Ap geo Agriculture

why are soybeans important?

-2nd most important crop in the US -used for animal feed and is in oil

What is Vegatative Planting?

-Cut stems and divide roots -plants these to create new plants -originated in Southeast Asia

Where is wine made?

-Mediterranean area (Spain, Italy) -places that don't produce alcohol because of culture

what is intensive agriculture?

-an agricultural system -intensive subsistence agriculture

what are the government agriculture policies?

-farmers are encourages to not grow crops with excess supply -gov will pay farmers when commodity price is low -gov will buy excess supply and sell or donate to foreign governments

what are the importance of potatoes?

-helped develop the modern world -started in the Incan empire then diffused throughout europe -the irish potato famine

Consequences of Agricultural practices

-less biodiversity -overuse of land -desertification -pollution

Why is corn important?

-most grown crop -began as non edible, but with more cultivation it became an important grain -used to feed animals and is in much of our food -the fertilizer used pollutes water however

what leads to food insecurity?

-national insufficiency of producing food -poverty, leading to less access to food

why is tea so important?

-originated in china -when from food to drink -created a wide spread of individual culture -gave china economic power -caused the opium war between Britain and china as Britain tried to dominate the tea trade

what are the importance of chickens?

-spread throughout asia as common food and relgious practices -hen fever started where people started to breed many types of chickens

why is chocolate so important?

-started as cacao beans -slave labor on plantations -started to spread throughout colonies and became an important delicacy

what is extensive agriculture?

-the use of different techniques -shifting cultivation

what does the ivory coast do?

-they present farmers with prices and then sell their products to other countries for them

what are some examples of intensive commercial agriculture?

-truck farming -plantations -mixed crop and livestock -Mediterranean agriculture

What is pastoral nomadism?

A form of subsistence agriculture based on herding domesticated animals. Usually found in climates where planting crops is impossible. They practice transhumance, which is a seasonal migration of livestock. ex. Masai of East Africa

what is intensive subsistence agriculture?

A form of subsistence agriculture in which farmers must expend a relatively large amount of effort to produce the maximum feasible yield from a parcel of land. much of the work is done by hand, and is found in developing countries for one's own consumption wet-rice dominant (East India, Southeastern China, and Southeast Asia) and not dominant where rice is hard to grow (oats, corn, etc) are common in the agricultural regions of asia

What are metes and bounds?

Metes and bounds is a settlement pattern that makes use of natural features to set boundaries, causing very few regular boundaries to be formed.

where are most poultry factories located?

Near transportation networks

What was the first agricultural revolution?

Neolithic Revolution where hunters and gathers switched to agriculture -faster food production and population growth happened -more diseases caused lifespan to decrease

what are some positives and negatives of the green revolution?

Third agricultural revolution: Introduction of pesticides and new technology to alleviate world hunger Positives: Higher yields, more efficiency, cheaper prices Negatives: Erosion of soil and unhealthy soil, food waste, and a lot of money

What were the effects of the Columbian exchange?

food, animals, products, diseases were culturally diffused between the old and new world early globalization north america gave turkeys while europe and asia gave this such as citrus fruits -sugar, bananas, horses, sheep -more food supply, new crops introduced -diseases and slavery

what is mixed crop and live stock?

integration of crops and livestock crops grown are fed to animals rather than to be sold, then animal products are the ones being sold such as beef, milk, and eggs. it can distribute workload but it can also be very time consuming because the live stock need year round attention

What is a commodity?

a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold, such as copper or coffee.

What is the township and range system?

a rectangle land-division scheme to disperse settlers evenly

what is commercial gardening?

also called truck farming growing of many demanded fruits and veggies by consumers such as apples, lettuce, mushrooms, etc. can be sold fresh to consumers or to large companies economically more expensive to export intensive commercial farming (hand picking)

What is a food desert?

an urban area in which it is difficult to buy affordable or good-quality fresh food.

What is a GMO?

any organism whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques, or biotechnology can help plants be resistant to diseases and bugs, but can harm animals that are feasting on those crops can harm the environment

what is livestock ranching?

commercial grazing of livestock over a large area. because of all the land being cleared for crop farming, the income of livestock ranching is going down

what are some struggles with sustaining the world's agriculture?

competing for land keeping up productivity a growing population conserving resources

what are some ways of sustainable land management?

conservation tillage/and water run off no tillage means no soil is touched, and everything from the previous harvest is left ridge tillage is planting crops on ridge tops to help seeds grow faster, but can destroy the soil

famers markets

local and fresher products that are grown and sold to nearby customers

what is the purpose of crop rotation?

maintaining the fertility of fields

what is seed agriculture?

reproduction of plants through annual planting of seeds that result from sexual fertilization most used by farmers today originated in West India, North China, Ethiopia

swidden

slash and burn agriculture

Horizontal Integration

system of consolidating many firms in the same business

commodity chain

the link that connects the steps of the production and distribution of a good inputs, production, distribution

what is grain farming?

the major crop on most farms (grain: wheat, corn, oats, etc.) for the consumption of humans/ sells to larger companies that make food products uses machines and is in developed countries allows much food to be produced all around the world spring and winter belt

what is dairying?

the production of dairy products ones closer to the market tend to sell fresher products and ones more away from the market tend to sell things such as butter, cheese, etc. it is labor intensive and the winter feed can be expensive as farms went down, production went up

What is vertical integration?

where a company controls materials, manufacturing, and distribution every step is controlled by them

What is shifting cultivation?

1. farmers clear land for planting by using slash and burn agriculture 2. farmers grow crops on cleared field for only a few years until soil nutrients are depleted and leave it fallow for many years after -rainforests are being cut down -parts of africa

what is agriculture?

Agriculture is the deliberate modification of Earth's surface through cultivation of plants and rearing of animals to obtain sustenance or economic gain.

Mediterranean agriculture

Agriculture practiced in areas along the Mediterranean sea mostly horticulture export to mostly the US Greece grapes and olives

extensive agriculture

An agricultural system characterized by low inputs of labor per unit land area uses large land area shifting cultivation, ranching, nomadic herding

What is agribusiness?

Commercial agriculture characterized by integration of different steps in the food-processing industry, usually through ownership by large corporations.

sustainable agriculture

Farming methods that preserve long-term productivity of land and manages natural resources -reduce pollution, better working conditions, fair trade and employment

what is vertical farming?

Growing plants on multiple floors in tall buildings.

Explain geographic variations in gender roles in food production and consumption in different regions.

In less developed countries, a lot of agriculture is cropped by women. Because of the lack of resources and gender equality, women of agriculture don't get as much credit as well as that many resources to be able to produce better yields. This gap, if closed, could help solve world hunger in a way by improving efficiency in farming. Much of the food we eat today comes from work that women contribute to, but we don't realize it and just how important they are to this industry. -50% in bangladesh

Discuss TWO economic differences between subsistence agriculture and commercial agriculture.

Labor\mechanization: Subsistence requires more human labor and is often done with low technology, while commercial is the opposite Economic: Subsistence is done for family or for themselves, while commercial is for profit and for large scale markets Gender: In subsistence most are female, while in commercial a small percent are females Development: Subsistence is mostly found in less developed countries, while commercial is found in more developed countries

What is a food swamp?

Location where healthy foods are less available than unhealthy foods; no shortage of foods but the ones available are unhealthy.

What are long lots?

Long-lots are settlement patterns used by the French and Spanish to allow all lots access to a waterway or road.

Discuss how different regions of the world are interdependent in regard to agriculture and how this affects and influences supply chains and trade.

Many different regions of the world receive exports from other regions. Many depend on these exports to keep up with the demand of consumers within the region. For example, produce that can't be grown in colder climates, such as bananas and pineapples, which can only be grown in tropical climates will export to regions with colder climates. These tropical climates could also depend on that country they export to for other food that can't be grown well in tropical climates. Many regions are also major exporters of many products people demand, allowing them to form connections with other regions, contributing to the huge trade within the world.

what are some drug crops?

Marijuana in Mexico Coca leaf in South America

what was the second agricultural revolution?

The British agricultural revolution (1700 and 1800's), A series of innovations, improvements, and techniques used to improve the output of agricultural surpluses -happened after the enclosure acts which allowed more people to access fields seed drill caused the industrial revolution, more efficiency and more jobs

Describe Von Thunen's Model.

The Von Thunen model is used to show how the distance from the market affects what companies and farmers surround it. If the market was in the middle, then the first ring would consist of people who would sell more perishable items such as milk, and items with a more expensive delivery price. The second ring would be things that are heavier to transport, such as wood. The third ring would be various crops, and the fourth ring, being the largest, would be for animal grazing. A large scale company could work with others that are in all of these rings. WEIGHT AND PERISHABILITY

what is the corn belt?

The area in the Midwest that had a high rate of production of corn. runs from ohio to the dakotas sells to mixed crop and livestock farmers mostly

what are microloans?

Very small, short-term loans with a low interest rate, for people who struggle economically or small businesses loan someone money, then the person who gets loaned gets paid back

Explain the impact of different agriculture methods impact on: Environment, society and culture, and economy of production and consumption areas.

a. The environment Many agricultural methods can be both beneficial and harmful to the environment. For example, techniques such as fallowing, which allow the land to regenerate and rest after crop seasons are good for the environment. A technique called shifting cultivation is an example of a technique that isn't good to the environment. It is the practice of burning down leftovers from a harvest to clear the area for the next yield of crops. It can cause global warming due to all of the gas being emitted into the environment. b. Society and Culture The difference between developing and developing countries is creating a gap between societies and culture. People in developing countries use more traditional and old methods, while people in developed countries rely more on machines and technology. This creates a bridge between these regions, creating problems such as poverty in society. c. Economy of production and consumption areas (5.10/5.11) The difference in agriculture can determine the difference between commercial farming and subsistence farming. Places with more traditional farming tend to only farm for themselves and to feed their families, while places with large scale farming tend to sell the products to other people and off the farm.

Explain/Discuss linkages between regions of production and consumption at different scales.

a. world regions of export and import There are dairy farms that will station at the first ring, closest to the market because milk tends to spoil faster. Tropical areas in developing countries will export to developed countries. Places in the Mediterranean area will export many cash crops that relate to horticulture to many parts of the world. b. production and consumption (market) regions within a single state Dole stationed in CA that export goods around the world as well as get imports from many tropical regions Nestle stationed in Switzerland is the largest food company in the world Coca-cola stationed in Georgia is one of the biggest companies in the world

What are some environmental impacts that a certain type of agriculture can cause

habitat loss Water quality Increased wetlands Soil quality Air quality Water availability

what is fair trade?

helps producers and farmers earn enough money to afford life's essentials

what are the challenges with feeding a global population?

lack of food access problems with distribution systems bad weather urbanization

contemporary agriculture

modern advancements in agriculture used today like gmo's, pesticides

Bid rent theory

move close to market ---> land is more expensive further away ---> land is less expensive

what are some ways to solve farming problems?

natural pesticides organic farming vertical farming

organic agriculture

production of crops without the use of synthetic pesticides or fertilizers

what are the agriculture gag laws?

prohibit or restricting recording at farm operations without owner consent

free range

this term regulates poultry (chicken and turkey). Found on poultry and eggs from birds allowed in their natural environment eating and doing bird things. This produces happier and healthier birds and eggs.

what are some struggles with sustaining the world's arable land?

urbanization desertification (lack of water, causing drier conditions) not enough water

what is plantation farming?

usually found in developing countries, plantations grow crops to sell to developed countries things like cotton and sugar cane are grown usually operated by Europeans and north Americans commercial done in developing countries for commercial sale tropic countries