. Increased rivalry amongst European powers for control of global trade and strategic outposts.

An imperial ruler

The painting of Napoleon shown above portrays him as which of the following? A ruthless military conqueror A compassionate humanist A competent bureaucrat

British indifference to aggression by the Axis powers

The political cartoon above from the 1930s illustrates Austria's role as a buffer between the Soviet Union and the new states of central Europe the perceived problem of European over-population France's dependence on goods from the British Empire British indifference to aggression by the Axis powers

France preserved its political system until it was violently overthrown, while Britain remained relatively stable.

Which of the following is an accurate comparison of the political development of France and the political development of Britain over the course of the 1700s? Both France and Britain ended the century with radically different political systems than they had at the beginning of the century. Both France and Britain experienced several periods of political instability over the course of the century. France preserved its political system until it was violently overthrown, while Britain remained relatively stable. Britain experienced several periods of political upheaval, while France remained relatively stable.

The development of the printing press.

Which of the following was a major factor in the spread of humanist culture in the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries? The development of the printing press government ownership of the means of production the important role trade guilds play in regulating production to the advantage of local interests noninterference by the government as the best way to attain efficient production and prosperity

The Romantic tendency to question reason in favor of emotion and intuition.

"Few things have more deeply injured the cause of religion than the busy fussy energy with which men, narrow and feeble alike in faith and science, have bustled forth to reconcile all new discoveries in physics with the world of inspiration. For it continually happens that some larger collection of facts, or some wider view of the phenomena of nature, alter the whole philosophic scheme; whilst revelation has been committed to declare an absolute agreement with what turns out after all to have been a misconception or an error. We cannot, therefore, consent to test the truth of natural science by the word of revelation. But this does not make it less important to point out on scientific grounds scientific errors, when those errors tend to limit God's glory in creation, or to gainsay the revealed relation of that creation to Himself. To both these classes of error...we think that Mr. Darwin's speculations directly tend." --Samuel Wilberforce, Anglican bishop, On Darwin's Origin of Species, 1860 (http://legacy.fordham.edu/Halsall/mod/1860wilberforce-darwin.asp) Which of the following intellectual developments of the 19th century would the author most likely have supported? The Freudian account of human nature focusing on the subconscious and irrational The Marxist analysis of society and history through scientific socialism. The positivist emphasis on the scientific method as the only source of knowledge. The Romantic tendency to question reason in favor of emotion and intuition.

The prevalence of subsistence agriculture and serfdom.

"Renaissance and Reformation Europe was a preindustrial 'underdeveloped' society, much closer in its economic life, technology, demographic patterns, communications, and class structure to imperial Rome than to contemporary western Europe or America. Everywhere political and military loyalty was dynastic rather than national. Political ties were overwhelmingly personal and familial, and every man took religion seriously. The age was one of astonishing religious creativity, pullulating with saints, mystics, reformers, and original theologians. Among the laity the temperature of piety was high—for the safety of religious minorities, dangerously high." --Eugene F. Rice, Jr., historian, The Foundations of Early Modern Europe, 1460-1559, 1970 Which of the following best supports Rice's conclusions regarding early modern European society? The growth of commerce and new methods of finance The revolt of peasants against noble privileges and fees The domination of elites in positions of political power The prevalence of subsistence agriculture and serfdom

Social inequality based on privilege and hierarchy

"What a damn difference there is between the fate of [the rich] and that of the honest sans culotte, who lives from day to day by the sweat of his brow. As long as he has a four-pound loaf in his bread box and a glass of red wine, he's content. As soon as he wakes up, he's as happy as a lark, and at the end of the day, he takes up his tools and sings his revolutionary song...In the evening, after he has worked hard all day, he goes to his section [subdivision of Paris]... They shake his hand, pat him on the shoulder, and ask him how he's doing....He holds his head high everywhere he goes. In the evening, when he enters his hovel, his wife rushes to greet him, his small children hug him, his dog bounds up and licks him. He recounts the news that he heard at the section. He's as happy as a clam when telling about a victory over the Prussians, the Austrians, or the English. He tells how a traitorous general...was guillotined. While telling his children about these scoundrels, he makes them promise to always be good citizens and to love the Republic above all else. Then he eats dinner with a hearty appetite, and after his meal, he entertains his family by reading to them..." --La Père Duchesne, radical French newspaper, article, 1794 The article above reveals which of the following causes of the French Revolution? Economic failures such as famine and inflation Enlightenment criticism of organized religion Inability of the monarchy to resolve its financial crisis Social inequality based on privilege and hierarchy

The appeasement policy of the western democracies failed.

(Map of governments by type 1940, democracy fascism & communism) Which of the following conclusions are best supported by the map above? American influence was necessary to maintain the balance of power. The Versailles settlement succeeded in establishing new democracies. The Russian Revolution posed little threat to its neighbors. The appeasement policy of the western democracies failed.

World War II.

Africa 1880 Africa 1914 The political situation illustrated in the above maps did not significantly change until after: the Cold War. World War I. World War II. the Berlin Conference.

eastern Europe

Alexander Blaikley, British painter, Crystal Palace Interior, 1866 Which nation or region would have been LEAST likely to experience the conditions depicted? eastern Europe France Belgium Germany

Capitalism

Q: The process would have received the strongest endorsement from a supporter of:A: Capitalism.

Anabaptists

Q: Which of the following groups would most agree with Erasmus's views on the role of women?A: Anabaptists

Advances in military and maritime technology usually gave Europeans an advantage over Native Americans.

The 1492 landing of Christopher Columbus in the West Indies, engraving circa 1592 by Theodore de Bry, included in The History of America, published in Frankfurt, 1602 The image could best be used to illustrate which of the following general aspects of the initial encounters between Europeans and Native Americans? European explorers were often outnumbered by Native Americans. Lack of knowledge of Native American languages hindered the Europeans' ability to understand Native American cultures Advances in military and maritime technology usually gave Europeans an advantage over Native Americans.

The French Revolution

"But because, as the number of facts known increases, man learns to classify them, to reduce them to more general terms; because the instruments and the methods of observation and exact measurement are at the same time reaching a new precision; . . . the truths whose discovery has cost the most effort, which at first could be grasped only by men capable of profound thought, are soon carried further and proved by methods that are no longer beyond the reach of ordinary intelligence. If the methods that lead to new combinations are exhausted, if their application to problems not yet solved requires labors that exceed the time or the capacity of scholars, soon more general methods, simpler means, come to open a new avenue for genius.... All these causes of the improvement of the human species, all these means that assure it, will by their nature act continuously and acquire a constantly growing momentum. We have explained the proofs of this . . .; we could therefore already conclude that the perfectibility of man is unlimited, even though, up to now, we have only supposed him endowed with the same natural faculties and organization." --Marquis de Condorcet (1743 1794), aristocrat and mathematician, The Future Progress of the Human Mind, 1794 http://legacy.fordham.edu/Halsall/mod/condorcet-progress.asp The ideas promoted in the passage most directly influenced: the unification of Germany. the development of factories. the spread of religious toleration. the French Revolution.

the Catholic Church's opposition to heliocentrism in the 17th century

"Few things have more deeply injured the cause of religion than the busy fussy energy with which men, narrow and feeble alike in faith and science, have bustled forth to reconcile all new discoveries in physics with the world of inspiration. For it continually happens that some larger collection of facts, or some wider view of the phenomena of nature, alter the whole philosophic scheme; whilst revelation has been committed to declare an absolute agreement with what turns out after all to have been a misconception or an error. We cannot, therefore, consent to test the truth of natural science by the word of revelation. But this does not make it less important to point out on scientific grounds scientific errors, when those errors tend to limit God's glory in creation, or to gainsay the revealed relation of that creation to Himself. To both these classes of error...we think that Mr. Darwin's speculations directly tend." --Samuel Wilberforce, Anglican bishop, On Darwin's Origin of Species, 1860 (http://legacy.fordham.edu/Halsall/mod/1860wilberforce-darwin.asp) Wilberforce's response to Darwin's ideas is most similar to: the philosophes criticism of organized religion during the 18th century the Catholic Church's opposition to heliocentrism in the 17th century the youth movement's denunciation of materialism during the 20th century the Luddites' challenge to textile machinery during the 19th century

The fears of French and other countries' political leaders of a repeat of the First World War

"Is it not a moving spectacle that barely a few years after the most frightful war that has ever convulsed the world, when the battlefields are still almost damp with blood, the same peoples which clashed so roughly meet in this peaceful assembly and affirm mutually their common desire to collaborate in the work of universal peace? Messieurs, peace for France and Germany means that the series of painful and bloody encounters that has stained every page of history is over; over too, are the long veils of mourning for sufferings that will never ease. No more wars, no more brutal and bloody solutions to our differences! Away with rifles, machine guns, cannon! Make way for conciliation, for arbitration, for peace!" French Foreign Minister Aristide Briand, declaration welcoming Germany's entry into the League of Nations, 1926 Which of the following best explains Briand's view as expressed in the passage? The fears of French and other countries' political leaders of a repeat of the First World War The desire to cooperate with former enemies to halt the spread of Bolshevism after the Russian Revolution The need for European states to cooperate in suppressing anticolonial rebellions The desire of French political leaders to punish Germany for its actions in the First World War

The failure of the post-First World War peace settlement to meet its goals

"It has been wrongly assumed that [British Prime Minister] Chamberlain believed that [asking the Czech government to make] concessions would inevitably forestall a German military invasion of Czechoslovakia. On the contrary, he was fully aware, as were all the best of our diplomatic advisers, that the Sudeten* problem might not be the real issue and that Hitler might have ambitions far beyond the restoration of Sudeten rights. Chamberlain felt that this was a situation which would have to be faced if it came, but that a world war could not be fought to maintain inviolate the ascendancy of seven million Czechs over an almost equal multitude of discontented minorities. The boundaries of Czechoslovakia had been drawn, as Churchill himself testified, in flagrant defiance of the principle of self-determination. There is no doubt that the government of the new State [of Czechoslovakia] kept the three million Germans in a position of political, educational, and cultural inferiority, and that bitterness was exacerbated by the economic depression of the 'thirties which hit the German industrialized areas (the Sudetenland) more severely than elsewhere [in Czechoslovakia]. These grievances were outrageously exploited by the Nazis and their Sudeten puppet, Henlein; but the grievances were real." *The Sudetenland was a region of western Czechoslovakia where ethnic Germans constituted a large portion of the population. Richard Austen Butler, diplomatic officer in the British government during the negotiation of the Munich Agreement of 1938, The Art of the Possible: The Memoirs of Lord Butler, 1971 Butler's view of Sudeten German grievances most directly shows the effects of which of the following? The success of the Nazi German government in mitigating the effects of the Great Depression The belief among many Europeans that communism was a greater threat than fascism The desire of many British politicians to militarily confront Germany The failure of the post-First World War peace settlement to meet its goals

Its employment of aggressive nationalism as a means of maintaining support at home and gaining advantages abroad

"It has been wrongly assumed that [British Prime Minister] Chamberlain believed that [asking the Czech government to make] concessions would inevitably forestall a German military invasion of Czechoslovakia. On the contrary, he was fully aware, as were all the best of our diplomatic advisers, that the Sudeten* problem might not be the real issue and that Hitler might have ambitions far beyond the restoration of Sudeten rights. Chamberlain felt that this was a situation which would have to be faced if it came, but that a world war could not be fought to maintain inviolate the ascendancy of seven million Czechs over an almost equal multitude of discontented minorities. The boundaries of Czechoslovakia had been drawn, as Churchill himself testified, in flagrant defiance of the principle of self-determination. There is no doubt that the government of the new State [of Czechoslovakia] kept the three million Germans in a position of political, educational, and cultural inferiority, and that bitterness was exacerbated by the economic depression of the 'thirties which hit the German industrialized areas (the Sudetenland) more severely than elsewhere [in Czechoslovakia]. These grievances were outrageously exploited by the Nazis and their Sudeten puppet, Henlein; but the grievances were real." *The Sudetenland was a region of western Czechoslovakia where ethnic Germans constituted a large portion of the population. Richard Austen Butler, diplomatic officer in the British government during the negotiation of the Munich Agreement of 1938, The Art of the Possible: The Memoirs of Lord Butler, 1971 The exploitation of Sudeten grievances described by Butler in the passage are most directly connected to which of the following features of the Nazi regime? Its elimination of the distinction between the ruling party and the government as a means of securing power Its use of antisemitic rhetoric and policies as means to unite Germans against a supposed enemy Its creation of a cult of personality around Adolf Hitler, the Nazi leader, as a means of creating national cohesion Its employment of aggressive nationalism as a means of maintaining support at home and gaining advantages abroad

Social status defining power and perception in urban settings.

"It is true that men who have labored with some show of excellence, have already given knowledge of themselves to the world; and this alone ought to suffice them; I mean the fact that they have proved their manhood and achieved renown. Yet one must needs live like others; and so in a work like this there will always be found occasion for natural bragging, which is of diverse kinds, and the first is that a man should let others know he draws his lineage from persons of worth and most ancient origin. When I reached the age of fifteen, I put myself, against my father's will, to the goldsmith's trade with a man... known commonly as Marcone the goldsmith [one of the many guilds in Florence]. He was a most excellent craftsman and a very good fellow to boot, high-spirited and frank in all his ways. My father would not let him give me wages like the other apprentices; for having taken up the study of this art to please myself....My liking for the art was so great, or, I may truly say, my natural bias...that in a few months I caught up [to] the good, nay, the best young craftsmen in our business, and began to reap the fruits of my labors. I did not, however, neglect to gratify my good father from time to time by playing on the flute or cornet. Each time he heard me, I used to make his tears fall accompanied with deep-drawn sighs of satisfaction. My filial piety often made me give him that contentment, and induce me to pretend that I enjoyed the music too." --Benvenuto Cellini, Italian artist and musician, Autobiography, 1558-1562 Cellini's actions and their consequences can best be explained by which of the following? Social status defining power and perception in urban settings An expanding economy providing an opening for social mobility Church authorities enforcing communal and family norms Difficulties faced by guilds due to pressures created by migration

Civic humanist culture

"It is true that men who have labored with some show of excellence, have already given knowledge of themselves to the world; and this alone ought to suffice them; I mean the fact that they have proved their manhood and achieved renown. Yet one must needs live like others; and so in a work like this there will always be found occasion for natural bragging, which is of diverse kinds, and the first is that a man should let others know he draws his lineage from persons of worth and most ancient origin. When I reached the age of fifteen, I put myself, against my father's will, to the goldsmith's trade with a man... known commonly as Marcone the goldsmith [one of the many guilds in Florence]. He was a most excellent craftsman and a very good fellow to boot, high-spirited and frank in all his ways. My father would not let him give me wages like the other apprentices; for having taken up the study of this art to please myself....My liking for the art was so great, or, I may truly say, my natural bias...that in a few months I caught up [to] the good, nay, the best young craftsmen in our business, and began to reap the fruits of my labors. I did not, however, neglect to gratify my good father from time to time by playing on the flute or cornet. Each time he heard me, I used to make his tears fall accompanied with deep-drawn sighs of satisfaction. My filial piety often made me give him that contentment, and induce me to pretend that I enjoyed the music too." --Benvenuto Cellini, Italian artist and musician, Autobiography, 1558-1562 Given his environment, Cellini would most likely have encountered: accounts of exploration. ideas of religious reform. accusations of witchcraft. civic humanist culture

Individualism

"It is true that men who have labored with some show of excellence, have already given knowledge of themselves to the world; and this alone ought to suffice them; I mean the fact that they have proved their manhood and achieved renown. Yet one must needs live like others; and so in a work like this there will always be found occasion for natural bragging, which is of diverse kinds, and the first is that a man should let others know he draws his lineage from persons of worth and most ancient origin. When I reached the age of fifteen, I put myself, against my father's will, to the goldsmith's trade with a man... known commonly as Marcone the goldsmith [one of the many guilds in Florence]. He was a most excellent craftsman and a very good fellow to boot, high-spirited and frank in all his ways. My father would not let him give me wages like the other apprentices; for having taken up the study of this art to please myself....My liking for the art was so great, or, I may truly say, my natural bias...that in a few months I caught up [to] the good, nay, the best young craftsmen in our business, and began to reap the fruits of my labors. I did not, however, neglect to gratify my good father from time to time by playing on the flute or cornet. Each time he heard me, I used to make his tears fall accompanied with deep-drawn sighs of satisfaction. My filial piety often made me give him that contentment, and induce me to pretend that I enjoyed the music too." --Benvenuto Cellini, Italian artist and musician, Autobiography, 1558-1562 The account best illustrates the Renaissance focus on: education individualism secularism philology

the cult of domesticity

"Many women have complained to us about the revolution. In numerous letters they report to us that for two years now it seems there is but one sex in France. In the primary assemblies [for voting], in the sections, in the clubs, etc., there is no longer any discussion about women, as if they no longer existed... Women have never shown this sustained and strongly pronounced taste for civil and political independence, this ardor to which everything cedes, which inspires in men so many great deeds, so many heroic actions. This is because civil and political liberty is...useless to women and in consequence must be foreign to them. Destined to pass all their lives confined under the paternal roof or in the house of their marriage; born to a perpetual dependence from the first moment of their existence until that of their decease, they have only been endowed with private virtues. The tumult of camps, the storms of public places, the agitations of the tribunals are not at all suitable for the second sex. To keep her mother company, soften the worries of a spouse, nourish and care for her children, these are the only occupations and true duties of a woman." --Louis-Marie Prudhomme, French newspaper publisher, Révolutions of Paris, article, February 12, 1791 (http://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/d/483/) An historian might use the passage as evidence for which continuity with 19th-century attitudes toward women? white-collar employment the fight for women's suffrage universal compulsory education the cult of domesticity

women participated in the revolution through revolts, documents, and petitions

"Many women have complained to us about the revolution. In numerous letters they report to us that for two years now it seems there is but one sex in France. In the primary assemblies [for voting], in the sections, in the clubs, etc., there is no longer any discussion about women, as if they no longer existed... Women have never shown this sustained and strongly pronounced taste for civil and political independence, this ardor to which everything cedes, which inspires in men so many great deeds, so many heroic actions. This is because civil and political liberty is...useless to women and in consequence must be foreign to them. Destined to pass all their lives confined under the paternal roof or in the house of their marriage; born to a perpetual dependence from the first moment of their existence until that of their decease, they have only been endowed with private virtues. The tumult of camps, the storms of public places, the agitations of the tribunals are not at all suitable for the second sex. To keep her mother company, soften the worries of a spouse, nourish and care for her children, these are the only occupations and true duties of a woman." --Louis-Marie Prudhomme, French newspaper publisher, Révolutions of Paris, article, February 12, 1791 (http://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/d/483/) The passage reflects which of the following regarding women and the French Revolution? women supported the war effort on the home front against invading armies women were denied equality with men according to the Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen women gained legal improvements such as the right to divorce and own property women participated in the revolution through revolts, documents, and petitions

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

"Many women have complained to us about the revolution. In numerous letters, they report to us that for two years now it seems there is but one sex in France. In the primary assemblies [for voting], in the sections, in the clubs, etc., there is no longer any discussion about women, as if they no longer existed... Women have never shown this sustained and strongly pronounced taste for civil and political independence, this ardor to which everything cedes, which inspires in men so many great deeds, so many heroic actions. This is because civil and political liberty is...useless to women and in consequence, must be foreign to them. Destined to pass all their lives confined under the paternal roof or in the house of their marriage; born to a perpetual dependence from the first moment of their existence until that of their decease, they have only been endowed with private virtues. The tumult of camps, the storms of public places, the agitations of the tribunals are not at all suitable for the second sex. To keep her mother company, soften the worries of a spouse, nourish and care for her children, these are the only occupations and true duties of a woman." --Louis-Marie Prudhomme, French newspaper publisher, Révolutions of Paris, article, February 12, 1791 (http://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/d/483/) The views above were most likely influenced by: Louis XIV Maximilien Robespierre Jean-Jacques Rousseau Mary Wollstonecraft

The technology and learning supporting voyages of exploration.

"Marvelous and divine, indeed, was Leonardo the son of Ser Piero da Vinci. In erudition and letters he would have distinguished himself, if he had not been variable and unstable. For he set himself to learn many things, and when he had begun them gave them up. In arithmetic, during the few months that he applied himself to it, he made such progress that he often perplexed his master by the doubts and difficulties that he propounded. He gave some time to the study of music....and also made many designs for architecture; and he was the first, while he was still quite young, to discuss the question of making a channel for the river Arno from Pisa to Florence. He made models of mills and presses, and machines to be worked by water, and designs for tunneling through mountains, and levers and cranes for raising great weights, so that it seemed that his brain never ceased inventing. When Leo was made Pope, Leonardo went to Rome with Duke Giuliano de' Medici, and knowing the Pope to be fond of philosophy...he used to make little animals of a wax paste, which as he walked along he would fill with wind by blowing into them, and so make them fly in the air, until the wind being exhausted, they dropped to the ground." --Giorgio Vasari, Italian painter, writer, and historian, The Lives of the Artists, 1568 All of the following resulted from the work of artists and intellectuals, as portrayed above, EXCEPT: A human-centered naturalism in the visual arts. An increased focus on observation of the natural world. The technology and learning supporting voyages of exploration. The use of art to promote religious and political goals.

The civic humanist goal to improve the quality of life in the Italian city-states.

"Marvelous and divine, indeed, was Leonardo the son of Ser Piero da Vinci. In erudition and letters he would have distinguished himself, if he had not been variable and unstable. For he set himself to learn many things, and when he had begun them gave them up. In arithmetic, during the few months that he applied himself to it, he made such progress that he often perplexed his master by the doubts and difficulties that he propounded. He gave some time to the study of music....and also made many designs for architecture; and he was the first, while he was still quite young, to discuss the question of making a channel for the river Arno from Pisa to Florence. He made models of mills and presses, and machines to be worked by water, and designs for tunneling through mountains, and levers and cranes for raising great weights, so that it seemed that his brain never ceased inventing. When Leo was made Pope, Leonardo went to Rome with Duke Giuliano de' Medici, and knowing the Pope to be fond of philosophy...he used to make little animals of a wax paste, which as he walked along he would fill with wind by blowing into them, and so make them fly in the air, until the wind being exhausted, they dropped to the ground." --Giorgio Vasari, Italian painter, writer, and historian, The Lives of the Artists, 1568 Which of the following features of the Renaissance is most evident in the passage? The civic humanist goal to improve the quality of life in the Italian city-states. The appeal of alchemy and astrology among political and intellectual elites. The use of the printing press to spread classical and humanist ideals. The interest in the human body and new medical theories regarding disease.

Theories of feminism and women who asserted a public role for their gender.

"Middle-class women...faced new situations and challenges in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Although some lower-middle-class women continued to work alongside their shopkeeper husbands as they had in the past, most married middle-class women did not and never expected to have to work for wages. Their lives were centered on caring for their children and homes. But most middle-class women did not lead leisured existence. Indeed, they found that the demands on their time and energy increased as modernization progressed, and middle-class families' standards for cleanliness, food preparation, and physical comfort were upgraded." --Eleanor S. Riemer and John C. Fout, historians, European Women: A Documentary History, 1789-1945, 1980 (Schocken Books, 1980, in Sherman, p. 199) All of the following developments in the 19th century helped create the situation described above EXCEPT: Theories of feminism and women who asserted a public role for their gender. An increase in consumer goods and advances in transportation and communication. Mass production of goods that tended to separate work life from home life. Migration of families from rural areas into expanding industrialized cities.

Widespread access to birth control

"Middle-class women...faced new situations and challenges in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Although some lower-middle-class women continued to work alongside their shopkeeper husbands as they had in the past, most married middle-class women did not and never expected to have to work for wages. Their lives were centered on caring for their children and homes. But most middle-class women did not lead leisured existences. Indeed, they found that the demands on their time and energy increased as modernization progressed, and middle-class families' standards for cleanliness, food preparation, and physical comfort were upgraded." --Eleanor S. Riemer and John C. Fout, historians, European Women: A Documentary History, 1789-1945, 1980 (Schocken Books, 1980, in Sherman, p. 199) The development that most significantly changed the situation described in the passage was: Women gaining the right to vote The experience of total war Widespread access to birth control The generation gap and youth revolts

Primitive agricultural practices persisted in areas of Europe, which limited industry.

"Middle-class women...faced new situations and challenges in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Although some lower-middle-class women continued to work alongside their shopkeeper husbands as they had in the past, most married middle-class women did not and never expected to have to work for wages. Their lives were centered on caring for their children and homes. But most middle-class women did not lead leisured existences. Indeed, they found that the demands on their time and energy increased as modernization progressed, and middle-class families' standards for cleanliness, food preparation, and physical comfort were upgraded." --Eleanor S. Riemer and John C. Fout, historians, European Women: A Documentary History, 1789-1945, 1980 (Schocken Books, 1980, in Sherman, p. 199) Which of the following best expresses a limitation on the interpretation above? Economic motivations for marriage decreased in favor of companionship. Leisure time expanded and was more oriented around the family or small groups. Working-class wages and quality of life improved through legislation. Primitive agricultural practices persisted in areas of Europe, which limited industry.

Russia

"Middle-class women...faced new situations and challenges in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Although some lower-middle-class women continued to work alongside their shopkeeper husbands as they had in the past, most married middle-class women did not and never expected to have to work for wages. Their lives were centered on caring for their children and homes. But most middle-class women did not lead leisured existences. Indeed, they found that the demands on their time and energy increased as modernization progressed, and middle-class families' standards for cleanliness, food preparation, and physical comfort were upgraded." --Eleanor S. Riemer and John C. Fout, historians, European Women: A Documentary History, 1789-1945, 1980 (Schocken Books, 1980, in Sherman, p. 199) Which of the following nations would have been LEAST likely to experience the type of changes presented by Riemer and Fout? Germany Russia Britain France

In the 1800s, the expansion of consumer goods and culture led to increased expectations related to child-rearing and the material environment of the home.

"Middle-class women...faced new situations and challenges in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Although some lower-middle-class women continued to work alongside their shopkeeper husbands as they had in the past, most married middle-class women did not and never expected to have to work for wages. Their lives were centered on caring for their children and homes. But most middle-class women did not lead to leisured existence. Indeed, they found that the demands on their time and energy increased as modernization progressed, and middle-class families' standards for cleanliness, food preparation, and physical comfort were upgraded." --Eleanor S. Riemer and John C. Fout, historians, European Women: A Documentary History, 1789-1945, 1980 (Schocken Books, 1980, in Sherman, p. 199) Which of the following best supports the interpretation by Riemer and Fout? Many middle-class women found full-time employment in jobs created by the Second Industrial Revolution, such as typists and telephone operators. Inventions such as the vacuum cleaner and the washing machine in the early twentieth century led to increased leisure time for middle-class women. In the 1800s, the expansion of consumer goods and culture led to increased expectations related to child-rearing and the material environment of the home. Increasing political awareness on the part of nineteenth-century women resulted in gaining suffrage early in the twentieth century.

While he created some representative institutions in conquered regions, in practice these were manipulated to keep Napoleon's regime in power.

"Peoples of these long-oppressed, German lands! As a German I come among you, long-lost brothers who have been won back at great cost! To return you freedom, independence, honor, and happiness in the name of generous-hearted monarchs. Prove yourselves worthy of such great gifts. Earn the blood that has flowed on your behalf. Make willing and immediate sacrifice to secure an honorable, happy future. Seek to earn and preserve what the victorious allied armies* have given you. Remember the noble German princes, whose rule was happy and who remained worthy in good times and bad. Think of the great Imperial union and the common language, which binds you with us in perpetuity. Prove yourselves worthy of being German, and you will remain so." * a reference to the forces of Russia, Prussia, and Austria that had defeated Napoleon in Germany the previous year Declaration of Justus Gruner, newly appointed governor-general of the Middle Rhine region after Napoleon's retreat from Germany, 1814 Which of the following best explains why many saw Napoleon as an oppressor, as stated in the passage? Correct Answer While he created some representative institutions in conquered regions, in practice these were manipulated to keep Napoleon's regime in power. The creation of systems of primary education under Napoleon was seen as an unjustified intrusion into family life. He imposed the Code Napoleon, a system of laws based on French revolutionary principles, on territories conquered by his armies. He imposed the Code Napoleon, a system of laws based on French revolutionary principles, on territories conquered by his armies.

Napoleon used nationalism to mobilize the mass armies that facilitated his conquests, and his methods were copied and in some cases amplified by his rivals.

"Peoples of these long-oppressed, German lands! As a German I come among you, long-lost brothers who have been won back at great cost! To return you freedom, independence, honor, and happiness in the name of generous-hearted monarchs. Prove yourselves worthy of such great gifts. Earn the blood that has flowed on your behalf. Make willing and immediate sacrifice to secure an honorable, happy future. Seek to earn and preserve what the victorious allied armies* have given you. Remember the noble German princes, whose rule was happy and who remained worthy in good times and bad. Think of the great Imperial union and the common language, which binds you with us in perpetuity. Prove yourselves worthy of being German, and you will remain so." * a reference to the forces of Russia, Prussia, and Austria that had defeated Napoleon in Germany the previous year Declaration of Justus Gruner, newly appointed governor-general of the Middle Rhine region after Napoleon's retreat from Germany, 1814 Which of the following best explains why Napoleon's empire provoked nationalist reactions across Europe, as suggested by the passage? Napoleon's attempts to promote economic and industrial development in his empire threatened the merchant elites of other nations. Napoleon used nationalism to mobilize the mass armies that facilitated his conquests, and his methods were copied and in some cases amplified by his rivals. Napoleon's failure to conquer Russia provoked nationalist fears of the imposition of Eastern Orthodox religion on Europe. Napoleon's agreement with the Roman Catholic Church in the Concordat of 1801 provoked nationalist responses in Protestant areas.

Conflicts between monarchs and nobility involved issues of religious reform and control.

"Renaissance and Reformation Europe was a preindustrial 'underdeveloped' society, much closer in its economic life, technology, demographic patterns, communications, and class structure to imperial Rome than to contemporary western Europe or America. Everywhere political and military loyalty was dynastic rather than national. Political ties were overwhelmingly personal and familial, and every man took religion seriously. The age was one of astonishing religious creativity, pullulating with saints, mystics, reformers, and original theologians. Among the laity the temperature of piety was high—for the safety of religious minorities, dangerously high." --Eugene F. Rice, Jr., historian, The Foundations of Early Modern Europe, 1460-1559, 1970 What impact did the political structure, as characterized by Rice, have on religion in the 16th and 17th centuries? States used religion as a pretext to justify exploration and colonization The Catholic Reformation revived the Church but confirmed the split in Christianity Groups like the Anabaptists refused to recognize the authority of the state over religion Conflicts between monarchs and nobility involved issues of religious reform and control

What was the typical amount of labor required to run a printing press?

"The 9th [of June, 1789]. The business going forward at present in the pamphlet shops of Paris is incredible. I went to the Palais Royal [where many pamphleteers' shops were located] to see what new things were published and to procure a catalogue of all. Every hour produces something new. Thirteen came out today, sixteen yesterday, and ninety-two last week.... The spirit of reading political tracts, they say, spread into the provinces, so that all the presses of France are equally employed. Nineteen out of twenty of these productions are in favor of liberty, and commonly violent against the clergy and nobility;... but enquiring for such as had appeared on the other side of the question, to my astonishment I find that there are but two or three that have merit enough to be known. Is it not [surprising], that while the press teems with the most leveling and seditious principles, that if put in execution would overturn the monarchy, nothing in reply appears, and not the least step is taken by the court to restrain these publications?" Arthur Young, English writer, account of travels in France, published 1792 Young's account provides potential information about the origins of the French Revolution. A historian wishing to evaluate the usefulness of his account would likely be interested in all the following questions EXCEPT: What was the literacy rate in France on the eve of the Revolution? What was the typical retail price of a pamphlet, relative to average wages? What was the typical amount of labor required to run a printing press? What was the typical number of copies printed per pamphlet?

territorial disputes and rival alliance structures involving the two countries

"The Germans attacked in mass formation, by big columns of five or six hundred men, preceded by two waves of sharpshooters. . . . It is absolutely impossible to convey what losses the Germans must suffer in these attacks. Nothing can give the idea of it. Whole ranks are mowed down, and those that follow them suffer the same fate. Under the storm of machine gun, rifle, and [artillery] fire, the German columns are plowed into furrows of death. Imagine if you can what it would be like to rake water. Those gaps filled up at once. That is enough to show with what disdain for human life the German attacks are planned and carried out. In these circumstances, German advances are inevitable. These advances may startle the public, but at the front nobody attaches any importance to them. As a matter of fact, our trenches are so near to those of the Germans that once the barbed wire is destroyed the distance between them can be covered in a few minutes. Thus, if one is willing to suffer a loss of life corresponding to the number of men necessary to cover the space between the lines, the other trench can always be reached. By sacrificing thousands of men, after a formidable bombardment, an enemy trench can always be taken." Account by a French army officer of the Battle of Verdun, 1916 The conflict alluded to in the passage is best explained by The spread of Marxist ideology during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries territorial disputes and rival alliance structures involving the two countries protest and insurrection among the populations of France and Germany the collapse of European empires as anti-colonial movements developed in the early twentieth century

Metternich

"The acceptance of universal suffrage was a weapon in the war against Austria and other foreign countries, in the war for German Unity, as well as a threat to use the last weapons in a struggle against coalitions. In a war of this sort, when it becomes a matter of life and death, one does not look at the weapons that one seizes, nor the value of what one destroys in using them: one is guided at the moment by no other thought than the issue of the war, and the preservation of one's external independence; the settling of affairs and reparation of the damage has to take place after the peace. Moreover, I still hold that the principle of universal suffrage is a just one, not only in theory but also in practice, provided always that voting be not secret, for secrecy is a quality that is indeed incompatible with the best characteristics of German blood...." --Otto von Bismarck, former Chancellor of Prussia and Germany, Memoirs, 1898 All of the following would have agreed with Bismarck's political tactics EXCEPT: Napoleon III Garibaldi Metternich Cavour

Realpolitik strategies

"The acceptance of universal suffrage was a weapon in the war against Austria and other foreign countries, in the war for German Unity, as well as a threat to use the last weapons in a struggle against coalitions. In a war of this sort, when it becomes a matter of life and death, one does not look at the weapons that one seizes, nor the value of what one destroys in using them: one is guided at the moment by no other thought than the issue of the war, and the preservation of one's external independence; the settling of affairs and reparation of the damage has to take place after the peace. Moreover, I still hold that the principle of universal suffrage is a just one, not only in theory but also in practice, provided always that voting be not secret, for secrecy is a quality that is indeed incompatible with the best characteristics of German blood...." --Otto von Bismarck, former Chancellor of Prussia and Germany, Memoirs, 1898 An historian might use the statement as evidence for which of the following developments? Second Industrial Revolution Parliamentary democracy Social Darwinism Realpolitik strategies

Crimean War

"The acceptance of universal suffrage was a weapon in the war against Austria and other foreign countries, in the war for German Unity, as well as a threat to use the last weapons in a struggle against coalitions. In a war of this sort, when it becomes a matter of life and death, one does not look at the weapons that one seizes, nor the value of what one destroys in using them: one is guided at the moment by no other thought than the issue of the war, and the preservation of one's external independence; the settling of affairs and reparation of the damage has to take place after the peace. Moreover, I still hold that the principle of universal suffrage is a just one, not only in theory but also in practice, provided always that voting be not secret, for secrecy is a quality that is indeed incompatible with the best characteristics of German blood...." --Otto von Bismarck, former Chancellor of Prussia and Germany, Memoirs, 1898 The event that provided the situation in which such policies could be pursued was the: unification of Germany. Berlin Conference. Congress of Vienna. Crimean War

Liberalism

"The advance of human progress is unstoppable. The idea of human freedom will triumph, if not by way of reform, then by way of revolution. But in the latter event it will come to life on the ashes of a thousand years of destroyed history. The Russian rebellion, mindless and pitiless, will sweep away everything, turn everything to dust. What kind of Russia will emerge from this unexampled trial transcends human imagination: the horrors of the Russian rebellion may surpass everything known to history. It is possible that foreign intervention will tear the country apart. Attempts to put into practice the ideas of theoretical socialism—they will fail but they will be made—will destroy the family, religious faith, property, and law." --Sergei Witte, Minister of Finance, Memorandum to Tsar Nicholas II, 1905 (Richard Pipes, A Concise History of the Russian Revolution, p. 41) Based on the passage above, which of the following ideologies might a historian conclude Witte supported? Liberalism Conservatism Socialism Nationalism

After the collapse of the Romanov dynasty in 1917

"The advance of human progress is unstoppable. The idea of human freedom will triumph, if not by way of reform, then by way of revolution. But in the latter event it will come to life on the ashes of a thousand years of destroyed history. The Russian rebellion, mindless and pitiless, will sweep away everything, turn everything to dust. What kind of Russia will emerge from this unexampled trial transcends human imagination: the horrors of the Russian rebellion may surpass everything known to history. It is possible that foreign intervention will tear the country apart. Attempts to put into practice the ideas of theoretical socialism—they will fail but they will be made—will destroy the family, religious faith, property, and law." --Sergei Witte, Minister of Finance, Memorandum to Tsar Nicholas II, 1905 (Richard Pipes, A Concise History of the Russian Revolution, p. 41) The political condition and outcomes described in the passage materialized: After the German invasion of Russia in 1941 After the Russo-Japanese War in 1905 After the collapse of the Romanov dynasty in 1917 After the fall of the Soviet Union in 1989

Stalin's forced collectivization of agriculture and 5-Year Plans

"The advance of human progress is unstoppable. The idea of human freedom will triumph, if not by way of reform, then by way of revolution. But in the latter event it will come to life on the ashes of a thousand years of destroyed history. The Russian rebellion, mindless and pitiless, will sweep away everything, turn everything to dust. What kind of Russia will emerge from this unexampled trial transcends human imagination: the horrors of the Russian rebellion may surpass everything known to history. It is possible that foreign intervention will tear the country apart. Attempts to put into practice the ideas of theoretical socialism—they will fail but they will be made—will destroy the family, religious faith, property, and law." --Sergei Witte, Minister of Finance, Memorandum to Tsar Nicholas II, 1905 (Richard Pipes, A Concise History of the Russian Revolution, p. 41) Which subsequent events or developments best fits Witte's "prediction" about Russia's future? The New Economic Policy under Lenin The policies of glasnost and perestroika under Gorbachev Stalin's forced collectivization of agriculture and 5-Year Plans Khrushchev's de-Stalinization policies

Efforts by the tsars in the 19th century at political and legal reforms

"The advance of human progress is unstoppable. The idea of human freedom will triumph, if not by way of reform, then by way of revolution. But in the latter event it will come to life on the ashes of a thousand years of destroyed history. The Russian rebellion, mindless and pitiless, will sweep away everything, turn everything to dust. What kind of Russia will emerge from this unexampled trial transcends human imagination: the horrors of the Russian rebellion may surpass everything known to history. It is possible that foreign intervention will tear the country apart. Attempts to put into practice the ideas of theoretical socialism—they will fail but they will be made—will destroy the family, religious faith, property, and law." --Sergei Witte, Minister of Finance, Memorandum to Tsar Nicholas II, 1905 (Richard Pipes, A Concise History of the Russian Revolution, p. 41) Witte's perspective on revolution was most likely influenced by which of the following trends in Russian history? Changes to the balance of power resulting from the Crimean War Russia's attempts to establish an alliance with France Russia's attempts at expansion into central Europe Efforts by the tsars in the 19th century at political and legal reforms

The Catholic Church's opposition to the French Revolution

"The government of the French Republic recognizes that the Roman, catholic and apostolic religion is the religion of the great majority of French citizens. His Holiness likewise recognizes that this same religion has derived and in this moment again expects the greatest benefit and grandeur from the establishment of catholic worship in France and from the personal profession of it which the Consuls of the Republic make. In consequence, after this mutual recognition, as well for the benefit of religion as for the maintenance of internal tranquility, they have agreed as follows: The catholic, apostolic and Roman religion shall be freely exercised in France: its worship shall be public, and in conformity with the police regulations which the government shall deem necessary for the public tranquility. . . . Before entering upon their functions, the bishops shall take directly, at the hands of the First Consul, the oath of fidelity which was in use before the change of government, expressed in the following terms: 'I swear and promise to God, upon the holy scriptures, to remain in obedience and fidelity to the government established by the constitution of the French Republic. I also promise not to have any intercourse, nor to assist by any council, nor to support any league, either within or without, which is inimical to the public tranquility; and if, within my diocese or elsewhere, I learn that anything to the prejudice of the state is being contrived, I will make it known to the government.'" --Concordat between Napoleon and Pope Pius VII, 1801 (http://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/d/504) The oath in the last paragraph was likely a result of which of the following? The Catholic Church's opposition to the French Revolution Participation of women in revolutionary violence France's invasion by a coalition of European powers De-Christianization efforts during the radical phase of the revolution

The Edict of Nantes

"The government of the French Republic recognizes that the Roman, catholic and apostolic religion is the religion of the great majority of French citizens. His Holiness likewise recognizes that this same religion has derived and in this moment again expects the greatest benefit and grandeur from the establishment of catholic worship in France and from the personal profession of it which the Consuls of the Republic make. In consequence, after this mutual recognition, as well for the benefit of religion as for the maintenance of internal tranquility, they have agreed as follows: The catholic, apostolic and Roman religion shall be freely exercised in France: its worship shall be public, and in conformity with the police regulations which the government shall deem necessary for the public tranquility. . . . Before entering upon their functions, the bishops shall take directly, at the hands of the First Consul, the oath of fidelity which was in use before the change of government, expressed in the following terms: 'I swear and promise to God, upon the holy scriptures, to remain in obedience and fidelity to the government established by the constitution of the French Republic. I also promise not to have any intercourse, nor to assist by any council, nor to support any league, either within or without, which is inimical to the public tranquility; and if, within my diocese or elsewhere, I learn that anything to the prejudice of the state is being contrived, I will make it known to the government.'" --Concordat between Napoleon and Pope Pius VII, 1801 (http://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/d/504) Which of the following historical situations is most similar to the legislation above in the relation between church and state? The Edict of Nantes Henry VIII's establishment of the Anglican Church Ferdinand and Isabella's use of the Spanish Inquisition The Peace of Augsburg

Enlightenment.

"The government of the French Republic recognizes that the Roman, catholic and apostolic religion is the religion of the great majority of French citizens. His Holiness likewise recognizes that this same religion has derived and in this moment again expects the greatest benefit and grandeur from the establishment of catholic worship in France and from the personal profession of it which the Consuls of the Republic make. In consequence, after this mutual recognition, as well for the benefit of religion as for the maintenance of internal tranquility, they have agreed as follows: The catholic, apostolic and Roman religion shall be freely exercised in France: its worship shall be public, and in conformity with the police regulations which the government shall deem necessary for the public tranquility. . . . Before entering upon their functions, the bishops shall take directly, at the hands of the First Consul, the oath of fidelity which was in use before the change of government, expressed in the following terms: 'I swear and promise to God, upon the holy scriptures, to remain in obedience and fidelity to the government established by the constitution of the French Republic. I also promise not to have any intercourse, nor to assist by any council, nor to support any league, either within or without, which is inimical to the public tranquility; and if, within my diocese or elsewhere, I learn that anything to the prejudice of the state is being contrived, I will make it known to the government.'" --Concordat between Napoleon and Pope Pius VII, 1801 (http://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/d/504/) In sponsoring the legislation above, Napoleon was most likely influence by the: Renaissance French Revolution. Enlightenment. Protestant Reformation.

reforming domestic institutions and manipulating public opinion.

"The government of the French Republic recognizes that the Roman, catholic and apostolic religion is the religion of the great majority of French citizens. His Holiness likewise recognizes that this same religion has derived and in this moment again expects the greatest benefit and grandeur from the establishment of catholic worship in France and from the personal profession of it which the Consuls of the Republic make. In consequence, after this mutual recognition, as well for the benefit of religion as for the maintenance of internal tranquility, they have agreed as follows: The catholic, apostolic and Roman religion shall be freely exercised in France: its worship shall be public, and in conformity with the police regulations which the government shall deem necessary for the public tranquility. . . . Before entering upon their functions, the bishops shall take directly, at the hands of the First Consul, the oath of fidelity which was in use before the change of government, expressed in the following terms: 'I swear and promise to God, upon the holy scriptures, to remain in obedience and fidelity to the government established by the constitution of the French Republic. I also promise not to have any intercourse, nor to assist by any council, nor to support any league, either within or without, which is inimical to the public tranquility; and if, within my diocese or elsewhere, I learn that anything to the prejudice of the state is being contrived, I will make it known to the government.'" --Concordat between Napoleon and Pope Pius VII, 1801 (http://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/d/504/) The legislation above was part of Napoleon's more general goal of: reforming domestic institutions and manipulating public opinion. forming an alliance with Austria in order to invade Russia applying French revolutionary ideals and across Europe. restoring religion to the position it held in the Old Regime.

rise of totalitarian ideologies and regimes.

"The idealist of the early democracy regarded popular education as enlightenment pure and simple---but it is precisely this that smooths the path for the coming Caesars of the world. The last century [the 19th] was the winter of the West, the victory of materialism and skepticism, of socialism, parliamentarianism, and money. But in this century blood and instinct will regain their rights against the power of money and intellect. The era of individualism, liberalism and democracy, of humanitarianism and freedom, is nearing its end. The masses will accept with resignation the victory of the Caesars, the strong men, and will obey them. Life will descend to a level of general uniformity, a new kind of primitivism, and the world will be better for it....." --Oswald Spengler, German historian, The Decline of the West, 1922 Spengler's "prediction" would prove most accurate in the: spread of democracy in Eastern Europe. onset of the Great Depression. rise of totalitarian ideologies and regimes. failures of the League of Nations.

Destruction caused by the First World War

"The idealist of the early democracy regarded popular education as enlightenment pure and simple---but it is precisely this that smooths the path for the coming Caesars of the world. The last century [the 19th] was the winter of the West, the victory of materialism and skepticism, of socialism, parliamentarianism, and money. But in this century blood and instinct will regain their rights against the power of money and intellect. The era of individualism, liberalism and democracy, of humanitarianism and freedom, is nearing its end. The masses will accept with resignation the victory of the Caesars, the strong men, and will obey them. Life will descend to a level of general uniformity, a new kind of primitivism, and the world will be better for it....." --Oswald Spengler, German historian, The Decline of the West, 1922 Which of the following most likely produced the tone and content of Spengler's work? African and Asian anti-colonial movements The weakness of the Weimar Republic Destruction caused by the First World War The spread of communist ideology

the expansion of cottage industry in the countryside.

"The truth is that economic conditions were highly unsatisfactory on the eve of the Industrial Revolution. The traditional social system was not elastic enough to provide for the needs of a rapidly increasing population. Neither farming nor the guilds had any use for the additional hands [laborers]. Business was imbued with the inherited spirit of privilege and exclusive monopoly; its institutional foundations were licenses and the grant of a patent of monopoly; its philosophy was restriction and the prohibition of competition both domestic and foreign. The number of people for whom there was no room left in the rigid system of paternalism and government tutelage of business grew rapidly. They were virtually outcasts. The apathetic majority of these wretched people lived from the crumbs that fell from the tables of the established castes. In the harvest season they earned a trifle by occasional help on farms; for the rest they depended upon private charity and communal poor relief. ....The outstanding fact about the Industrial Revolution is that it opened an age of mass production for the needs of the masses. The wage earners are no longer people toiling merely for other people's well-being. They themselves are the main consumers of the products the factories turn out." --Ludwig von Mises, Austrian economist, Human Action, 1949 https://mises.org/library/popular-interpretation-industrial-revolution The preindustrial development that contradicts von Mises's argument in the first paragraph was: the adherence by governments to mercantilist policies. the expansion of cottage industry in the countryside. the domination of political power by the aristocracy. the establishment of joint-stock companies by government charter.

Industrialization increased workers' disposable income and created a consumer culture.

"The truth is that economic conditions were highly unsatisfactory on the eve of the Industrial Revolution. The traditional social system was not elastic enough to provide for the needs of a rapidly increasing population. Neither farming nor the guilds had any use for the additional hands [laborers]. Business was imbued with the inherited spirit of privilege and exclusive monopoly; its institutional foundations were licenses and the grant of a patent of monopoly; its philosophy was restriction and the prohibition of competition both domestic and foreign. The number of people for whom there was no room left in the rigid system of paternalism and government tutelage of business grew rapidly. They were virtually outcasts. The apathetic majority of these wretched people lived from the crumbs that fell from the tables of the established castes. In the harvest season they earned a trifle by occasional help on farms; for the rest they depended upon private charity and communal poor relief. ....The outstanding fact about the Industrial Revolution is that it opened an age of mass production for the needs of the masses. The wage earners are no longer people toiling merely for other people's well-being. They themselves are the main consumers of the products the factories turn out." --Ludwig von Mises, Austrian economist, Human Action, 1949 https://mises.org/library/popular-interpretation-industrial-revolution Which of the following developments provides the strongest support for von Mises' argument? Overseas trade in luxury commodities provided goods accessible to all classes. Industrialization increased workers' disposable income and created a consumer culture. Guilds expanded and provided jobs to workers migrating from the countryside. Agricultural activity decreased as a portion of the overall economy in the 18th century.

Adam Smith

"The truth is that economic conditions were highly unsatisfactory on the eve of the Industrial Revolution. The traditional social system was not elastic enough to provide for the needs of a rapidly increasing population. Neither farming nor the guilds had any use for the additional hands [laborers]. Business was imbued with the inherited spirit of privilege and exclusive monopoly; its institutional foundations were licenses and the grant of a patent of monopoly; its philosophy was restriction and the prohibition of competition both domestic and foreign. The number of people for whom there was no room left in the rigid system of paternalism and government tutelage of business grew rapidly. They were virtually outcasts. The apathetic majority of these wretched people lived from the crumbs that fell from the tables of the established castes. In the harvest season they earned a trifle by occasional help on farms; for the rest they depended upon private charity and communal poor relief. ....The outstanding fact about the Industrial Revolution is that it opened an age of mass production for the needs of the masses. The wage earners are no longer people toiling merely for other people's well-being. They themselves are the main consumers of the products the factories turn out." --Ludwig von Mises, Austrian economist, Human Action, 1949 https://mises.org/library/popular-interpretation-industrial-revolution Which of the following economic theorists would most likely have agreed with von Mises's interpretation? Jean-Baptiste Colbert John Maynard Keynes Karl Marx Adam Smith

Great Britain

"The truth is that economic conditions were highly unsatisfactory on the eve of the Industrial Revolution. The traditional social system was not elastic enough to provide for the needs of a rapidly increasing population. Neither farming nor the guilds had any use for the additional hands [laborers]. Business was imbued with the inherited spirit of privilege and exclusive monopoly; its institutional foundations were licenses and the grant of a patent of monopoly; its philosophy was restriction and the prohibition of competition both domestic and foreign. The number of people for whom there was no room left in the rigid system of paternalism and government tutelage of business grew rapidly. They were virtually outcasts. The apathetic majority of these wretched people lived from the crumbs that fell from the tables of the established castes. In the harvest season they earned a trifle by occasional help on farms; for the rest they depended upon private charity and communal poor relief. ....The outstanding fact about the Industrial Revolution is that it opened an age of mass production for the needs of the masses. The wage earners are no longer people toiling merely for other people's well-being. They themselves are the main consumers of the products the factories turn out." --Ludwig von Mises, Austrian economist, Human Action, 1949 https://mises.org/library/popular-interpretation-industrial-revolution Which of the following nations would von Mises likely cite as support for the argument he provides in the second paragraph? Germany Russia Great Britain France

Napoleon's defeat and exile to Elba

"Thine evil deeds are writ in gore, Nor written thus in vain--- Thy triumphs tell of fame no more, Or deepen every stain: If thou hadst died as Honor dies. Some new Napoleon might arise, To shame the world again--- But who would soar the solar height, To set in such a starless night? Yes! better to have stood the storm, A Monarch to the last! Although that heartless fireless form Had crumbled in the blast: Than stoop to drag out Life's last years, The nights of terror, days of tears For all the splendor past; Then,---after ages would have read Thy awful death with more than dread. A lion in the conquering hour! In wild defeat a hare! Thy mind hath vanished with thy power, For Danger brought despair. The dreams of scepters now depart, And leave thy desolated heart The Capitol of care! Dark Corsican, 'tis strange to trace Thy long deceit and last disgrace." --Lord Byron, British poet, "Ode to Napoleon Buonaparte," 1814 (http://classiclit.about.com/library/bl-etexts/lbyron/bl-lbyron-odetonap.htm) Which of the following developments or events from the French Revolution or Napoleonic era most likely inspired the poem? the Concordat with the Catholic Church Napoleon's defeat and exile to Elba the overthrow of the Directory Napoleon's defeat in Egypt

Age of Romanticism

"Thine evil deeds are writ in gore, Nor written thus in vain--- Thy triumphs tell of fame no more, Or deepen every stain: If thou hadst died as Honor dies. Some new Napoleon might arise, To shame the world again--- But who would soar the solar height, To set in such a starless night? Yes! better to have stood the storm, A Monarch to the last! Although that heartless fireless form Had crumbled in the blast: Than stoop to drag out Life's last years, The nights of terror, days of tears For all the splendor past; Then,---after ages would have read Thy awful death with more than dread. A lion in the conquering hour! In wild defeat a hare! Thy mind hath vanished with thy power, For Danger brought despair. The dreams of scepters now depart, And leave thy desolated heart The Capitol of care! Dark Corsican, 'tis strange to trace Thy long deceit and last disgrace." --Lord Byron, British poet, "Ode to Napoleon Buonaparte," 1814 (http://classiclit.about.com/library/bl-etexts/lbyron/bl-lbyron-odetonap.htm) Which of the following eras most accurately characterizes Byron's poem about Napoleon? Age of Enlightenment Age of Romanticism Age of Nationalism Age of Absolutism

inability to raise citizen armies to defend the revolution.

"What a damn difference there is between the fate of [the rich] and that of the honest sans culotte, who lives from day to day by the sweat of his brow. As long as he has a four-pound loaf in his bread box and a glass of red wine, he's content. As soon as he wakes up, he's as happy as a lark, and at the end of the day, he takes up his tools and sings his revolutionary song...In the evening, after he has worked hard all day, he goes to his section [subdivision of Paris]... They shake his hand, pat him on the shoulder, and ask him how he's doing....He holds his head high everywhere he goes. In the evening, when he enters his hovel, his wife rushes to greet him, his small children hug him, his dog bounds up and licks him. He recounts the news that he heard at the section. He's as happy as a clam when telling about a victory over the Prussians, the Austrians, or the English. He tells how a traitorous general...was guillotined. While telling his children about these scoundrels, he makes them promise to always be good citizens and to love the Republic above all else. Then he eats dinner with a hearty appetite, and after his meal, he entertains his family by reading to them..." --La Père Duchesne, radical French newspaper, article, 1794 At the time of the article's publication, the revolution faced all of the following issues EXCEPT: the threat of invasion by hostile foreign powers. rising prices for basic commodities, such as bread. counter-revolution based in the provinces of France. inability to raise citizen armies to defend the revolution.

Toussaint L'Ouverture.

"What a damn difference there is between the fate of [the rich] and that of the honest sans culotte, who lives from day to day by the sweat of his brow. As long as he has a four-pound loaf in his bread box and a glass of red wine, he's content. As soon as he wakes up, he's as happy as a lark, and at the end of the day, he takes up his tools and sings his revolutionary song...In the evening, after he has worked hard all day, he goes to his section [subdivision of Paris]... They shake his hand, pat him on the shoulder, and ask him how he's doing....He holds his head high everywhere he goes. In the evening, when he enters his hovel, his wife rushes to greet him, his small children hug him, his dog bounds up and licks him. He recounts the news that he heard at the section. He's as happy as a clam when telling about a victory over the Prussians, the Austrians, or the English. He tells how a traitorous general...was guillotined. While telling his children about these scoundrels, he makes them promise to always be good citizens and to love the Republic above all else. Then he eats dinner with a hearty appetite, and after his meal, he entertains his family by reading to them..." --La Père Duchesne, radical French newspaper, article, 1794 The attitude of the article and the character portrayed would have been most strongly endorsed by: Marquis de Lafayette. Toussaint L'Ouverture. Napoleon Bonaparte. Edmund Burke.

Executions of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette

"What a damn difference there is between the fate of [the rich] and that of the honest sans culotte, who lives from day to day by the sweat of his brow. As long as he has a four-pound loaf in his bread box and a glass of red wine, he's content. As soon as he wakes up, he's as happy as a lark, and at the end of the day, he takes up his tools and sings his revolutionary song...In the evening, after he has worked hard all day, he goes to his section [subdivision of Paris]... They shake his hand, pat him on the shoulder, and ask him how he's doing....He holds his head high everywhere he goes. In the evening, when he enters his hovel, his wife rushes to greet him, his small children hug him, his dog bounds up and licks him. He recounts the news that he heard at the section. He's as happy as a clam when telling about a victory over the Prussians, the Austrians, or the English. He tells how a traitorous general...was guillotined. While telling his children about these scoundrels, he makes them promise to always be good citizens and to love the Republic above all else. Then he eats dinner with a hearty appetite, and after his meal, he entertains his family by reading to them..." --La Père Duchesne, radical French newspaper, article, 1794 Which of the following actions of the revolution would have supported most enthusiastically by the writers of the article and the character portrayed in it? Executions of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette Women's March to Versailles National Assembly's Tennis Court Oath Reliance on laissez-faire economic principles

The failure of democratic institutions to address the crises of the interwar years

(Map of governments by type 1940, democracy fascism & communism) Prior to the outbreak of World War II, which of the following factors best accounts for the political trend demonstrated in the map above? The Marshall Plan successfully stabilized the economies of Western European nations Hitler's rise to power and German withdrawal from the League of Nations in 1933 The failure of democratic institutions to address the crises of the interwar years Stalinist influence in Eastern Europe established a Soviet zone of control

The advance in power of new economic elites.

(Printing press map 1480) The technology identified in the map above facilitated all of the following developments EXCEPT: The rise of individualism in education The advance in power of new economic elites The spread of ideas of religious reform The prestige of classical humanist ideals

The Internet

(Printing press map 1480) Which of the following technological developments would be most similar in its effects to that depicted above? steam engine telescope and microscope textile innovations the Internet

saw himself more as a critic of society.

--Gustave Courbet, French painter, The Stone Breakers, 1849 In contrast to Renaissance artists, it is likely that Courbet: saw himself more as a critic of society. viewed art as primarily abstract and non-representational. did not receive formal training in his art. wished to use art to satirize the idea of beauty

an openness to innovation among elites

--James Watt, British inventor and entrepreneur, double-acting rotating steam engine with separate condenser, 1780s (from John Farey, A Treatise on the Steam Engine, London, 1827.) The image demonstrates which of the following regarding British culture in the 18th and 19th centuries? an openness to innovation among elites a dedication to free trade the focus on empire and sea power a commitment to political reform

revolutionaries attempted to overthrow the old order.

-Gustave Courbet, French painter, The Stone Breakers, 1849 During the 19th century, in response to the situation depicted in the painting: governments funded the expansion of railroads. European powers pursued resources in colonies. cities implemented sewage and sanitary reforms. revolutionaries attempted to overthrow the old order.

Establishment of new financial practices and institutions.

: The image demonstrates all of the following economic changes in the period EXCEPT the: A: Establishment of new financial practices and institutions.

women helped the progress of the Revolution

A historian would use the print above, commemorating the women's march on Versailles in October 1789, as evidence of: lower-class women were against the revolution lower-class women opposed the convening of the National Assembly women helped the progress of the Revolution lower-class women were defenders of the aristocracy

New print technology made his books widely available.

Abbot: Distaff and spindle* are the proper equipment for women. Lady. Isn't it a wife's business to manage the household and rear the children? Abbott: It is. Lady: Do you think she can manage so big a job without wisdom? Abbot: I suppose not. Lady: But books s teach me this wisdom. Abbot: I could put up with books, but not Latin ones. Lady: Why not? Abbot: Because that language isn't fit for women. Lady: I want to know why. Abbot: Because it does little to protect their chastity.... Lady: I can hardly keep myself from laughing. * used for spinning thread --Desiderius Erasmus, Dutch religious reformer and writer, "The Abbot and the Learned Lady," 1524 Which of the following best explains why Erasmus's writing gained an audience? New print technology made his books widely available. Popes protected him from criticism due to his fame. Monarchs patronized him in order to oppose the Pope. Peasants embraced his message of social revolution.

Christian Humanism

Abbot: Distaff and spindle* are the proper equipment for women. Lady. Isn't it a wife's business to manage the household and rear the children? Abbott: It is. Lady: Do you think she can manage so big a job without wisdom? Abbot: I suppose not. Lady: But books s teach me this wisdom. Abbot: I could put up with books, but not Latin ones. Lady: Why not? Abbot: Because that language isn't fit for women. Lady: I want to know why. Abbot: Because it does little to protect their chastity.... Lady: I can hardly keep myself from laughing. * used for spinning thread --Desiderius Erasmus, Dutch religious reformer and writer, "The Abbot and the Learned Lady," 1524 Which of the following developments most likely influenced Erasmus's commentary above? Scholasticism Council of Trent Christian Humanism Luther's religious ideas

Political tensions among the great powers.

Africa 1880 Africa 1914 The developments illustrated by the maps above contributed most directly to which of the following? An increase in Europe's population. Political tensions among the great powers. The rise of realist themes and styles in art. Cycles of economic instability.

Industrialization fed the desire of states for access to raw materials and markets.

Africa 1880 Africa 1914 The differences between the two maps are best explained by which of the following developments? The unifications of Italy and Germany led to these new nations to pursue colonies. Revolts by African settlers led European powers to further involvement on the continent. Anti-slavery movements stimulated interests in African politics and culture. Industrialization fed the desire of states for access to raw materials and markets.

The growth of working-class movements and ideologies that promoted mass politics.

Africa 1880 Africa 1914 The situation in the second map was caused by all of the following EXCEPT: Advances in medical knowledge and practices that preserved the lives of Europeans. The growth of working-class movements and ideologies that promoted mass politics. Ideologies of European superiority, such as Racial Darwinism and White Man's Burden. Communication and transportation technologies that allowed for creation of empires.

European powers partitioned Africa with little regard for indigenous identities, leading to later conflict.

Africa 1880 Africa 1914 An historian might use these maps to conclude which of the following? The most important factor in European imperialism of Africa proved to be the pursuit of strategic locations, such as the Suez Canal. Those nations that established the strongest African empires were most likely to avoid total war and economic depression in the 20th century. European powers partitioned Africa with little regard for indigenous identities, leading to later conflict. Africans eventually employed European ideas, such as autonomy and natural rights, in their eventual pursuit of independence.

wages had stabilized and issues of inequality had subsided

Alexander Blaikley, British painter, Crystal Palace Interior, 1866 By the time of the painting, all of the following were true EXCEPT: governments had begun addressing the worst urban problems wages had stabilized and issues of inequality had subsided railroads had created more integrated market for goods industrialization had spread to many nations on the continent

the availability of leisure time activities.

Alexander Blaikley, British painter, Crystal Palace Interior, 1866 The image best reflects the 19th-century social development of: the provision for universal compulsory education. an emphasis on public health and fitness. the availability of leisure time activities. the separation of classes in public spaces.

Metternich

Alexander Petofi, The National Song of Hungary, 1848 http://legacy.fordham.edu/Halsall/mod/1848hungary-natsong.asp RISE, Magyar! is the country's call! The time has come, say one and all: Shall we be slaves, shall we be free? This is the question, now agree! For by the Magyar's God above We truly swear, We truly swear the tyrant's yoke No more to bear! Alas! till now we were but slaves; Our fathers resting in their graves Sleep not in freedom's soil. In vain They fought and died free homes to gain. But by the Magyar's God above We truly swear, We truly swear the tyrant's yoke No more to bear! The Magyar's name will soon once more Be honored as it was before! The shame and dust of ages past Our valor shall wipe out at last. For by the Magyar's God above We truly swear, We truly swear the tyrant's yoke No more to bear! And where our graves in verdure rise, Our children's children to the skies Shall speak the grateful joy they feel, And bless our names the while they kneel. For by the Magyar's God above We truly swear, We truly swear the tyrant's yoke No more to bear! The individual most strongly opposed to the sentiments above would have been: Napoleon III Metternich Mazzini Bismarck

The creation of a Dual Monarchy

Alexander Petofi, The National Song of Hungary, 1848 http://legacy.fordham.edu/Halsall/mod/1848hungary-natsong.asp RISE, Magyar! is the country's call! The time has come, say one and all: Shall we be slaves, shall we be free? This is the question, now agree! For by the Magyar's God above We truly swear, We truly swear the tyrant's yoke No more to bear! Alas! till now we were but slaves; Our fathers resting in their graves Sleep not in freedom's soil. In vain They fought and died free homes to gain. But by the Magyar's God above We truly swear, We truly swear the tyrant's yoke No more to bear! The Magyar's name will soon once more Be honored as it was before! The shame and dust of ages past Our valor shall wipe out at last. For by the Magyar's God above We truly swear, We truly swear the tyrant's yoke No more to bear! And where our graves in verdure rise, Our children's children to the skies Shall speak the grateful joy they feel, And bless our names the while they kneel. For by the Magyar's God above We truly swear, We truly swear the tyrant's yoke No more to bear! The sentiments in the song were addressed most directly with: The emergence of African imperialism The spread of industrialization to the continent The creation of a Dual Monarchy The movements for self-rule in the Ottoman Empire

Age of Revolution

Alexander Petofi, The National Song of Hungary, 1848 http://legacy.fordham.edu/Halsall/mod/1848hungary-natsong.asp RISE, Magyar! is the country's call! The time has come, say one and all: Shall we be slaves, shall we be free? This is the question, now agree! For by the Magyar's God above We truly swear, We truly swear the tyrant's yoke No more to bear! Alas! till now we were but slaves; Our fathers resting in their graves Sleep not in freedom's soil. In vain They fought and died free homes to gain. But by the Magyar's God above We truly swear, We truly swear the tyrant's yoke No more to bear! The Magyar's name will soon once more Be honored as it was before! The shame and dust of ages past Our valor shall wipe out at last. For by the Magyar's God above We truly swear, We truly swear the tyrant's yoke No more to bear! And where our graves in verdure rise, Our children's children to the skies Shall speak the grateful joy they feel, And bless our names the while they kneel. For by the Magyar's God above We truly swear, We truly swear the tyrant's yoke No more to bear! Which of the following periodization models best expresses the song and the events surrounding it? Age of Revolution Modernism Enlightenment Age of Imperialism

The Treaty of Versailles settlement

Fascist youth group parades past Benito Mussolini, during a celebration on May 27, 1935, of the 20th anniversary of Italy's entrance into World War I. A historian could use the image to argue most directly for the failure of which of the following? The Soviet Union's modernization policies The western democracies' response to the Depression The Treaty of Versailles settlement The fascist effort to win the Spanish Civil War

glorified war and military conquest in order to appeal to the disillusioned.

Fascist youth group parades past Benito Mussolini, during a celebration on May 27, 1935, of the 20th anniversary of Italy's entrance into World War I. A historian is most likely to use the image as evidence that fascist governments: exploited lingering resentment over Italian failures at Versailles glorified war and military conquest in order to appeal to the disillusioned. implemented policies which encouraged increased birth rates. used modern technology to reject democratic institutions.

German Chancellor Bismarck's alliance system

Fascist youth group parades past Benito Mussolini, during a celebration on May 27, 1935, of the 20th anniversary of Italy's entrance into World War I. All of the following pre-1914 trends contributed to the phenomenon above EXCEPT: Darwin's ideas of survival of the fittest The rise of mass political movements German Chancellor Bismarck's alliance system The growth of communication technologies

Europeans justified imperialism through an ideology of cultural and racial superiority.

German Missionary School in Africa, c. 1900 An historian is most likely to use the image as evidence that: the search for raw materials and markets drove European states to colonize Africa. advanced weaponry ensured the military superiority of Europeans over colonized areas. advances in medicine enabled European control of Africa by preserving lives. Europeans justified imperialism through an ideology of cultural and racial superiority.

Non-Europeans challenged European imperialism by modernizing their own societies.

German Missionary School in Africa, c. 1900 How would the interactions depicted in the image change by the end of World War I? Imperialism created diplomatic tensions among European states, straining alliance systems. Most colonies in Africa and Asia won their independence through nationalist revolts. Artistic styles and subject matter drew influence from the encounter with non-Europeans. Non-Europeans challenged European imperialism by modernizing their own societies.

The northern Renaissance resulted in more human centered naturalism that considered individuals and everyday life appropriate objects of artistic representation.

German schoolmaster greets a new student, woodcut, unknown artist, 16th century The woodcut above most clearly shows the influence of which of the following trends in sixteenth century Europe? New ideas and methods in astronomy led individuals such as Copernicus, Galileo and Newton to question the authority of the ancients and traditional knowledge The northern Renaissance resulted in more human centered naturalism that considered individuals and everyday life appropriate objects of artistic representation Italian Renaissance rulers and popes were concerned with enhancing their prestige with by patronizing paintings and architectural works Christian humanism, embodied in the writings of Erasmus, employed Renaissance learning in the service of religious reform

the development of cottage industry.

James Watt, British inventor and entrepreneur, double-acting rotating steam engine with separate condenser, 1780s (from John Farey, A Treatise on the Steam Engine, London, 1827.) The invention pictured above influenced all of the following EXCEPT: a population shift from rural to urban areas. a consumer revolution. the growth of the middle class. the development of cottage industry.

Liberalism

James Watt, British inventor and entrepreneur, double-acting rotating steam engine with separate condenser, 1780s (from John Farey, A Treatise on the Steam Engine, London, 1827.) The political ideology in the 19th century most likely to have supported the situation depicted was: Liberalism Nationalism. Conservatism Socialism

the role played by the state in promoting and protecting new industries

James Watt, British inventor and entrepreneur, double-acting rotating steam engine with separate condenser, 1780s (from John Farey, A Treatise on the Steam Engine, London, 1827.) Which of the following expresses a key difference in the experience of continental Europe compared to Britain in producing inventions like those in the image? the need to advance agricultural productivity as a precursor to industrialization the tendency for industrialization to produce negative side effects the role played by the state in promoting and protecting new industries the importance placed on transportation advances such as railroads

Provoked debates about the role of women in society.

Lady. Isn't it a wife's business to manage the household and rear the children? Abbott: It is. Lady: Do you think she can manage so big a job without wisdom? Abbot: I suppose not. Lady: But books s teach me this wisdom. Abbot: I could put up with books, but not Latin ones. Lady: Why not? Abbot: Because that language isn't fit for women. Lady: I want to know why. Abbot: Because it does little to protect their chastity.... Lady: I can hardly keep myself from laughing. * used for spinning thread --Desiderius Erasmus, Dutch religious reformer and writer, "The Abbot and the Learned Lady," 1524 An historian might use the passage to show how religious reform in the sixteenth century: fostered widespread accusations of witchcraft deepened conflicts between monarchy and nobility. provoked debates about the role of women in society. left city governments with the task of regulating morals.

the mechanization of textiles and establishment of the factory system.

Map of Manchester, Great Britain, 1880 The situation of the city depicted above was most likely a result of: the mechanization of textiles and establishment of the factory system. immigration from other European nations by those in search of employment. British dominance of overseas trade and creation of a colonial empire. government centralization and creation of new administrative centers.

establish a police force and enact public health measures.

Map of Manchester, Great Britain, 1880 The trend represented on this map led the British government in this period to adopt policies to establish a police force and enact public health measures. subsidize agriculture in an attempt to limit migration to the cities. encourage emigration to overseas colonies to ease overcrowding within Britain. place additional restrictions on the political rights of urban residents.

adoption of compulsory public education.

Proclamation for the Ottoman Empire by the Young Turks [a group of reformers], 1908 The basis for the Constitution will be respect for the predominance of the national will. One of the consequences of this principle will be to require without delay the responsibility of the minister before the Chamber... The Turkish tongue will remain the official state language. Official correspondence and discussion will take place in Turkish. Every citizen will enjoy complete liberty and equality, regardless of nationality or religion, and be submitted to the same obligations. All Ottomans, being equal before the law as regards rights and duties relative to the State, are eligible for government posts, according to their individual capacity and their education. Non-Muslims will be equally liable to the military law. The free exercise of the religious privileges which have been accorded to different nationalities will remain intact. All schools will operate under the surveillance of the state. In order to obtain for Ottoman citizens an education of a homogenous and uniform character, the official schools will be open, their instruction will be free, and all nationalities will be admitted. Instruction in Turkish will be obligatory in public schools. Steps shall also be taken for the formation of roads and railways and canals to increase the facilities of communication and increase the sources of the wealth of the country. Everything that can impede commerce or agriculture shall be abolished. The proclamation reflects the European-wide, 19th-century trend of: adoption of compulsory public education. revolution leading to radical reform. the shift from laissez-faire to intervention. oppression of religious minorities.

weakness of the Ottoman Empire and its lack of a modern infrastructure and state.

Proclamation for the Ottoman Empire by the Young Turks [a group of reformers], 1908 The basis for the Constitution will be respect for the predominance of the national will. One of the consequences of this principle will be to require without delay the responsibility of the minister before the Chamber... The Turkish tongue will remain the official state language. Official correspondence and discussion will take place in Turkish. Every citizen will enjoy complete liberty and equality, regardless of nationality or religion, and be submitted to the same obligations. All Ottomans, being equal before the law as regards rights and duties relative to the State, are eligible for government posts, according to their individual capacity and their education. Non-Muslims will be equally liable to the military law. The free exercise of the religious privileges which have been accorded to different nationalities will remain intact. All schools will operate under the surveillance of the state. In order to obtain for Ottoman citizens an education of a homogenous and uniform character, the official schools will be open, their instruction will be free, and all nationalities will be admitted. Instruction in Turkish will be obligatory in public schools. Steps shall also be taken for the formation of roads and railways and canals to increase the facilities of communication and increase the sources of the wealth of the country. Everything that can impede commerce or agriculture shall be abolished. The proclamation was most likely a response to: the interference of the great powers in the Ottoman Empire's internal affairs. weakness of the Ottoman Empire and its lack of a modern infrastructure and state. the legacy of the French Revolution and spread of principles of equality. a desire to colonize Asia and Africa to keep up with the imperialist powers.

Balkan nationalism that led to a series of crises among the great powers

Proclamation for the Ottoman Empire by the Young Turks [a group of reformers], 1908 The basis for the Constitution will be respect for the predominance of the national will. One of the consequences of this principle will be to require without delay the responsibility of the minister before the Chamber... The Turkish tongue will remain the official state language. Official correspondence and discussion will take place in Turkish. Every citizen will enjoy complete liberty and equality, regardless of nationality or religion, and be submitted to the same obligations. All Ottomans, being equal before the law as regards rights and duties relative to the State, are eligible for government posts, according to their individual capacity and their education. Non-Muslims will be equally liable to the military law. The free exercise of the religious privileges which have been accorded to different nationalities will remain intact. All schools will operate under the surveillance of the state. In order to obtain for Ottoman citizens an education of a homogenous and uniform character, the official schools will be open, their instruction will be free, and all nationalities will be admitted. Instruction in Turkish will be obligatory in public schools. Steps shall also be taken for the formation of roads and railways and canals to increase the facilities of communication and increase the sources of the wealth of the country. Everything that can impede commerce or agriculture shall be abolished. The situation surrounding the issuance of the proclamation reflects which cause of the First World War? Complex alliances that turned regional into a continental conflict Reliance of governments on elaborate military plans Balkan nationalism that led to a series of crises among the great powers Competition for colonies among the great powers

Nationalism

Proclamation for the Ottoman Empire by the Young Turks [a group of reformers], 1908 The basis for the Constitution will be respect for the predominance of the national will. One of the consequences of this principle will be to require without delay the responsibility of the minister before the Chamber... The Turkish tongue will remain the official state language. Official correspondence and discussion will take place in Turkish. Every citizen will enjoy complete liberty and equality, regardless of nationality or religion, and be submitted to the same obligations. All Ottomans, being equal before the law as regards rights and duties relative to the State, are eligible for government posts, according to their individual capacity and their education. Non-Muslims will be equally liable to the military law. The free exercise of the religious privileges which have been accorded to different nationalities will remain intact. All schools will operate under the surveillance of the state. In order to obtain for Ottoman citizens an education of a homogenous and uniform character, the official schools will be open, their instruction will be free, and all nationalities will be admitted. Instruction in Turkish will be obligatory in public schools. Steps shall also be taken for the formation of roads and railways and canals to increase the facilities of communication and increase the sources of the wealth of the country. Everything that can impede commerce or agriculture shall be abolished. Which of the following ideologies does the proclamation most directly reflect? Socialism Pan-Slavism Conservatism Nationalism

Enlightenment ideals encouraged Europeans to understand human behavior as governed by natural laws.

Q: A historian could use the passage to support which of the following about the 18th century? A: Enlightenment ideals encouraged Europeans to understand human behavior as governed by natural laws.

Commercial and middle-class values began to influence the subject and style of art.

Q: A historian might make which of the following conclusions based on the painting?A: Commercial and middle-class values began to influence the subject and style of art.

Attempted to transform knowledge and human affairs into a science.

Q: A historian might use the passage to argue that the Enlightenment:A: Attempted to transform knowledge and human affairs into a science.

The Reformation raised questions about the role of women in society

Q: A historian of the Reformation is most likely to use this source as evidence that: A: The Reformation raised questions about the role of women in society

An example of divine retribution

Q: Based on the imagery and intended audience of Vasari's painting, the artist's most likely purpose was to portray the events in the painting as: A: An example of divine retribution

Henry IV's promulgation of the Edict of Nantes

Q: Both commentators would most likely have approved which of the following?A: Henry IV's promulgation of the Edict of Nantes

The increase in prices caused by New World species

Q: Expansion of the Atlantic slave trade developed as a result of all of the following EXCEPT:A: The increase in prices caused by New World species

Questioning of social norms, by exposing Europeans to non-European culture.

Q: Given the type of publication, Diderot most likely hoped that his story would cause:A: Questioning of social norms, by exposing Europeans to non-European culture.

Regulation of public morals and behavior

Q: In non-Calvinist areas, many early modern town and city ordinances were similar to the Geneva ordinances in their:A: Regulation of public morals and behavior

The parliamentary rebellion that started the English Civil War

Q: In the seventeenth century, adherents to the beliefs expressed in the passage most strongly supported which of the following?A: The parliamentary rebellion that started the English Civil War

Significant migration from the countryside

Q: In the sixteenth century, Geneva and most other European towns and cities experienced which of the following demographic transformations? A: Significant migration from the countryside

The efforts by monarchs to increase their authority over the nobility.

Q: The actions taken by Peter the Great as described in this passage most directly reflect which of the following developments in the 17th and 18th centuries?A: The efforts by monarchs to increase their authority over the nobility.

The Thirty Years' War marked a decisive turning point in European history.

Q: The author's conclusion regarding the significance of the Thirty Years' War most directly challenged which of the following historical interpretations? A: The Thirty Years' War marked a decisive turning point in European history.

Fighting between royalist and parliamentary armies during the English Civil War

Q: The cartoon above from seventeenth-century England is an attempt to ridicule:A: Fighting between royalist and parliamentary armies during the English Civil War

The growth of absolutist forms of government across much of Europe

Q: The development of new political theories in the Enlightenment, such as those of Locke and Rousseau, can be explained as a reaction to: A: The growth of absolutist forms of government across much of Europe

Innovations in banking and finance

Q: The early modern economic innovation reflected in the text above was:A: Innovations in banking and finance

Control by merchants eager to promote trade.

Q: The position of the Dutch Republic given in the passage most likely resulted from:A: Control by merchants eager to promote trade.

Extension of the administrative control of the state over the French population.

Q: The subject of the painting best represents which of the following political trends?A: Extension of the administrative control of the state over the French population.

Mercantilism

Q: The text provides support for the development of which of the following economic theories or systems?A: Mercantilism

Copernicus's publication of heliocentrism (1543)

Q: The turning point Crosby would most likely cite as support for his interpretation is:A: Copernicus's publication of heliocentrism (1543)

A desire for a predictable and knowable universe.

Q: The work of astronomers like Clavius during this period aimed primarily at which of the following?A: A desire for a predictable and knowable universe.

Enforcement of communal norms through public humiliation

Q: This passage shows the influence of which of the following features of life in 16th-century Europe? A: Enforcement of communal norms through public humiliation

The delegates at the Council of Trent

Q: Vasari's interpretation of the events depicted in the painting would most likely have been shared by which of the following groups in the sixteenth century? A: The delegates at the Council of Trent

Influences of the Little Ice Age on Europe's climate

Q: Which best identifies the trend in early modern Europe described in this passage? A: Influences of the Little Ice Age on Europe's climate

The increase in printed materials such as newspapers and books.

Q: Which cultural trend of the 18th century does the passage reflect?A: The increase in printed materials such as newspapers and books.

Cultivate good relations with your neighbors in case of disputes

Q: Which of the following best summarizes the advice given by Frederick William in the second paragraph?A: Cultivate good relations with your neighbors in case of disputes

Alliances are useful, but a state should rely on its own strength.

Q: Which of the following best summarizes the advice given by Frederick William in the third paragraph?A: Alliances are useful, but a state should rely on its own strength.

The commercialization of agriculture caused migration of small landholders to cities.

Q: Which of the following developments most likely led to the situation described in the passage?A: The commercialization of agriculture caused migration of small landholders to cities.

Acquisition of colonies by European powers.

Q: Which of the following developments most likely prompted the perspective in the passage?A: Acquisition of colonies by European powers.

Ability of absolute monarchs to curb aristocratic influence

Q: Which of the following developments of the 17th and 18th centuries is reflected in the passage?A: Ability of absolute monarchs to curb aristocratic influence

Rousset lived in the Netherlands at a time of intellectual tolerance

Q: Which of the following facts about the source's author, all of which are true, would be most relevant to a historian in interpreting this source?A: Rousset lived in the Netherlands at a time of intellectual tolerance

Peace of Westphalia (1648)

Q: Which of the following most definitively resolved the religious issues raised by Zell?A: The Peace of Westphalia (1648)

The ideal of a universal Christendom was effectively abandoned as religion largely ceased to be the major cause for warfare between European states.

Q: Which of the following most directly undermines the author's argument that the Thirty Years' War "settled nothing worth settling?"A: The ideal of a universal Christendom was effectively abandoned as religion largely ceased to be the major cause for warfare between European states.

The Enlightenment

Q: Which of the following movements is most closely associated with the historian's argument?A: The Enlightenment

The Age of Absolutism

Q: Which of the following periodizations best captures the purpose of Testelin's painting?A: The Age of Absolutism

Empiricism

Q: Which of the following philosophical approaches most likely influenced Condorcet?A: Empiricism

The desire of states to centralize power and administration

Q: Which of the following political developments most likely caused the issues addressed in both sources?A: The desire of states to centralize power and administration

Poland

Q: Which of the following states in the 17th and 18th centuries proved least able to establish the type of political control suggested by the passage?A: Poland

Francis Bacon

Q: Which of the following thinkers would most likely agree with the views expressed in the passage?A: Francis Bacon

The Edict of Nantes

Q: Which of the following was most directly intended to resolve the conflict illustrated in Vasari's painting?A: The Edict of Nantes

Peace of Westphalia

Q: Which of the following was most responsible for ending the type of conflict depicted in the image?A: Peace of Westphalia

Upheavals resulting from religious conflict in central Europe.

Q: Which of the following was the most likely the cause of the scene depicted above?A: Upheavals resulting from religious conflict in central Europe.

Louis XIV

Q: Which of the following would agree most with the decisions made as a result of the Edict of 1626?A: Louis XIV

Baron de Montesquieu

Q: Which political thinker would most likely support the ideas presented in the document?A: Baron de Montesquieu

The development of a more powerful gentry class

Q: Which was the long-term consequence in urban areas of the conditions reported by Holinshed?A: The development of a more powerful gentry class

Conflicts between the Catholic Stuart monarchy and the Protestant interests in Parliament

Q: William's claim regarding James's "design" in the first paragraph is best explained by which of the following developments?A: Conflicts between the Catholic Stuart monarchy and the Protestant interests in Parliament

The assertion of parliamentary supremacy over the monarchy in the English government

Q: William's description of his status within the English government is best explained by which of the following?A: The assertion of parliamentary supremacy over the monarchy in the English government

The outcome of the Glorious Revolution

Q: William's letter to Pope Innocent is best explained as an attempt to justify which of the following?A: The outcome of the Glorious Revolution

The ascent of Hungary as a world power

RISE, Magyar! is the country's call! The time has come, say one and all: Shall we be slaves, shall we be free? This is the question, now agree! For by the Magyar's God above We truly swear, We truly swear the tyrant's yoke No more to bear! Alas! till now we were but slaves; Our fathers resting in their graves Sleep not in freedom's soil. In vain They fought and died free homes to gain. But by the Magyar's God above We truly swear, We truly swear the tyrant's yoke No more to bear! The Magyar's name will soon once more Be honored as it was before! The shame and dust of ages past Our valor shall wipe out at last. For by the Magyar's God above We truly swear, We truly swear the tyrant's yoke No more to bear! And where our graves in verdure rise, Our children's children to the skies Shall speak the grateful joy they feel, And bless our names the while they kneel. For by the Magyar's God above We truly swear, We truly swear the tyrant's yoke No more to bear! The events surrounding the writing of this song led to all of the following EXCEPT: The breakdown of the Concert of Europe The rise of working-class and socialist movements The ascent of Hungary as a world power Russian intervention in Central Europe

The influx of resources from the Spanish colonies in the Americas and the Philippines.

Source 1 "Let London manufacture those fabrics of her to her heart's content; Holland her chambrays [a fine lightweight woven fabric]; Florence her cloth; the Indies their beaver and vicuna [wool]; Milan her brocades; Italy and Flanders their linens, so long as our capital can enjoy them. The only thing it proves is that all nations train journeymen for Madrid and that Madrid is the queen of Parliaments; for all the world serves her and she serves nobody." Alfonso Nunez de Castro, nobleman, Spain 1675 Source 2 "The Spanish nation today possesses the greatest wealth and the largest income of all the Christians. But the love of luxury and the comforts of civilization have overcome them, and you will rarely find one of this nation who images in trade or travels abroad for commerce as do the other Christian nations such as the Dutch, the English, the French, the Genoese, and their like. Similarly, the handicrafts practiced by the lower classes and common people are despised by this nation, with regards itself as superior to the Christian nations. Most of those who practice these crafts in SPain are Frenchmen who flock to Spain to look for work and in a short time make great fortunes." Muhammad al-Ghassani, Moroccan ambassador to Spain, circa 1690 Which of the following best accounts for Nunez de Castro's confidence in Spain's economic position? The expansion of the African slave trade The influx of resources from the Spanish colonies in the Americas and the Philippines The outcome of the Thirty Years' War as established by the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 The Spanish successes as a result of the military revolution of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries

Manufacturing products is better than resource extraction for economic development

Source 1 "Let London manufacture those fabrics of her to her heart's content; Holland her chambrays [a fine lightweight woven fabric]; Florence her cloth; the Indies their beaver and vicuna [wool]; Milan her brocades; Italy and Flanders their linens, so long as our capital can enjoy them. The only thing it proves is that all nations train journeymen for Madrid and that Madrid is the queen of Parliaments; for all the world serves her and she serves nobody." Alfonso Nunez de Castro, nobleman, Spain 1675 Source 2 "The Spanish nation today possesses the greatest wealth and the largest income of all the Christians. But the love of luxury and the comforts of civilization have overcome them, and you will rarely find one of this nation who images in trade or travels abroad for commerce as do the other Christian nations such as the Dutch, the English, the French, the Genoese, and their like. Similarly, the handicrafts practiced by the lower classes and common people are despised by this nation, with regards itself as superior to the Christian nations. Most of those who practice these crafts in SPain are Frenchmen who flock to Spain to look for work and in a short time make great fortunes." Muhammad al-Ghassani, Moroccan ambassador to Spain, circa 1690 Which of the following statements would the Moroccan ambassador have most likely agreed with? The practice of mercantilism is harmful to a developing economy Free trade allows for the growth of capital and the economy Manufacturing products is better than resource extraction for economic development The equitable distribution of wealth among all classes should be the goal of the state

The establishment of European colonial empires in America.

Source 1 "Let us return to the attack they made on us. Montezuma was placed by a battlement of the roof with many of us soldiers guarding him, and he began to speak to his people with very affectionate expressions telling them to desist from the war, and that we would leave Mexico... ...They had hardly finished this speech when suddenly such a shower of stones and darts were discharged that (our men who were shielding him having neglected for a moment their duty, because they saw how the attack ceased while he spoke to them) he was hit by three stones....Indeed, when we least expected it, they came to say that he [Montezuma] was dead. Cortes wept for him, and all of us captains and soldiers, and there was no man among us who knew him and was intimate with him, who did not bemoan him as though he were our father, and it is not to be wondered at, considering how good he was." -- Bernal Diaz del Castillo, Spanish solider, The True History of the Conquest of New Spain, 1517-21 Source 2 "Here it is told how the Spaniards killed....They murdered the Mexicans who were celebrating the Fiesta of Huitzilopochtli in the place they called "The Patio of the Gods." ....They came to close the exits, the steps, the entrances [to the patio]: The Gate of the Eagle in the smallest palace, The Gate of the Canestalk and the Gate of the Snake of Mirrors. And when they had closed them, no one could get out anywhere. ....At that moment, they then attacked all the people, stabbing them, spearing them, wounding them with their swords. They struck some from behind, who fell instantly to the ground... And the Spaniards walked everywhere, searching the communal houses to kill those who were hiding. They ran everywhere, they searched every place." --Aztec account of the Massacre at the Temple, 1500s One direct result of the events described in both documents was: The development of new banking and finance techniques. The establishment of European colonial empires in the Americas. The development of navigational technology and cartography. The increased desire for direct access to precious metals and spices.

The death of indigenous populations by diseases brought by Europeans.

Source 1 "Let us return to the attack they made on us. Montezuma was placed by a battlement of the roof with many of us soldiers guarding him, and he began to speak to his people with very affectionate expressions telling them to desist from the war, and that we would leave Mexico... ...They had hardly finished this speech when suddenly such a shower of stones and darts were discharged that (our men who were shielding him having neglected for a moment their duty, because they saw how the attack ceased while he spoke to them) he was hit by three stones....Indeed, when we least expected it, they came to say that he [Montezuma] was dead. Cortes wept for him, and all of us captains and soldiers, and there was no man among us who knew him and was intimate with him, who did not bemoan him as though he were our father, and it is not to be wondered at, considering how good he was." -- Bernal Diaz del Castillo, Spanish solider, The True History of the Conquest of New Spain, 1517-21 Source 2 "Here it is told how the Spaniards killed....They murdered the Mexicans who were celebrating the Fiesta of Huitzilopochtli in the place they called "The Patio of the Gods." ....They came to close the exits, the steps, the entrances [to the patio]: The Gate of the Eagle in the smallest palace, The Gate of the Canestalk and the Gate of the Snake of Mirrors. And when they had closed them, no one could get out anywhere. ....At that moment, they then attacked all the people, stabbing them, spearing them, wounding them with their swords. They struck some from behind, who fell instantly to the ground... And the Spaniards walked everywhere, searching the communal houses to kill those who were hiding. They ran everywhere, they searched every place." --Aztec account of the Massacre at the Temple, 1500s The events recounted in Source 2 were also facilitated by: Increased rivalries among European states over religion. The conversion of indigenous populations to Christianity. The negative impact of Spanish inflation, caused by extraction of precious metals. The death of indigenous populations by diseases brought by Europeans.

The technological superiority of European explorers that allowed them to defeat native populations.

Source 1 "Let us return to the attack they made on us. Montezuma was placed by a battlement of the roof with many of us soldiers guarding him, and he began to speak to his people with very affectionate expressions telling them to desist from the war, and that we would leave Mexico... ...They had hardly finished this speech when suddenly such a shower of stones and darts were discharged that (our men who were shielding him having neglected for a moment their duty, because they saw how the attack ceased while he spoke to them) he was hit by three stones....Indeed, when we least expected it, they came to say that he [Montezuma] was dead. Cortes wept for him, and all of us captains and soldiers, and there was no man among us who knew him and was intimate with him, who did not bemoan him as though he were our father, and it is not to be wondered at, considering how good he was." -- Bernal Diaz del Castillo, Spanish solider, The True History of the Conquest of New Spain, 1517-21 Source 2 "Here it is told how the Spaniards killed....They murdered the Mexicans who were celebrating the Fiesta of Huitzilopochtli in the place they called "The Patio of the Gods." ....They came to close the exits, the steps, the entrances [to the patio]: The Gate of the Eagle in the smallest palace, The Gate of the Canestalk and the Gate of the Snake of Mirrors. And when they had closed them, no one could get out anywhere. ....At that moment, they then attacked all the people, stabbing them, spearing them, wounding them with their swords. They struck some from behind, who fell instantly to the ground... And the Spaniards walked everywhere, searching the communal houses to kill those who were hiding. They ran everywhere, they searched every place." --Aztec account of the Massacre at the Temple, 1500s. Both sources could be used by an historian to support which of the following? The lengths to which Europeans went to procure natural resources in the New World. The exploitative treatment of indigenous populations by European explorers. The technological superiority of European explorers that allowed them to defeat native populations. The strong belief in European racial superiority over native populations in the New World.

Coercion of and negotiation with indigenous civilizations.

Spanish conquistador Cortez with translator Malinche (from Tlaxcalan people) meets with Aztec leader, Montezuma II, 16th-century Mexican work (reproduced in 19th-century) In explaining the creation of overseas European empires, a historian may use the source to show the importance of: the role of disease in decimating indigenous populations. coercion of and negotiation with indigenous civilizations. rivalries among European colonial powers in seeking wealth. religious motives in motivating exploration and colonization.

The Columbian Exchange

Spanish conquistador Cortez with translator Malinche (from Tlaxcalan people) meets with Aztec leader, Montezuma II, 16th-century Mexican work (reproduced in 19th-century) Beyond Cortez and the other figures, the scene suggests the subsequent importance of: mercantilist economic policy. the Columbian Exchange. religious divisions in Europe. the Atlantic states.

Securing materials and markets for industry.

Spanish conquistador Cortez with translator Malinche (from Tlaxcalan people) meets with Aztec leader, Montezuma II, 16th-century Mexican work (reproduced in 19th-century) In contrast to the scene depicted, the motives and means for 19th and 20th century imperialism involved: advances in transportation and weaponry. securing materials and markets for industry. competition among rival European states. notions of European cultural superiority.

The transfer of plants, animals, and diseases between Europe and the Americas.

The 1492 landing of Christopher Columbus in the West Indies, engraving circa 1592 by Theodore de Bry, included in The History of America, published in Frankfurt, 1602 By the time the engraving was produced, the event portrayed had resulted in which of the following? The transfer of plants, animals, and diseases between Europe and the Americas The large-scale migration of Native American peoples to Europe The creation of an extensive plantation system in the West Indies that relied on Native American coerced labor The establishment of colonies in the Americas by all major European power

The spread of Christianity as a justification for the subjugation of indigenous peoples.

The 1492 landing of Christopher Columbus in the West Indies, engraving circa 1592 by Theodore de Bry, included in The History of America, published in Frankfurt, 1602 The image provides the clearest evidence for which of the following features of European expansion in the early modern period? The reliance of European colonists on indigenous peoples as sources of information about new territories The spread of Christianity as a justification for the subjugation of indigenous peoples The rapid adoption of some European technologies by indigenous peoples The creation of hybrid cultures that incorporated both European and indigenous elements.

European attitudes toward non-European people.

The 1492 landing of Christopher Columbus in the West Indies, engraving circa 1592 by Theodore de Bry, included in The History of America, published in Frankfurt, 1602 The image provides the most reliable information about which of the following? European attitudes toward non-European people The willingness of Native Americans to welcome the arrival of Europeans The exact geographic location of Columbus' first landing in America Stylistic features of Native American art and artifacts

volatile economic cycles that led to the pursuit of colonies.

The Avenue de l'Opéra, created by Haussmann, painted by Camille Pissarro (1898). The policies that produced the situation depicted above resulted in all of the following EXCEPT: access to new amenities like parks and shopping areas. the development of class-based identities and organizations. the immigration of those in rural areas seeking employment. volatile economic cycles that led to the pursuit of colonies.

the ethnic issues dividing the Austrian empire and forcing conciliation of Hungary.

The Dual Alliance Between Austria-Hungary and Germany October 7, 1879 ARTICLE 1. Should...one of the two Empires be attacked by Russia, the High Contracting Parties are bound to come to the assistance of one of the other with the whole strength of their Empires, and accordingly only to conclude peace together and upon mutual agreement. ARTICLE 2. Should one of the High Contracting Parties be attacked by another Power, the other High Contracting Party binds itself hereby, not only to support the aggressor against its Ally, but to observe at least a benevolent neutral attitude towards its fellow Contracting Party. Should, however, the attacking party in such a case be supported by Russia,...then the obligation stipulated in Article 1 of this Treaty, for reciprocal assistance with the whole fighting force, becomes equally operative, and the conduct of the war by the two High Contracting Parties shall in this case also be in common until the conclusion of a common peace. ARTICLE 4. This Treaty shall, in conformity with its peaceful character, and to avoid any misinterpretation, be kept secret by the two High Contracting Parties, and only communicated to a third Power upon a joint understanding between the two Parties, and according to the terms of a special Agreement. (http://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/dualalli.asp) The treaty above reveals all of the following features of diplomacy in the 19th century EXCEPT: the breakdown of the Concert system after the revolutions of 1848 and Crimean War. the disruption of the balance of power caused by the unification of Germany. the concern over possible conflict in the Balkans with the decline of the Ottomans. the ethnic issues dividing the Austrian empire and forcing conciliation of Hungary.

isolate France and avoid further warfare

The Dual Alliance Between Austria-Hungary and Germany October 7, 1879 ARTICLE 1. Should...one of the two Empires be attacked by Russia, the High Contracting Parties are bound to come to the assistance of one of the other with the whole strength of their Empires, and accordingly only to conclude peace together and upon mutual agreement. ARTICLE 2. Should one of the High Contracting Parties be attacked by another Power, the other High Contracting Party binds itself hereby, not only to support the aggressor against its Ally, but to observe at least a benevolent neutral attitude towards its fellow Contracting Party. Should, however, the attacking party in such a case be supported by Russia,...then the obligation stipulated in Article 1 of this Treaty, for reciprocal assistance with the whole fighting force, becomes equally operative, and the conduct of the war by the two High Contracting Parties shall in this case also be in common until the conclusion of a common peace. ARTICLE 4. This Treaty shall, in conformity with its peaceful character, and to avoid any misinterpretation, be kept secret by the two High Contracting Parties, and only communicated to a third Power upon a joint understanding between the two Parties, and according to the terms of a special Agreement. (http://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/dualalli.asp) What was the ultimate diplomatic goal of the German leader who negotiated the treaty above? gain further territory in Eastern Europe (Lebensraum) isolate France and avoid further warfare involve Germany further in Balkan politics expand Germany's colonial empire and navy

the dismissal of Chancellor Bismarck and Kaiser Wilhelm II's pursuit of world power

The Dual Alliance Between Austria-Hungary and Germany October 7, 1879 ARTICLE 1. Should...one of the two Empires be attacked by Russia, the High Contracting Parties are bound to come to the assistance of one of the other with the whole strength of their Empires, and accordingly only to conclude peace together and upon mutual agreement. ARTICLE 2. Should one of the High Contracting Parties be attacked by another Power, the other High Contracting Party binds itself hereby, not only to support the aggressor against its Ally, but to observe at least a benevolent neutral attitude towards its fellow Contracting Party. Should, however, the attacking party in such a case be supported by Russia,...then the obligation stipulated in Article 1 of this Treaty, for reciprocal assistance with the whole fighting force, becomes equally operative, and the conduct of the war by the two High Contracting Parties shall in this case also be in common until the conclusion of a common peace. ARTICLE 4. This Treaty shall, in conformity with its peaceful character, and to avoid any misinterpretation, be kept secret by the two High Contracting Parties, and only communicated to a third Power upon a joint understanding between the two Parties, and according to the terms of a special Agreement. (http://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/dualalli.asp) Which of the following represents the most significant turning point in diplomacy that led to the First World War? the Congress of Berlin (1878) that established spheres of influence in the Balkans the Revolution of 1905 in Russia prompted by its defeat in the Russo-Japanese War the dismissal of Chancellor Bismarck and Kaiser Wilhelm II's pursuit of world power the scramble for Africa that led to rivalries among the great powers in pursuit of colonies

in the wake of the 1939 nonaggression pact between Germany and Russia

The cartoon above by the British caricaturist David Low was published... at the outset of the Spanish Civil War in 1936 just after the seizure of power by the Nazis in Germany in 1933 after the defeat of France in 1940 by the German invaders in the wake of the 1939 nonaggression pact between Germany and Russia

Social inequalities under the Old Regime in France

The cartoon above illustrates which of the following? Renaissance rejection of medieval Christianity Late-eighteenth-century calls for the abolition of the Atlantic slave trade Aristocratic hostility to Peter the Great's efforts to westernize Russia Social inequalities under the Old Regime in France

The failure of the Concert of Europe to suppress revolution.

The map shows which of the following regarding the Concert of Europe? The reliance of Russia's military strength to achieve stability. The failure of the Concert of Europe to suppress revolution. Austrian dominance of international diplomacy post 1815. Britain's unwillingness to cooperate with continental powers.

The outbreak of revolution in France in the previous year

The painting portrays Claude-Joseph Rouget de Lisle, a composer, offering the first performance, in 1792, of his patriotic song "La Marseillaise," which became the French national anthem. Pils' choice of subject matter and his treatment of it were probably most strongly influenced by which of the following contemporary developments? The institution of a more representative form of government in Great Britain as a result of the Reform Bills The ongoing economic crisis in Europe known as the "Hungry '40s The outbreak of revolution in France in the previous year The publication of Marxist theory on the causes and course of future revolutions

They emphasized rhetoric based on classical models.

Which of the following best characterizes Renaissance humanists? They rejected writers from the pre-Christian period. They concentrated on the study of humans from a biological perspective. They emphasized rhetoric based on classical models. They emphasized rhetoric based on classical models.

Britain had begun to reform industrial working conditions and its lower classes were generally wealthier than in the rest of Europe.

Which of the following best explains the experience of Britain, as suggested by the map? (no revolutions 1848) Britain had begun to reform industrial working conditions and its lower classes were generally wealthier than in the rest of Europe. Britain had experienced a series of bad harvests in the 1840s, leaving peasants and workers demoralized and passive. Britain's greater wealth from industry provided a high national income, which insulated it from revolutionary strife. Britain's creation of a modern police force gave its government a greater potential to suppress revolutionary activity.

Austria

Which of the following nations or regions experienced the most difficult ethnic situation, leading to nationalist revolts? Austria the Balkans France Italy

Patron of the arts.

Which of the following roles was most socially acceptable for an educated woman in Renaissance Europe? Biblical scholar Sculptor Political adviser Patron of the arts

The unifications of Italy and Germany

(Map of 1848 Revolutions)What change to the map of Europe desired by the 1848 revolutionaries was achieved by the time of the First World War? The union of the south Slavs under Serbia The unifications of Italy and Germany The recreation of an independent Poland The Ottoman Empire's loss of its European territories

Expulsion of Jews from Spain and Portugal.

"Renaissance and Reformation Europe was a preindustrial 'underdeveloped' society, much closer in its economic life, technology, demographic patterns, communications, and class structure to imperial Rome than to contemporary western Europe or America. Everywhere political and military loyalty was dynastic rather than national. Political ties were overwhelmingly personal and familial, and every man took religion seriously. The age was one of astonishing religious creativity, pullulating with saints, mystics, reformers, and original theologians. Among the laity the temperature of piety was high—for the safety of religious minorities, dangerously high." --Eugene F. Rice, Jr., historian, The Foundations of Early Modern Europe, 1460-1559, 1970 Rice's interpretation of religion in early modern Europe is best reflected in: expulsion of Jews from Spain and Portugal. the Edict of Nantes. the Peace of Westphalia. Ottoman acceptance of Jewish refugees.

the rise of mass politics and nationalism.

"The acceptance of universal suffrage was a weapon in the war against Austria and other foreign countries, in the war for German Unity, as well as a threat to use the last weapons in a struggle against coalitions. In a war of this sort, when it becomes a matter of life and death, one does not look at the weapons that one seizes, nor the value of what one destroys in using them: one is guided at the moment by no other thought than the issue of the war, and the preservation of one's external independence; the settling of affairs and reparation of the damage has to take place after the peace. Moreover, I still hold that the principle of universal suffrage is a just one, not only in theory but also in practice, provided always that voting be not secret, for secrecy is a quality that is indeed incompatible with the best characteristics of German blood...." --Otto von Bismarck, former Chancellor of Prussia and Germany, Memoirs, 1898 Bismarck's statement can be understood best in the context of: the rise of mass politics and nationalism. a positivist approach toward public policy. fear of class conflict due to industrialization. Germany's pursuit of a colonial empire.

Loss of confidence in reason and science to produce progress

"The idealist of the early democracy regarded popular education as enlightenment pure and simple---but it is precisely this that smooths the path for the coming Caesars of the world. The last century [the 19th] was the winter of the West, the victory of materialism and skepticism, of socialism, parliamentarianism, and money. But in this century blood and instinct will regain their rights against the power of money and intellect. The era of individualism, liberalism and democracy, of humanitarianism and freedom, is nearing its end. The masses will accept with resignation the victory of the Caesars, the strong men, and will obey them. Life will descend to a level of general uniformity, a new kind of primitivism, and the world will be better for it....." --Oswald Spengler, German historian, The Decline of the West, 1922 The passage might be used to support which of the following contemporary cultural trends? Loss of confidence in reason and science to produce progress Expanding influence of the United States in Europe Growth of mass media such as radio and film Medical technologies that raised moral questions about life

promote nationalism and lay the foundation for mass politics.

"Thine evil deeds are writ in gore, Nor written thus in vain--- Thy triumphs tell of fame no more, Or deepen every stain: If thou hadst died as Honor dies. Some new Napoleon might arise, To shame the world again--- But who would soar the solar height, To set in such a starless night? Yes! better to have stood the storm, A Monarch to the last! Although that heartless fireless form Had crumbled in the blast: Than stoop to drag out Life's last years, The nights of terror, days of tears For all the splendor past; Then,---after ages would have read Thy awful death with more than dread. A lion in the conquering hour! In wild defeat a hare! Thy mind hath vanished with thy power, For Danger brought despair. The dreams of scepters now depart, And leave thy desolated heart The Capitol of care! Dark Corsican, 'tis strange to trace Thy long deceit and last disgrace." --Lord Byron, British poet, "Ode to Napoleon Buonaparte," 1814 (http://classiclit.about.com/library/bl-etexts/lbyron/bl-lbyron-odetonap.htm) Napoleon's most important and direct effect on politics in the 19th century was to: inspire his nephew, Napoleon III, to revive French greatness. promote nationalism and lay the foundation for mass politics. reveal the threat Russia posed to the balance of power. establish the conditions for Italian and German unification.

Anger over the tactics of Realpolitik political leaders

(Map of 1848 Revolutions) All of the following caused the situation above EXCEPT: Poor economic and agricultural conditions Nationalist discontent with the Congress of Vienna settlement Liberal frustration with lack of representation in government Anger over the tactics of Realpolitik political leaders

Europeans justified domination of non-Europeans through the spread of Christianity.

German Missionary School in Africa, c. 1900 Which of the following expresses the closest similarity with the scene above to European interactions with the non-European world from 1450-1600? Europeans sought strategic materials to support the needs of manufacturing. Colonies areas experienced demographic collapse due to exposure to infectious diseases. Colonial areas employed nationalism to create movements of anti-colonial resistance. Europeans justified domination of non-Europeans through the spread of Christianity.

Areas of Europe lagged in the development of industry

Gustave Courbet, French painter, The Stone Breakers, 1849 A historian could use the painting to show support which of the following conclusions regarding industrialization? Areas of Europe lagged in the development of industry Family life was transformed from production to consumption That factory work was a worse alternative to traditional labor Industrialization made primitive agricultural practices obsolete

Realism

Gustave Courbet, French painter, The Stone Breakers, 1849 The painting above most directly reflects the influence of the artistic style of: Romanticism Realism Neo-classical Impressionism

It helped create a literate professional class able to staff government offices.

In which of the following ways did centralizing states most benefit from the phenomenon depicted in the map? It helped create a literate professional class able to staff government offices It undermined the power of religious belief and strengthened secularism It enabled the spread of new tactics related to the military revolution It supported voyages of exploration by publishing new maps of the Americas

the continued dominance of agricultural elites.

Map of Manchester, Great Britain, 1880 All of the following issues were raised by the situation depicted on the map EXCEPT: the continued dominance of agricultural elites. the development of self-conscious classes. development of mass marketing and consumerism. volatile business cycles of boom and bust.

Charles I of England

Q: "Kings are justly called gods for that they exercise a manner or resemblance of Divine power upon Earth." Which of the following was most likely to agree with this statement?A: Charles I of England

Baroque

Q: *image of painting; Judith Slaying Holofernes painted by Artemisia Gentileschi, a female Italian painter* A: Baroque

Netherlands.

Q: A foreign visitor would notice the most significant difference between the political culture of France and their home nation of:A: Netherlands.

A traditional restriction on market activities.

Q: A historian could best use the ordinance about usury as an example of: A: A traditional restriction on market activities.

The emphasis on the nuclear family

Q: A historian might use this image as support for which of the following features of European family life?A: The emphasis on the nuclear family

Exposure to accounts of non-European cultures prompted questioning of European customs

Q: In which of the following ways did the developments portrayed on the map contribute to the Enlightenment?A: Exposure to accounts of non-European cultures prompted questioning of European customs

Salons

Q: In which setting would an eighteenth-century European most likely encounter ideas like those above?A: Salons

The exacerbation of conflicts between the Valois monarchy and various noble factions

Q: Incidents such as the one depicted in Vasari's painting contributed most directly to which of the following? A: The exacerbation of conflicts between the Valois monarchy and various noble factions

Westernize the Russian state and society

Q: Peter's policies, as portrayed above, were designed primarily to: A: Westernize the Russian state and society

The Edict of Nantes allowing Huguenot worship and local defense.

Q: The edict above was most likely a response to which of the following events or developments?A: The Edict of Nantes allowing Huguenot worship and local defense.

Maintenance of the balance of power

Q: The events shown on the maps best illustrate which of the following principles of international diplomacy in early modern Europe?A: Maintenance of the balance of power

Dutch financial innovation and overseas trade

Q: The features of seventeenth century Dutch life reflected in the painting were largely a result of which of the following?A: Dutch financial innovation and overseas trade

Increased use of observation to test theories of the cosmos.

Q: The image above most clearly shows the influence of which of the following developments?A: Increased use of observation to test theories of the cosmos.

The dominance of Atlantic European states over global trade

Q: The map reflects which of the following broad economic developments in the 17th and 18th centuries?A: The dominance of Atlantic European states over global trade

The challenge to classical views of the cosmos, nature, and the human body.

Q: The objects depicted in the painting reflect:A: The challenge to classical views of the cosmos, nature, and the human body.

The belief that laws must be based on religious principles.

Q: The ordinances in the passage best exemplify which of the following aspects of Calvinism? A: The belief that laws must be based on religious principles.

Atrocities caused by the religious wars.

Q: The outlook of Diderot and the philosophes was mostly likely a reaction against: A: Atrocities caused by the religious wars.

Traditional moralist versus new consumerism

Q: The painting reflects which of the following conflicts? A: Traditional moralist versus new consumerism

he formation of national armies

Q: The passage provides evidence for which of the following political trends in early modern politics? A: The formation of national armies

The Huguenots in France

Q: The position of the Anabaptists within the Holy Roman Empire would be most similar to which of the following during the sixteenth century?A: The Huguenots in France

Accusations of witchcraft peaked during the Reformation and religious wars, with women being the primary targets.

Q: Which of the following best supports Boxer's and Quataert's argument? A: Accusations of witchcraft peaked during the Reformation and religious wars, with women being the primary targets.

The Thirty Years War and Peace of Westphalia

Q: Which of the following developments best supports Crosby's conclusion in the final two sentences of the passage?A: The Thirty Years War and Peace of Westphalia

Anabaptists refused to recognize the subordination of the church to the state.

Q: Which of the following developments in the sixteenth century is best supported by the passage?A: Anabaptists refused to recognize the subordination of the church to the state.

Adam Smith

Q: Which of the following economic theorists would most directly challenge the ideas in the passage?A: Adam Smith

Eastward expansion into Ottoman territory

Q: Which of the following events represent Austria's attempt to achieve this economic vision?A: Eastward expansion into Ottoman territory

The ability of the Polish nobility to limit the growth of royal power

Q: Which of the following factors contributed most to the process shown on the maps?A: The ability of the Polish nobility to limit the growth of royal power

The move toward commercial agriculture.

Spanish conquistador Cortez with translator Malinche (from Tlaxcalan people) meets with Aztec leader, Montezuma II, 16th-century Mexican work (reproduced in 19th-century) All of the following developments made the scene above possible EXCEPT: military technologies like horses and steel weapons. the centralization of state power in economics. advances in cartography and navigation. the move toward commercial agriculture.

poor living and working conditions of overcrowded cities.

The Avenue de l'Opéra, created by Haussmann, painted by Camille Pissarro (1898). The urban setting above was mostly likely a response to the: poor living and working conditions of overcrowded cities. high levels of crime associated with urbanized areas. weakened health and immune systems of industrial laborers. brutal criminal justice and prisons of the nineteenth century.