ap gov final

Which of the following best illustrates the concept of civil rights?

The rights of individuals against discrimination based on their race, sex, or other demographic characteristics

The House Committee on Veterans Affairs, the Department of Veterans Affairs, and the VFW (Veterans of Foreign Wars) work together to achieve policies that benefit veterans. This is an example of which of the following?

iron triangles

Which of the following scenarios is an example of how a state can reasonably restrict speech protected under the First Amendment?

A group of protesters is arrested after staging a sit-in on the governor's front lawn to protest a Voter ID law

Which of the following scenarios would most likely be considered a violation of the Fifth Amendment?

A suspect is not informed that anything he says while under arrest can be used in his trial against him

Which of the following policies is likely to create the most tension between the competing values of individualism and limited government?

Banning religious prayer in public schools

In Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenberg County Schools (1971), the Supreme Court held that schools could assign students to schools outside of their district to achieve racial balances. Which of the following cases did the Court use as precedent in their decision?

Brown v. Board of Education (1954

"An unjust law is a code that a majority inflicts on a minority that is not binding on itself. This is difference made legal. On the other hand, a just law is a code that a majority compels a minority to follow, and that it is willing to follow itself. This is sameness made legal." -Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., Letter from a Birmingham Jail, 1963. Supporters of King's view that just laws treat the majority and minority the same could point to which of the following Supreme Court cases?

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954)

Which of the following best explains how the president can limit the Court's power by appointing a new Supreme Court justice?

By choosing justices who change the ideological leanings of the court

Based on the ruling in McCulloch v. Maryland (1819), what is the difference between enumerated powers and implied powers?

Enumerated powers are powers that the Constitution explicitly grants to the federal government, whereas implied powers are not explicitly written but are necessary for carrying out enumerated powers

"There's something even more revolutionary at work here. By lowering the barriers that protect state-owned industries, China is speeding a process that is removing government from vast areas of people's lives. In the past, virtually every Chinese citizen woke up in an apartment or a house owned by the government, went to work in a factory or a farm run by the government and read newspapers published by the government. . . . "Now people are leaving those firms, and when China joins the W.T.O., they will leave them faster. "The Chinese government no longer will be everyone's employer, landlord, shopkeeper and nanny all rolled into one. It will have fewer instruments, therefore, with which to control people's lives. And that may lead to very profound change. . . . The genie of freedom will not go back into the bottle. As Justice Earl Warren once said, "liberty is the most contagious force in the world." In the new century, liberty will spread by cell phone and cable modem. In the past year, the number of Internet addresses in China has more than quadrupled, from two million to nine million. This year, the number is expected to grow to over 20 million." -Source: President Bill Clinton, "Clinton's Words on China: Trade Is the Smart Thing," The New York Times, 2000 Which of the following statements is most consistent with Clinton's argument in this passage?

Globalization can spread US political culture to countries around the world.

image: across generations, increasing shares say immigrants strengthen the country Based on the data shown in the graph, which of the following statements is true about generational opinions towards immigrants?

In all generations, opinions towards immigrants have become more favorable over time

Which statement accurately summarizes the impact of the Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission (2010) decision?

It allows corporations and unions to spend unlimited amounts of money on political activities that are independent of a party or candidate

Which of these statements best explains why the Voting Rights Act of 1965 has been important to expanding political participation in the United States?

It enforced the Fifteenth Amendment by preventing states from using legal barriers to prevent African Americans from voting

Which of the following statements best explains the impact the necessary and proper clause has had on congressional power?

It has broadened the power of Congress to enact legislation addressing a wide range of economic, environmental, and social issues

Which of the following describes a reason why the Framers decided to include a Bill of Rights?

It was specifically designed to protect individual liberties and rights from a strong central government

"No union is more profound than marriage, for it embodies the highest ideals of love, fidelity, devotion, sacrifice, and family . . . It would misunderstand these men and women to say they disrespect the idea of marriage. Their plea is that they do respect it, respect it so deeply that they seek to find its fulfillment for themselves. Their hope is not to be condemned to live in loneliness, excluded from one of civilization's oldest institutions. They ask for equal dignity in the eyes of the law. The Constitution grants them that right." -Justice Anthony Kennedy, majority opinion in Obergefell v. Hodges (2015) Based on the text, which of the following statements would the author most likely agree with?

Marriage is a fundamental right under the Fourteenth Amendment's equal protection and due process clauses

image: comparison of fox news and media Which of the following is an accurate conclusion based on a comparison of the trends in the chart and your knowledge of political beliefs and behavior?

Media coverage and commentary on political events influence political beliefs and behavior

Which of the following makes a correct comparison between political parties and interest groups in the United States

Political party- influence policy and program evaluation interest group-influence policy formulation

Based on the information in the line graph, which of the following is the most likely implication of the data in the graph?

Public attitudes on whether the government can solve social and economic problems are more likely to decline as people have less trust in government.

Which of the following aspects of the US Constitution best illustrates the concept of participatory democracy?

The process for choosing members of the House of Representatives

image: support for stricter gun control 2017-2018 Which of the following statements best describes a trend in the line graph above?

Support for gun control legislation has consistently hovered around 60% in the period shown

"The Constitution abhors classifications based on race, not only because those classifications can harm favored races or are based on illegitimate motives, but also because every time the government places citizens on racial registers and makes race relevant to the provision of burdens or benefits, it demeans us all. . . . Undoubtedly there are other ways to 'better' the education of law students aside from ensuring that the student body contains a 'critical mass' of underrepresented minority students." Associate Justice Clarence Thomas, dissenting opinion in Grutter v. Bollinger (2003) Which of the following statements is most consistent with the author's argument in this passage?

The Constitution allows for the use of race-based quotas as a way to remedy past injustices

Representative Siddiqui introduces a bill that would reform campaign finance in the House of Representatives. After the bill is assigned a number, which of the following describes the next step of the lawmaking process?

The Speaker of the House assigns the bill to a relevant committee

"So if a law be in opposition to the constitution; if both the law and the constitution apply to a particular case, so that the court must either decide that case conformably to the law, disregarding the constitution; or conformably to the constitution, disregarding the law; the court must determine which of these conflicting rules governs the case. This is of the very essence of judicial duty. If, then, the courts are to regard the constitution, and the constitution is superior to any ordinary act of the legislature, the constitution, and not such ordinary act, must govern the case to which they both apply." -John Marshall, decision in Marbury v. Madison (1803) Which of the following statements best summarizes Marshall's argument?

The Supreme Court should judge whether the law or the Constitution ought to determine a case

In 1961, students who attended public schools in Pennsylvania were required to read at least ten verses from the Bible. After students finished reading the readings, school officials required that all students recite the Lord's Prayer. In 1963, the Supreme Court heard the case and ruled that the readings and recitations violated a provision of the First Amendment. Which of the following constitutional clauses does this case have in common with Engel v. Vitale (1962)?

The establishment clause

In 1961, the Supreme Court heard a case in which the police entered into a residence without a warrant looking for a suspect thought to be hiding in the house. While searching for the suspect, the police found illegal pornographic material. The police arrested the homeowner and she was convicted of possessing pornography. The Court decided to throw out the conviction because the police did not have a search warrant. This case is an example of which of the following?

The exclusionary rule

Which constitutional change in the early twentieth century led to an increase in democratic participation in the United States?

The method by which US senators are elected was changed

"In the First Amendment, the Founding Fathers gave the free press the protection it must have to fulfill its essential role in our democracy. The press was to serve the governed, not the governors. The Government's power to censor the press was abolished so that the press would remain forever free to censure the Government. The press was protected so that it could bare the secrets of government and inform the people. Only a free and unrestrained press can effectively expose deception in government." -Justice Hugo Black Based on the text, which of the following statements would the author most likely agree with?

There should be a "heavy presumption against prior restraint" of freedom of speech

Which of the following statements is the most likely motivation for a president to issue an executive order?

To achieve policy goals when a compromise cannot be reached with Congress

"As is now well known, political parties in recent years have built databases to facilitate targeting strategies. These databases list the names and contact information for all voters in a district, along with information about their personal traits, their neighborhoods, and their history of political participation. Politicians and their campaigns use these lists to perceive the electorate. The lists help them understand who their supporters are, what issues different voters care about, and how they should present themselves to voters in their campaign appeals. This large-scale collection of data influences how politicians perceive voters, and in turn, it affects how they interact with voters." -Source: Eitan D. Hersh, Hacking the Electorate: How Campaigns Perceive Voters, 2015 Which of the following statements best summarizes the author's argument on how political parties use voter data?

To clarify political messages and enhance mobilization efforts

In which of the following scenarios is the president most likely to use the veto to limit the power of Congress?

When the opposing party holds a majority in Congress

Based on the data presented in the graph, which of the following is the best conclusion one can make about the significance of presidential and midterm election turnout rates in this period?

With lower overall turnout in midterm elections, groups that are more likely to vote had more impact on their outcomes

A president issues an executive order banning newspapers from printing articles critical of the US government. The Supreme Court declares the executive order unconstitutional because it violates the First Amendment right to freedom of the press. This is an example of which of the following principles of US government?

checks and balances

The Three-Fifths Compromise is best defined as which of the following?

for every five enslaved africans, three would be counted for representation

Which of the following is an accurate comparison of the Senate and House of Representatives?

house-Designed to represent the population senate-Designed to represent states equally

In 2010, the Supreme Court issued a controversial decision that struck down a federal law banning corporations and unions from donating to federal elections. Which of the following steps may Congress take to limit the Supreme Court's power?

pass legislation changing the Court's appellate jurisdiction

"In so extensive a republic, the great officers of government would soon become above the control of the people, and abuse their power to the purpose of aggrandizing themselves, and oppressing them. The trust committed to the executive offices, in a country of the extent of the United States, must be various and of magnitude." -Brutus No. 1 Which constitutional provision would the author most likely support?

the addition of a bill of rights

"As the quotations earlier in this opinion demonstrate, the inherent right of self-defense has been central to the Second Amendment right. The handgun ban [by the District of Columbia] amounts to a prohibition of an entire class of 'arms' that is overwhelmingly chosen by American society for that lawful purpose. The prohibition extends, moreover, to the home, where the need for defense of self, family, and property is most acute. Under any of the standards of scrutiny that we have applied to enumerated constitutional rights. . . banning from the home 'the most preferred firearm in the nation to 'keep' and use for protection of one's home and family, . . .would fail constitutional muster.'" -Associate Justice Antonin Scalia, majority opinion in District of Columbia v. Heller (2008) Supporters of Scalia's view that handgun bans violate Second Amendment rights could cite which of the following Supreme Court cases to support their argument?

McDonald v. Chicago (2010)

Use the passage below to answer the following question. "The mystique of inside information—"if you only knew what we know"—was a most effective way to defend the national-security monopoly and prevent democratic control of foreign policy . . . The power to leak meant the power to tell the people what it served the government's purpose that they should know . . . The power to withhold and the power to leak led on inexorably to the power to lie. The secrecy system instilled in the executive branch the idea that foreign policy was no one's business save its own, and the uncontrolled secrecy made it easy for lying to become routine." -Arthur Schlesinger, The Imperial Presidency, 1973 Which of the following governmental policies would the author most likely support?

The War Powers Resolution of 1973, which aimed to give Congress more say in whether US troops were deployed abroad

Senator Leslie Knope plans to vote in favor of two major bills. The first bill is about buying some land in Indiana and turning it into a national park. The second bill will ban any fast food restaurant from serving a 128-ounce soft drink. 21,000 constituents have called her asking her to vote against the second bill, but no constituents have called her about the national park bill. Senator Knope decides to vote in favor of the first bill, but listens to her constituents and votes against the second bill. Which model of representation do her actions embody?

The politico model

"To what expedient, then, shall we finally resort, for maintaining in practice the necessary partition of power among the several departments, as laid down in the Constitution? The only answer that can be given is, that as all these exterior provisions are found to be inadequate, the defect must be supplied, by so contriving the interior structure of the government as that its several constituent parts may, by their mutual relations, be the means of keeping each other in their proper places." -Publius (James Madison), Federalist No. 51, 1788 Which of the following statements best summarizes Madison's argument?

The structure of the government itself should limit its powers

If Congress adheres to a conservative economic policy, which of the following measures would it most likely employ during an economic recession?

legislation to reduce regulations on the operation of small businesses

Which of the following is an accurate comparison of typical conservative and liberal views?

liberal-More likely to vote with the Democratic party conservative-More likely to vote with the Republican party

Which of the following is an accurate comparison of typical conservative and liberal views concerning economic policy?

liberal-The federal government should have a stronger role in regulating the economy Conservative -The federal government should have a less involved role in regulating the economy

"When the Articles of Confederation were drafted, Americans had little experience of what a national government could do for them and bitter experience of what an arbitrary government could do to them. In creating a central government they were therefore more concerned with keeping it under control than with giving it the means to do its job." -Edmund S. Morgan, The Birth of the Republic, 1763-89, 1956 Which of the following concepts is most consistent with the author's argument?

limited government

Which of the following Democratic positions from the infographic would a Libertarian most likely agree with?

marriage equality

After a House of Representatives member supports an unpopular tax despite protests from his constituents, he loses his bid for reelection. This is an example of which of the following democratic ideals?

popular sovereignty

Several oil companies donate to a pro-fracking interest group after hearing that the federal government plans to pass a law banning fracking in the United States . The interest group then appeals to members of Congress in attempt to get them to vote against the bill. Which of the following democratic ideals does this scenario best exemplify?

republicanism

Florida, Iowa, New Hampshire, and Ohio frequently changed electoral support of presidential candidates from one major party to the other in elections between 1980 and 2016, with every presidential winner carrying at least three of these four states. What term describes these politically contentious areas of the country?

swing states

Read the passage and answer the following question. "As long as the reason of man continues fallible, and he is at liberty to exercise it, different opinions will be formed . . . The diversity in the faculties of men, from which the rights of property originate, is not less an insuperable obstacle to a uniformity of interests. The protection of these faculties is the first object of government. From the protection of different and unequal faculties of acquiring property, the possession of different degrees and kinds of property immediately results; and from the influence of these on the sentiments and views of the respective proprietors, ensues a division of the society into different interests and parties." -Publius (James Madison), Federalist No. 10 According to the author, what is the purpose of government?

to control factions