AP Gov Chapter 3 Review

Goose, gander

"Sauce for the _________ is sauce for the ________ " - state governments could not tax federal bonds AND vice versa.

200,000

$ given to the states in 1808 to fund militias

Federal

(Federal/state) officials were the pricipal proponents of grant programs to aid the poor, combat crime, reduce pollution, and deal with drug abuse.

Federal (decentralization of authority), unitary (centralization of authority)

A ________ system lowers the cost of organized political activity, while ________ systems raise costs.

Waiver

A decision by an administrative agency granting some other party permission to violate a law or rule that would otherwise apply

Nullification

A state's refusal to recognize an act of Congress that it considers unconstitutional

Federalism

A system in which power is divided between the national and state governments

Dual Federalism

A system of government in which both the states and the national government remain supreme within their own spheres, each responsible for some policies

Medicaid

Accounts for nearly half of all federal grants

Commerce

After the Civil War, deabtes about the meaning of federalism revolved around this single clause

Local

Although state governments are unwavering, some states have abolished parts of _____ governments which have no reserved powers.

State governments (This ensures federalism)

American national institutions have slowed down policy making, so activists and organizations have turned to _______ ____________.

William H. Riker

American political scientist; argued that "the main effet of federalism since the Civil War has been to perpetuate racism"

Federalist 10

An essay composed by James Madison which argues that liberty is safest in a large republic because many interests (factions) exist.

Intergovernmental lobby

An interest group made up of mayors, governors, and other state and local officials who depend on federal funds

Interstate, intrastate

Applied to commerce, dual federalism means there is a difference between ___________ and __________ commerce.

Elastic language

Article I: Congress shall have the power to "make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers" - example that shows vagueness in federal power

Supreme Court

Became focal point of debate over whether national or state powers should reign supreme

Equality

Because citizens of different states follow different policies, there is a price to pay in terms of ___________.

Grants

Both federal and state government contribut to most policy areas because states get federal ________.

Harold Laski

British observer, called American states "parasitic and poisonous"

1/3

By 2013, federal aid accounted for about _______ of state general revenue.

Civil War

Calhoun's attempts to nullify the federal efforts to restrict slavery ended up being settled by the...

Civil War

Caused by state vs federal supremacy

Tyranny

Caused when all power is concentrated into one set of hands

Supreme, sovereignty, secede

Civil War solved a small part of the federalism question- national government is _______, its ___________ is derived directly from the people, and states could not _____ the Union.

Necessary and Proper Clause (Article I, Section 8, Clause 3)

Clause of the Constitution stating that Congress, in addition to its express powers, has the right to make laws necessary to carry out all powers the Constitution vests in the national government

Hurricanes Katrina and Rita

Confusion over which government is responsible for which issue in federalism happened in this large event

Marbled cake

Cooperative federalism

10th Amendment (Gave states and people powers not in the Constitution)

Created as an afterthought by the Framers because they assumed the federal government would only exercise the powers mentioned in the Constitution

Different

Critics and supporters of the American take on federalism stress ___________ aspects of the same phenomenon

Laboratories of democracy

Different states can implement different policies, and the successful ones will spread

Layered cake

Dual federalism

Direct

Due to laboratories of democracy, about half of the states have forms of legislature through ______ democracy.

Federalism

During the late 1700's, this word was barely used and was originally thought of as a synonym of "confederation"

Local

Educaion, policing, and land-use controls are primarily ____ functions.

Slavery

Example of a cause of a the strained relationship between national and state governments

- Increase federal grants to include local governments as well as states - Change the purposes of the grants given

Federal activism caused efforts to...

National

Federal government began devising grant programs based on what they believed to be important ________ needs.

Categorical grants

Federal money given for a specified purpose

Federation

Federal republic; dervives its powers directly from the people

Conditions of aid

Federal rules attached to the grants that states receive. States must agree to abide by these rules in order to receive the grants.

Sovereignty

Federal-state relations are debated about because they are supposed to share _______, while state-local debates are settled because local governments do not have it.

Civil

Federalism is critical to how _______ liberties and rights are defined and protected.

Dispassionately

Federalism should be viewed __________ through a historical lens wide enough to encompass its worst and best legacies.

Chief Justice John Marshall

Federalist that led the Supreme Court and defended the national supremacy view of the new federal government

Industrial Northeast (now, it has shifted S/SW/W)

For a long time, where was the growth of the US concentrated?

Century

For how long did the Supreme Court try to explain the commerce clause in clear language before giving up?

Slight

Formulas by which block grants are distributed take into account income, population, etc, and a ________ change in the formula can alter how money is distributed.

Unitary systems

France, Italy, Great Britain, Sweden

Lower

Funding is skewed toward states with (lower/higher) populations.

Education

Grants-in-aid existed before the Constitution, in the form of land grants given to the states to finance what?

Ought, right

Great Britain debated whether the national government _______ to implement certain policies, while the US debated whether the national government had the _______ to implement policies.

State, federal

Highways and welfare programs are largely _____ functions, although they make use of _____ money.

27

How many times was the Constitution amended in the last 225 years?

$577 billion

How much money did the federal government spent on federal grants-in-aid in 2014?

$71 million

How much money was spent from territory, local, and state governments lobbying Congress in 2014?

Fair Share Formulas

If one place can get a grant, all places must be eligible (ex. 9/11 attacks brought money to big cities, but also small towns and communities)

Washington DC

If policy is passed here, it must be implemented countrywide

Newspaper editors

In 1798, Congress passed laws to punish ________ __________ who were critical of the federal government

Generation

In 1908, Woodrow Wilson stated that it would take more than one ______ to settle the relationship between federal and state governments.

2.5 trillion (6 times what was spent in 1960)

In 2010, state/local governments spent roughly $__ _________.

4 trillion (5 times what was spent in 1960)

In 2010, the federal government spent roughly $__ _________.

Hamilton and Jefferson

Leaders of the two main views on what federalism meant

Increasing, constant

Level of federal spending is ________, and size of federal workforce is _________.

Federal regime

Local units of government have a specially protected existence and can make some final decisions over some governmental activities

Political power

Locally aquired by people whose careers depend on satisfying local interests

Nullify, violated

Madison and Jefferson suggested to states that they had to right to ________ a federal law that _________ the Constitution.

Grants-In-Aid

Money from the federal government to states

Block grant

Money given to states for general programs within a broad category (combination of multiple categorical grants)

civil rights and environmental protection

Most mandates concern...

Falicitation of the mobilization of political activity

Most obvious effect of federalism

Cooperative Federalism

National and state governments share power in certain areas

Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act

Obamacare

Constitutions

On matters that the states play key roles in, their ___________ may be more detailed than the federal one.

John C. Calhoun (of South Carolina)

Opposed a tariff enacted by the federal government; opposed federal efforts to restrict slavery

Madison and Jefferson

Opposed the laws punishing editors critical of the federal government

Interstate

Over time, more things began falling under (interstate/intrastate) commerce because clear distinguishes were hard to find.

Antifederalists

People who opposed the Constitution and believed in a weaker central government.

Daniel J. Elazar

Political scientist who argues federalism has contributed to political flexibility and individual liberty

To gain federal funding with no strings attatched

Purpose of an intergovernmental lobby

Doctrine of Nullification

Revived by John C. Calhoun in response to a tariff and federal efforts to restrict slavery

James Madison in Federalist 46

Said that both the state and federal governments "are in fact but different agents and trustees of the people, constituted with different powers."

Alexander Hamilton in Federalist 28

Said that the people could shift their support from state and federal levels to keep a balance. "If their rights are invaded by either, they can make use of the other as the instrument of redress."

Snowbelt vs. Sunbelt

Shifts in where US growth is concentrated has caused some people to believe that the federal government has distributed funds/awards unfairly to regions.

Match (but usually by a small percentage)

Some categorical grants require the state or local government to _________ the federal funding.

Madison

Started out as a Federalist, then turned into an Antifederalist

1988

Supreme Court decided to allow federal government to tax interest on state and local bonds, but it has not occured

Confederation

System of government in which people create state governments. which in turn create the national government

True

T/F The commerce clause in the Constitution is vague and has little description

Mandates

Terms set by the national government that states must meet whether or not they accept federal grants

Practical significance

The 10th amendment has rarely had any...

State

The Constitution does not spell out _____ powers.

More, restrictions

The Courts have given the federal government _______ power, but have also placed _________ on federal power.

Were not

The Founders (were/were not) very clear as to how the federal system should work.

Smaller

The ________ a political unit, the more likely it is to be attacked by a faction.

National, state

The ________ government exercises powers through the _____ governments, and it does not directly rule over its people.

Referendum

The ability of the voters of a state to reject legislative measures

Initiative

The ability of voters of a state to put issues directly on the ballot

Recall

The ability of voters to remove elected officials from office

Many

The average citizen will feel more compelled to vote if there are _______ elected officials and government bodies because they feel like the chance to make a change is possible

Cannot

The end of the Civil War brought confirmation that states (can/cannot) declare acts of Congress unconstitutional (confirmed by Supreme Court)

Madison in Federalist 45

The powers to the federal government are few and defined, while the powers to the states are numerous and indefinite.

Political conflict

The single most persistent source of _______ _________ has been the relationship of the state and national governments since the adoption of the Constitution.

Sovereignty

The supreme and absolute authority within territorial boundaries

Factions

The varied ________ at the Philadelphia Convention (big vs small states, northern vs southern states) caused competing interests.

Hamilton

Thought that the national government was the superior and the leading force in political affairs and that its powers should be broadly defined and liberally construed. (Federalist)

Jefferson

Thought that the people were the ultimate sovereigns and the principal threat to their liberties would come from the national government, whcih should be narrowly defined and strictly limited. (Antifederalist)

More

Today, it is (more/less) difficult to define areas of clear state or federal dominance in different areas than in the past.

Did Congress have the right to set up a bank? (Yes) Can a federal bank be taxed by a state? (No)

Two questions asked and answered in court case McCulloch v. MD

Federal systems

US, Canada, Australia, India, Germany

Conditions of aid

Under the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, there are ________ ___ ______, which requires all states to have expand Medicaid or risk losing funding.

Individual mandates

Under the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, there are ________ _______, which requires everyone to have health insurance or pay a penalty.

Federalism and separation of powers

Used to protect personal liberties

Highways

Were at one point controlled by states, not are federally controlled

Republican (laws are to be made by representatives, not citizens)

What principle is the Constitution based on?

Separation of powers and two-party electoral system

What shaped American-style federalism?

Block grants and revenue sharing

What two things were supposed to give states freedom in how they spent their federal money?

Federal

What type of system has multiple different governments that share sovereignty?

Federal

Which type of government system had no precedent, yet was discussed at the Philadelphia Convention?

- Money did not grow back as fast as categorical grants - Federal government increased strings attatched to the money - Block grants cover such a borad range of ideas that no single interest group wants them

Why block grants did not reach the goal of no strings attatched...

- High Republican taxes caused budget surpluses (extra $$) - Inauguration of the federal income tax brought in more money - Federal government managed the money - Federal money seemed like "free" money- no taxes

Why did federal money seem attractive to state officials?

- Interest groups wanted them/had a passion - Administrators of the categorical committees enjoyed seeing their programs grow

Why were categorical grants efficient?

David B. Truman

Wrote "the basic political fact of federalism is that it creates separate, self-sustaining centers of power, prestige, and profit"

10

____% of federal grants to state/local governments go toward highways/transportation.

State, authority

_____ governments have the _________ to make final decisions over many governmental activities.

Devolution

the transfer of powers and responsibilities from the federal government to the states

Initiative, Referendum, Recall

three powers reserved to enable the voters, by petition, to propose or repeal legislation or to remove an elected official from office (aspects of direct democracy in state constitutions)