AP European History 5x5: 1450-1600
1450-1600: Henry IV
-AKA Henry of Navarre: A member of the Bourbon family who won the War of Three Henrys and succeeded Henry of Guise -Oversaw Sully: econ with agriculture and Laffemas: luxury goods -Lack of morality allowed him to be a great ruler -Switched to Catholicism and protect Huguenots/Protestants with Edict of Nantes
1450-1600: Habsburg
-Catholic Royal Family of Austria (with HRA and Spn) -Often lead Inquis to impose Cath -Ch V: his reign was the peak, Peace of Augsburg -Phil II: Spn Armada -Lose power through too much inbreeding
1450-1600: French Religious Wars
-Conflict between Catholics and Huguenots (Prot) -Cath de Medici is torn between supporting the two sides -Huguenots are attacked at St. Batholomew's Massacre (A Bourbon marriage) causing the War of Three Henrys over the crown -H of Guise (Cath), King H III (Cath), and H of Navarre (Bourbon/Prot) -Others killed leaving H of Navarre-> H IV -End conflict with King Henry IV's Edict of Nantes
1450-1600: Phillip II
-Son of Ch V, married to Bloody Mary Tudor who controled Spain, HRE, Neth, and Milan -Live in palace Escorial -CATHOLIC: Revive Inquisition -Ruled Neth like Spain caused Dutch Revolt -Never ruled England: No kids with Mary an fail with Spanish Armada
1450-1600: Overseas Expansion
-Spain's and Portugal's movement to North and South America -Ex.) Diaz-Cape of Good Hope/ de Gama-India/ Magellan-Globe/ Columbus-America/ Cortez-Aztecs/ Pizarro-Incas -Motive: Alternative route to India, South American Gold/Silver -Water navigation revolutionized by Portugal: triangular sail, caravel, compass, and astrolabe -Effect: Spanish inflation b/c of metals, indigenous ppl exploited/smallpox, sugar for Europe
1450-1600: Dutch Revolt
-Successful rebellion of the North Netherlands against Spanish rule. -Origin: Heavy taxes to pay Spn inf and imposed Cath (Neth mostly Calv) -Duke of Alva cause Council of Blood and Neth-Spn hatred -Duke of Parma compr with Treaty of Utrecht (7 North leave, 10 South stay) -England (Q Liz) aid Neth side, causing Eng-Spn tension (see 30 Yrs War)
1450-1600: Elizabeth I
-Daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn (causing societal tension) and the last of the Tudor dynasty who was great at compromising (good relation with Parli) -Kept England Protestant (after Cath Bloody Mary) with Catholic traditions (only excl Puritans and hard core Cath) -Used her unmarried status (The Virgin Queen) for personal gain -Defeated Phillip II attempt to replace her with Mary Stuart (Spanish Armada) -Problem b/c no successor and had a financial problem
1450-1600: Calvin
-French theologist, tought by Bucer, who fled to Geneva, Switzerland and founded Calvinism -Expanded Luther's doctrine with the idea of Predestination and "the elect" (God has already determined who will go to heaven/hell) -Agreed with Luther that the Bible was the one true religious authority and salvation through faith alone -Dissagree with Luther by condonning revolting groups
1450-1600: Luther
-German monk who began the Protestant Reformation through posting 95 Theses on the Church of Wittenberg in retaliation to John Tetzel's selling of indulgences (which was mot mentioned in the Bible) -Believed in religion based on scripture, priesthood of the individual, and that everyone was a part of the church, which became the basis of Lutheranism -After being excommunicated from the church, he translated the Bible into German (increasing priesthood of the individual) -German princes use Luther's cause to go against Charles V and peasants use Lutheran ideals to revolt (Conservative Luther was against both of these groups)
1450-1600: Charles V
-Habsburg: King of Spain and HRE (Neth, ItI) -Catholic: Against infidel (Muslims) and heretics (Prot), fail b/c princes care for power/polit -Depend on Grm princes -Excommunicated Luther -Barely ruled distant countries (Neth), causing a drastic change when Phil II ruled -Prince, Luth, and Turkish Problem cause Peace of Augsburg: self-determine religion
1450-1600: Machiavelli
-Italian writer who emphasized manipulation and opportunism to achieve social success -Novel, "The Prince": Guide to political power through eliminating morality and distrusting/using others in order to win -His work represents the secular focus of human success that increased popularity during the Italian Renaissance
1450-1600: Henry VIII
-King of England who broke from the Catholic Church in order to divorce his wife, Catherine of Aragon. -Wanted a male heir to throne, but without one and Catherine was old and catholic church (Pope Leo X) refused divorce because Catherine was his aunt -Created Church of England/Anglican Church and with the Supremacy Act, made himself the head -Ended up old and fat had 6 wives and 3 kids: Mary, Edward, and Elizabeth
1450-1600: Loyola/ Jesuits
-Loyola was an injured knight and commited to the Pope who founded the Society of Jesuits -The Jesuits were educated missionaries who perfected Catholic churches where they existed and converted other religions to Catholicism -Emphasize the importance of universities and education -Counteracted the growing Protestant Movement
1450-1600: Italian renaissance Art
1450-1500 -Art movement recognized individuality, secularism (human nature), and glorified Greeks and Romans -Rich patrons, like Medici, commission projects -New methods and techniques (chiaroscuro and oil paint) became popular -Da Vinci's "Mona Lisa": glorify individual and use chiaroscuro -Michelangelo's "David": glorify individual/humans greatness and Greek nude hero & "St. Peter's Dome": Roman Dome -Raphael's "School of Athens": Roman arches and Greek scholars, individual characteristics, secular topic -Titian's "Venus": Roman goddess, secular and goes against saintly Virgin Mary
1450-1600: Italian Renaissance Humanism
1450-1500: -Cultural movement that focused ancient Greeks and Romans documents -Study secularism (over religion) and individualism -Petrarch: First Humanist, found ancient Roman documents -End traditional universities to study humanities (Learn success: Castiglione's "Courtier" and Machiavelli's "The Prince"
1450-1600: New Monarchy
1450s+ -The stronger monarchs who gained power through money, muscle (armies), and organization -Before, medieval monarchs depended on nobles for money -France (Charles VII and Louis XI): taille/land an gabelle/salt tax -England (Henry VII): Royal Council went against Parliament and used secret Star Chamber, but used old money -Spain (Isabella and Ferdinand): Marry to combine Castille and Aragon for power, use alcabala/quinto for taxes, Inquisition enforce Catholicism
1450-1600: Printing Press
1453: -Technological revolution in communication invented by Gutenberg, a German. -Before: Books needed to be hand-copied, causing books to be rare and expensive -Allowed production of books and maps to be cheap and available -Contributed to the spread of the Italian Renaissance to the North and increased literacy (which increased priesthood of the individual and ergo Protestantism)
1450-1600: Northern or Christian Humanism
1480s-1530: -Cultural Movement that focused on traditional Christian documents in order to order to obtain religious/social reform -Inspired by Italian Humanism (spread after North invaded and officials/banks, Medici, come to North) -Occurred North of the Alps where society was manorial, romantic, and religious -Erasmus's "Praise of Folly": satire Catholic corruption and Thomas More's "Utopia": perfect equal world
1450-1600: Catholic/Counter Reformation
1500-1600 -Catholic movement to stop/reconvert Protestant. -Starting with North Hum (Erasmus): Attempt religious ref from w/i church -Pope Paul III: attempt to fix corruption w/ Containi -Counter Reform, against Prot: Council of Trent (Confirm trad Cath traditions BUT REMOVE INDULGENCES AND PLURALISM), Inquist, Index (prohibit books), Loyola and Jesuits
1450-1600: Protestant Reformation
1517-1540s -Religious movement that believed in Christian faith based on scripture, not the pope - Began with Martin Luther's publication of 95 Theses on the Church of Wittenberg in retaliation to John Tetzel's selling of indulgences (which was mot mentioned in the Bible) -Fueled by power hungry German princes, the printing press, corrupt papacy and dissatisfaction with that corruption -Protestants split from Catholic Church and later into into Lutherans, Calvinists, Anglicans, Presbyterians, radicals: Anabaptists and Spiritualists, etc