A+P final chapters 12-20

A typical spinal nerve has how many connections to the spinal cord?

2

Christopher Reeve, a famous actor and competitive equestrian, suffered fractures to the top two vertebra and could not breathe without the help of a respirator. Which of the nerves in this diagram were likely damaged?

A

A common type of disabling senile dementia that results in progressive loss of intellectual ability, is called

Alzheimer disease

The periosteal and meningeal layer are part of the

Cranial dura mater

In this diagram which structure is the conus medullaris?

E

In this diagram, where is the space that contains a buoyant liquid to form a hydraulic cushion that absorbs shock?

E

In this diagram, where is the space that contains interstitial fluid?

F

In this diagram, which layer is the thickest protective covering?

I

Which part of the cerebrum is found deep to the other parts and thus cannot be observed from the surface?

Insula

The spinal cord ends

L1-L2

Which organelle is a common site of protein synthesis in neurons?

Nissl body

Which is a function of the nervous system? Select all that apply

Sensory function, motor function, and integrative function

Which type of brain wave occurs at regular intervals when a person is awake but not when a person is sleeping?

alpha waves

Sensory information travels to the brain via

ascending tracts

________ is characterized by an exaggerated response of the sympathetic division of the ANS that occurs in most individuals with spinal cord injury at or above T6.

autonomic dysreflexia

In this diagram, where is a node of Ranvier?

b

Manic-depressive illness is associated with

bipolar disorder

This type of neuron has one dendrite and one axon emerging from the cell body

bipolar neuron

Interoceptors can detect what sensation? Select all that apply

blood gas levels, stretch of organ walls, pain in visceral organs

Which of the following brain structures consists of the medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain?

brainstem

Which cranial nerve in the diagram has a somatic motor function primarily involved in moving the upper eyelid and eyeball and an autonomic function involved in iris muscle contraction?

c

Which sympathetic ganglion supplies the stomach with postganglionic neurons?

celiac ganglion

The adult brain consists of what major regions? Select all that apply.

cerebrum, cerebellum, brain stem, diencephalon

Plasticity means the ability to

change based on experience

In this diagram, which of these types of channels represents a gate that opens to a depolarizing event?

d

Which of the following structures is labeled A in the diagram?

dendrites

Which disorder is a type of neuropathy often caused by long term diabetes mellitus?

diabetic neuropathy

Which of the following brain structures consists of the thalamus, hypothalamus and epithalamus?

diencephalon

This type of neural circuit consists of a single presynaptic neuron synapsing with several postsynaptic neurons.

diverging circuit

Which spinal meninges is composed of collagen fibers arranged in an irregular pattern that is very strong?

dura mater

The brain and spinal cord develop from the ________ neural tube

ectodermal

Which of the following lists the connective tissue coverings of the axons, fascicles, and entire nerve in the correct order?

endoneurium, perineurium, epineurium

Which division of the peripheral nervous system only innervates the gastrointestinal tract's wall?

enteric nervous system

Which layer of protective connective tissue covers a nerve and fuses with the outer menix layer?

epineurium

The autonomic nervous system is involved in controlling what effectors? Select all that apply.

exocrine glands, endocrine glands, cardiac muscle, smooth muscle

The largest nerve in the lumbar plexus is the [ ________ ].

femoral

Which portion of the cerebellum contributes to equilibrium and balance?

flocculonodular lobe

Autonomic tone is regulated by the

hypothalamus

Eating disorders may lead to extreme thirst and temperature variations. These symptoms may describe a dysfunction in the

hypothalamus

Which of the following regions of the brain serve as the major control and integration center of the ANS?

hypothalamus

_______ open and close in response to physical deformation of receptors.

leak channels

A stroke patient has a lesion on their trigeminal ophthalmic branch. Which symptom would the patient exhibit?

loss of pain, temperature, and touch senstation

A depolarizing graded potential

makes the membrane less polarized

During development, the [1] gives rise to the midbrain and aqueduct of midbrain, the [2] gives rise to the thalamus, hypothalamus, and third ventricle and the [3] forms the medulla oblongata

mesencephalon, diencephalon, myelencephalon

An individual suffers a stroke and loses control over their left arm. The individual is affected with ________ paralysis.

monoplegia

Which of the following types of neurons is the most common type of neuron found in the brain and spinal cord?

multipolar neuron

An electroencephalogram (EEG) measures brain waves primarily generated by

neurons in the cerebral cortex

The two main neurotransmitters of the autonomic nervous system are

norepinephrine and acetylcholine

Which cranial nerves control movements of the eyeball?

oculomotor (|||) nerve, trochlear (|V) nerve, and abducens (V|) nerve

Which region of the brain contains the pontine respiratory group that helps control breathing?

pons

Which branch of a spinal nerve serves the deep muscles and skin of the posterior surface of the trunk?

posterior ramus

Beta blockers are used to

prevent an increase in heart rate

Which functional area of the cerebrum is responsible for perception of touch, coldness, and warmth?

primary somatosensory area

Which of the following lists the components of an autonomic reflex arc in the proper sequence of activation?

receptor-sensory neuron-integrating center-motor neuron-effector

Excitation of the quadriceps femoris group and inhibition of the hamstring group is termed ________ innervation.

reciprocal

Diffusion, enzymatic degradation, and uptake by cells are all ways to

remove a neurotransmitter

The left cerebellar hemisphere receives information from the ________ cerebral hemisphere. This type of input is considered ________.

right, contralateral

Hearing your cell phone ring in an quiet lecture hall is an example of which nervous system functions?

sensory function

Which of the following parts of a reflex arc would involve the posterior root ganglion?

sensory neuron

A child riding a bike falls and hits their head. The child was not wearing a helmet. In the emergency room, cerebrospinal fluid taken during a spinal tap reveals blood. The doctors diagnosed the child had torn cerebral veins as they pass to the superior sagittal sinus. What area of the body was the fluid taken?

subarachnoid space

Which structure listed contains cerebrospinal fluid?

subarachnoid space

A baseball player is hit by a line drive on the temporal area of his skull. At the hospital, the doctors give a CT scan which shows an accumulation of blood between the dura mater and arachnoid mater, creating pressure on the cerebrum. The hemorrhage from the fracture would be located in which space?

subdural space

The motor portion of the autonomic nervous system can be divided into

sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions

During brain development, the gyri of the cerebrum are formed because

the gray matter grows faster than the underlying white matter

Parasympathetic innervation of the liver occurs through

vagus (X) nerve