AP GOV Final

Which of the following demographic groups has voted most consistently for the Democratic Party in national elections over the last three decades? a) African Americans b) Hispanics c) Protestants d) Wealthy White males e) Southern White males

(A) African Americans

A political science professor is researching the effects that the Fifteenth and Twenty-Sixth Amendments have had on the American political system. Which of the following is the most likely reason the professor is researching these amendments? a) To study the expansion of the right to equal protection under the law b) To study the expansion of voting rights c) To study the expansion of due process rights d) To study the expansion of federal authority over states

(B) To study the expansion of voting rights

In the process and structure of public policy-making, "iron triangles" refer to the A) bargaining and negotiating process between the President and Congress about the direction of domestic policy B) dominance of corporate power in setting the national policy agenda for economic expansion c) interrelationship among federal, state, and local levels of government in the policy process D) networks of congressional committees, bureaucratic agencies, and interest groups that strongly influence the policy process E) group of presidential advisers who formulate the President's foreign policy agenda

D) networks of congressional committees, bureaucratic agencies, and interest groups that strongly influence the policy process

Which of the following represents a consequence of candidate-centered electoral campaigns? a) A decrease in the role of political parties in campaign management b) A decrease in the number of third-party candidates on the ballot c) A decrease in the amount of money spent on political campaigns d) A decrease in voter outreach and mobilization efforts

a) A decrease in the role of political parties in campaign management

The Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002 (McCain-Feingold) was designed to curtail which of the following? a) Individual contributions to candidates b) Soft money c) Hard money d) Public disclosure rules e) Lobbying

b) Soft money

The most common criterion that people use when voting for a presidential candidate is the candidate's a) views on specific issues b) party identification c) ideological position d) personal appearance e) fiscal policy

b) party identification

A primary election in which voters are required to identify a party preference before the election and are not allowed to split their ticket is called a) an open primary b) a blanket primary c) a closed primary d) a runoff primary e) a presidential preference primary

c) a closed primary

Which of the following describes the Twenty-Fourth Amendment? a) It desegregated places of public accommodation. b) It required elections for the United States Senate. c) It reduced barriers to political participation on the basis of gender. d) It eliminated poll taxes.

d) It eliminated poll taxes.

The development and persistence of the two-party system in the United States is best accounted for by a) the Twelfth Amendment b) proportional representation c) multimember legislative districts d) single-member legislative districts e) strong party loyalty of elected representatives

d) single-member legislative districts

How is a president chosen when none of the candidates receives a majority of the electoral college vote? a) There is a national runoff election between the two candidates with the greatest number of electoral votes. b) The United States Supreme Court directly elects the president. c) The election is ruled null and void and Congress appoints a new president. d) The Senate chooses a new president by a majority vote of its entire membership. e) The House chooses a new president by a majority vote of its state delegations.

e) The House chooses a new president by a majority vote of its state delegations.

Which of the following statements about political parties and the United States Constitution is true? a) According to the Constitution, only two major political parties may exist at any time. b) The Constitution requires political parties to be restricted by both federal and state law. c) The Constitution indicates that political party leaders at the national level be elected by political party leaders at the state level.= d) The Constitution specifies that political party leaders must be native-born United States citizens. e) The issue of political parties is not addressed in the Constitution.

e) The issue of political parties is not addressed in the Constitution.

Which of the following has the most influence on the outcome of a congressional election? a) Local performance of a candidate's party in the presidential race b) A candidate's incumbency status c) The amount of a candidate's campaign spending relative to that of his or her opponent d) The level of support from local party leaders e) The level of voter turnout

b) A candidate's incumbency status

A person votes for Democratic candidates based on the belief that the policies of the Democratic Party will be personally beneficial. This type of voting matches which of the following voting behavior models? a) Prospective voting b) Retrospective voting c) Split-ticket voting d) Sociological voting

b) Retrospective voting

Which of the following scenarios is most related to the Twenty-Sixth Amendment? a) A primary election is held to determine the candidate who will run as the Republican for the United States Senate. b) An interest group purchases a television ad prior to an election. c) An eighteen-year-old votes in a presidential election. d) A woman votes in a local election.

c) An eighteen-year-old votes in a presidential election.

The advantages of incumbency in congressional elections include which of the following? I. Incumbents receive more campaign contributions than do challengers. II. Incumbents are able to provide important services for individual voters. III. The government provides campaign funds for incumbents. IV. The President usually endorses incumbents for reelection. V. Most American voters believe Congress does a good job. a) I and II only b) III and IV only c) I, IV, and V only d) II, III, and V only e) III, IV, and V only

a) I and II only

Which of the following is the most important influence on the choice made by voters in presidential elections? a) Partisan identification b) Party platform adopted at the national convention c) Vice-presidential running mate d) Endorsement by political incumbents e) Appeal of the candidates' spouses

a) Partisan identification

In 2002, Congress passed the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act in an effort to regulate campaign finance by limiting the ability of corporations and unions to spend their general treasury funds on election communications. In 2010, the Supreme Court invalidated this provision of the act. Which of the following statements accurately describes the majority decision of the case? a) The First Amendment allows corporations and unions to make independent expenditures regarding candidates for office. b) The Fourth Amendment protects political action committees from excessive searches by protecting their identities during election campaigns. c) The First Amendment allows candidates to spend as much as they want on their own campaigns. d) The Fourth Amendment grants professional consultants and other campaign staff immunity from disclosing donor information.

a) The First Amendment allows corporations and unions to make independent expenditures regarding candidates for office.

Which of the following statements about the trend is correct according to the line chart? a) The ideological difference between Southern and Northern Democrats in the House of Representatives has decreased since 1973. b) Republicans in the House of Representatives have gradually become more liberal since 1981. c) Southern Democrats in the House of Representatives have historically always been more conservative than Northern Democrats. d) There are less regional differences in the House of Representatives among Republicans than Democrats.

a) The ideological difference between Southern and Northern Democrats in the House of Representatives has decreased since 1973.

Based on the data in the chart, which of the following best explains a likely impact of third-party votes in the 2016 election? a) The third-party vote in the three states depicted in the chart helped Donald Trump acquire enough electoral votes to win the election. b) The third parties were able to gain seats in Congress because of the large number of votes they received in the three states depicted in the chart. c) The third-party vote counts in the three states depicted in the chart forced the election to a tie, forcing the House of Representatives to cast the deciding vote. d) The third-party vote counts forced the three states depicted in the chart into runoff elections to decide who would be the winner of each state.

a) The third-party vote in the three states depicted in the chart helped Donald Trump acquire enough electoral votes to win the election.

Since 1972, voters in presidential elections have a) become more focused on individual candidates b) increasingly based their votes on televised candidate debates c) become more influenced by party platforms d) become more likely to focus on local rather than national conditions e) become more likely to rely on print media for information

a) become more focused on individual candidates

All of the following are reasons incumbents in the House of Representatives enjoy an electoral advantage over challengers EXCEPT that incumbents a) get substantial financial support from their party's national committee b) are better known to voters than are challengers c) find it much easier to raise campaign funds than do challengers d) can use staff members to do constituent service e) often serve on committees that enable them to help the constituency

a) get substantial financial support from their party's national committee

A citizen who uses the rational choice model of voting behavior selects candidates for office based on a) what is thought to be in the citizen's own self-interest b) the label of the party running for office c) predictions of how a candidate will perform in the future d) the recent performance of the candidates running for office

a) what is thought to be in the citizen's own self-interest

Which of the following scenarios is most closely related to the Supreme Court's decision in Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission (2010) ? a) A member of Congress establishes a political action committee to gain influence within the chamber. b) A labor union spends millions of dollars to independently run negative advertisements about a presidential candidate shortly before the election. c) A state senator receives a large cash donation from a corporate executive in exchange for specific political favors. d) A lobbyist writes the language of a bill that is later introduced into both chambers of Congress.

b) A labor union spends millions of dollars to independently run negative advertisements about a presidential candidate shortly before the election.

When party members meet to nominate a candidate for office, they participate in which of the following? a) General election b) Caucus c) Blanket primary d) Open primary e) Closed primary

b) Caucus

Which of the following best accounts for the lack of success generally encountered by minor political parties in electing members to the House or Senate? a) Political action committee (PAC) contributions are restricted by law to the two major parties. b) General elections in the United States are based on the winner-take-all principle. c) House and Senate rules exclude members of minor parties from organizing coalitions with the major parties. d) The public has great faith in the two major political parties. e) Some states outlaw minor political parties.

b) General elections in the United States are based on the winner-take-all principle.

Which of the following explains how The Federalist 10 relates to the decision in Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission (2010) ? a) Both regarded factions as destructive to liberty. b) In both, a limited approach to government regulation was argued for. c) In The Federalist 10, the author opted for stricter regulation of factions, whereas in Citizens United , petitioners argued that regulation was a violation of liberties. d) The Federalist 10 supports free speech, whereas the Citizens United decision opposes free speech.

b) In both, a limited approach to government regulation was argued for.

Which of the following is a significant trend in the presidential nominating process over the past three decades? a) Replacement of national party conventions by national primaries for each party b) Increasing importance of presidential primaries rather than state conventions c) A sharply declining role for political action committees (PAC's) d) Decreasing cost of campaigns e) Increasing control by political party leaders over outcomes

b) Increasing importance of presidential primaries rather than state conventions

Which of the following factors contributes most to the data in the line graph? a) Challengers have easier access to television, magazines, and newspapers. b) Incumbents have an advantage over challengers because of name recognition. c) Incumbents are often at a disadvantage because they are too busy working on legislation to campaign. d) Challengers are often given larger donations from interest groups and can outspend incumbents.

b) Incumbents have an advantage over challengers because of name recognition.

All of the following contribute to the success of incumbent members of Congress in election campaigns EXCEPT: a) Incumbents usually raise more campaign funds than do their challengers. b) Incumbents tend to understand national issues better than do their challengers. c) Incumbents are usually better known to voters than are their challengers. d) Incumbents can use staff to perform services for constituents. e) Incumbents often sit on committees that permit them to serve district interests.

b) Incumbents tend to understand national issues better than do their challengers.

The data in the graph best illustrate which of the following common criticisms of the electoral college? a) Small states have fewer electoral votes than large states and therefore have no impact on presidential elections. b) Individuals in small-population states have a greater impact on the electoral college than individuals in large-population states. c) Candidates from states with a large number of electoral votes have a major advantage in the electoral college. d) Smaller states have more electoral votes than larger states, which distorts the popular vote.

b) Individuals in small-population states have a greater impact on the electoral college than individuals in large-population states.

Which of the following is true of the electoral college system? a) It encourages the emergence of third parties. b) It encourages candidates to concentrate their campaigns in competitive, populous states. c) It ensures that the votes of all citizens count equally in selecting the President. d) It requires that a candidate win a minimum of 26 states to obtain a majority in the college. e) It tends to make a presidential elections appear closer than they really are.

b) It encourages candidates to concentrate their campaigns in competitive, populous states.

The primary election system of selecting presidential candidates has had which of the following effects? a) It has increased the importance of state party organizations. b) It has loosened the hold of party leaders over the nomination process. c) It has reduced the role of citizens in the candidate selection process. d) It has lowered the cost of running for office. e) It has led to a decline in the importance of party voter-registration drives.

b) It has loosened the hold of party leaders over the nomination process.

Which of the following is an accurate comparison between the relative functions and electoral success of the two major political parties (Democratic and Republican) and third parties? a) b) c) d)

b) Major Parties: The rules of the electoral college favor the major-party candidates in presidential elections. Third Parties: Winner-take-all voting districts hinder the electoral success of third-party candidates.

In the United States, which of the following is a rule on voting found in the Constitution or its amendments? a) No person may be denied the right to vote merely for lack of either state or federal citizenship. b) No person eighteen years of age or older may be denied the right to vote on account of age. c) No person may be denied the right to vote merely because he or she has previously served a prison sentence. d) A state may not establish a residency requirement for voting. e) A state may require a person to pay a poll tax in order to register to vote.

b) No person eighteen years of age or older may be denied the right to vote on account of age.

Which of the following is an effect of the Seventeenth Amendment? a) State legislatures gained more power over national and local elections. b) People could participate in the political process by directly electing the senators. c) Suffrage for women greatly expanded in national elections. d) African American males could vote in national and state elections.

b) People could participate in the political process by directly electing the senators.

While the central goal of political parties is to win elections, parties can also support democracy. Which of the following scenarios best illustrates this relationship? a) A political party changes its stance on environmental policy after its candidates receive large contributions from an energy company. b) Political parties use the social media site Instagram to reach out to younger voters to inform them about upcoming elections and encourage them to register to vote. c) The House Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure uses research given to it from the American Society of Civil Engineers when amending an infrastructure bill. d) A former member of Congress takes a job as a political consultant to advise current members on their campaigns and raise money for elections.

b) Political parties use the social media site Instagram to reach out to younger voters to inform them about upcoming elections and encourage them to register to vote.

There is an ongoing debate over the role of money in elections. The Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act (BCRA) of 2002 banned soft money and restricted advertisements in the weeks before an election. Parts of this act were challenged and struck down in the Supreme Court case Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission (2010). Which of the following was a consequence of that ruling? a) The Federal Election Commission cannot place any restrictions on political advertisements because they are protected by the freedom of speech. b) Super PACs may spend unlimited funds on advertisements that are not coordinated with the campaign because they are protected by the freedom of speech. c) Advertisements produced in coordination between campaigns and super PACs cannot be restricted because they are protected by the freedom of speech. d) The Federal Election Commission can place restrictions on all advertisements because they are not protected by the freedom of speech.

b) Super PACs may spend unlimited funds on advertisements that are not coordinated with the campaign because they are protected by the freedom of speech.

Which of the following is most likely an effect of the data reported in the chart? a) Younger voters were more likely to vote in the 2016 presidential election. b) The California state government is more likely to address issues that affect older voters. c) Political parties will work to recruit more younger candidates to run for office. d) The media will likely be skeptical of the general election results.

b) The California state government is more likely to address issues that affect older voters.

Which of the following is true of political action committees (PACs) ? a) They are a part of political party organizations. b) They make campaign contributions to gain access to legislators. c) They are allowed to contribute to only one candidate in a given contest. d) They effectively control the presidential campaigns. e) They may operate at the state level but not at the national level.

b) They make campaign contributions to gain access to legislators.

Typically, presidential candidates implement their campaign strategies by a) applying their resources evenly among the states, because they must win popular votes in a majority of the states to be elected b) focusing on larger, competitive states, because they might tip the balance of the electoral college c) focusing on small states, because these states have proportionally more electoral votes than more populous states have d) ignoring the electoral college, because the popular vote determines the outcome of the election e) ignoring the electoral college, because more states are moving away from the winner-take-all system

b) focusing on larger, competitive states, because they might tip the balance of the electoral college

In response to the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act (McCain-Feingold Act), the United States Supreme Court, in Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission (2010), ruled that a) limits cannot be placed upon candidates' contributions to their own campaigns b) independent campaign expenditures by corporations and unions are protected by the First Amendment c) limits on issue advertisements 90 days before an election are unconstitutional d) limits on campaign contributions by minors are constitutional under the First Amendment e) requiring endorsement statements in campaign advertisements is unconstitutional

b) independent campaign expenditures by corporations and unions are protected by the First Amendment

The concept of realignment refers to changes in a) the United States system of international alliances b) the social bases of the parties' voting support c) the media's criticism of the president and Congress d) spending priorities in the federal budget e) the rate of voter participation

b) the social bases of the parties' voting support

The data in the table provide clear evidence that a) Republicans were increasingly likely to defect from their party's candidate b) the vote in the Midwest predicted the outcome rather consistently c) the East has become a Republican stronghold d) voters under the age of 30 were more likely than older voters to support the Democratic candidate e) nonwhite voters showed no preference for one party over another

b) the vote in the Midwest predicted the outcome rather consistently

Which of the following scenarios best represents an example of party-line voting? a) A citizen always votes for the candidate who supports conservation of the environment. b) A homeowner votes for a candidate based on the candidate's promise to lower property taxes. c) A citizen casts votes for all Republicans based solely on the candidates' affiliation with the Republican Party. d) A citizen votes for the incumbent member of the House of Representatives after receiving help processing his disability claim.

c) A citizen casts votes for all Republicans based solely on the candidates' affiliation with the Republican Party.

Which of the following best explains the ideological shifts of the Southern Democrats, as shown in the line chart? a) Republicans have become more liberal over time, forcing Southern Democrats to also become more liberal. b) Voters have been less willing to identify as Republican or Democrat, leading to a greater number of partisan candidates. c) Conservative Republicans have been more successful at winning seats in the South, replacing many of the conservative Democrats. d) Ideology has become less important to voters during elections, permitting Southern Democrats to endorse more conservative positions over time.

c) Conservative Republicans have been more successful at winning seats in the South, replacing many of the conservative Democrats.

Which of the following would result from the direct election of presidential candidates? a) A national primary would be established. b) Party nominating conventions would be abolished. c) Each vote would count equally in determining which candidate won the election. d) The electoral college would become more influential in the electoral process. e) Third-party candidates would have less chance of winning the election.

c) Each vote would count equally in determining which candidate won the election.

Which of the following describes the activities represented by data in the table? a) Interest groups form political action committees (PACs) to nominate candidates during elections. b) Government agencies receive a large portion of their funding from private interest groups, which affects their decisions. c) Groups in American society form political action committees (PACs) so they can influence policy. d) There are no limits on the amount of money an individual may contribute to a political action committee (PAC).

c) Groups in American society form political action committees (PACs) so they can influence policy.

When none of the presidential candidates receives a majority of the votes in the electoral college, the winner is chosen by the a) Federal Elections Commision b) Supreme Court c) House of Representatives only d) Senate only e) majority of the House and Senate combined

c) House of Representatives only

Which of the following statements about incumbent senators running for reelection is correct? a) The senators with the best chances of reelection are those who have served the longest. b) The amount of money spent by a challenger has little bearing on an incumbent's reelection chances. c) Incumbent senators are less likely to be reelected than are incumbent members of the House of Representatives. d) An incumbent senator is equally likely to be reelected or defeated. e) The most important factor influencing the reelection chances of senators is whether they belong to the President's party.

c) Incumbent senators are less likely to be reelected than are incumbent members of the House of Representatives.

The Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002 (McCain-Feingold) did which of the following? a) It created interest groups known as 527s. b) It made it illegal for unions to donate to presidential campaigns. c) It banned soft money donations to national parties. d) It banned candidates from running negative advertisements. e) It banned third-parties from federal funding.

c) It banned soft money donations to national parties.

Of the following, which is the most important reason that voter turnout is lower in the United States than in most other industrial democracies. a) American citizens are more apathetic than are citizens in other democracies. b) There are fewer elections in the United States than in other democracies. c) It has traditionally been more difficult to register to vote in the United States than in most other industrial democracies. d) United States elections receive less media attention than do elections in other democracies. e) Unlike other industrial democracies, the United States has a two-party system.

c) It has traditionally been more difficult to register to vote in the United States than in most other industrial democracies.

Which of the following best describes the difference between an open and closed primary? a) Voters must pay a poll tax to vote in a closed primary, but not in an open primary. b) Voters are allowed to split their ticket in a closed primary but not in an open primary. c) Only voters who register as members of a political party may vote in that party's closed primary, while independents and others may be eligible to vote in open primaries. d) Open primaries require a run-off system, while closed primaries do not. e) Candidates must seek the approval of the party organization to run in a closed primary, but anyone may be a candidate in an open primary.

c) Only voters who register as members of a political party may vote in that party's closed primary, while independents and others may be eligible to vote in open primaries.

Which of the following is the leading predictor of how an individual will vote in a congressional election? a) Newspaper endorsements b) Gender c) Partisanship d) Presidential endorsement e) Occupation

c) Partisanship

A voter's decision to support the incumbent president in an upcoming election is based on recent economic growth and record low unemployment. Which of the following models of voting behavior best characterizes this voter's decision? a) Prospective voting b) Party-line voting c) Retrospective voting d) Rational choice voting

c) Retrospective voting

Which of the following arguments best supports a claim that the electoral college violates democratic principles? a) The winner-take-all system encourages candidates to campaign in every state, which limits the attention each state will receive from the candidates. b) Electors are chosen by the voters in each state, which gives parties undue influence over candidates' success. c) Smaller states are disproportionately advantaged by the two additional electoral votes granted to each state for its senators. d) The electoral college lacks transparency because electors frequently switch their vote during the national convention.

c) Smaller states are disproportionately advantaged by the two additional electoral votes granted to each state for its senators.

A state has 11 electoral votes. In a presidential election, the Democratic candidate receives 48 percent of that state's popular vote, the Republican candidate receives 40 percent of the vote, and an independent candidate receives 12 percent of the vote. If the state is similar to most other states, how will the electoral votes most likely be allocated? a) The Democratic candidate will receive 5 electoral votes, the Republican will receive 4, and the independent will receive 2. b) The Democratic candidate will receive 6 electoral votes and the Republican will receive 5. c) The Democratic candidate will receive all 11 electoral votes. d) The votes will not be allocated until there has been a runoff election between the Democratic and Republican candidates. e) The House of Representatives will determine the allocation of the electoral votes.

c) The Democratic candidate will receive all 11 electoral votes.

Which of the following statements about the bar graph on voter turnout in the 2014 California general election is correct? a) Each age group voted at a higher rate than all of the younger age groups below it. b) The majority of voters ages 25-34 voted in the election. c) The age group that voted at a rate closest to the average is 45-54. d) Voters ages 35-44 voted at a rate higher than average.

c) The age group that voted at a rate closest to the average is 45-54.

Which of the following is a correct statement about political action committees (PAC's)? a) The number of PAC's has remained stable over the past decade. b) Most PAC money is distributed to challengers in an effort to unseat hostile incumbents. c) The amount of money that PAC's can contribute directly to an individual candidate is limited by law. d) PAC's are illegal in most states. e) PAC's rarely attempt to influence legislation through lobbying activities.

c) The amount of money that PAC's can contribute directly to an individual candidate is limited by law.

If voters are acting according to the retrospective model of voting, which of the following will be the most important consideration in their decision? a) The party affiliations of the candidates b) The campaign promises made by the candidates c) The effect of recent economic conditions on the voters d) Whether the candidates will act in the best interest of the voters if elected

c) The effect of recent economic conditions on the voters

The America First Action is a super PAC led by former administrator of the Small Business Administration Linda McMahon. Which of the following best explains how the organization can operate to influence elections, according to the decision in Citizens United v. Federal Elections Commission (2010) ? a) The super PAC can be led by a former government official but cannot accept contributions from former officials. b) The super PAC can spend unlimited funds and coordinate its campaign with candidate campaigns but must abide by "Stand by Your Ad" provisions. c) The super PAC can spend unlimited money on issue-advocacy advertisements that are not coordinated with the campaign. d) The super PAC can spend unlimited money on campaign expenditures but is subject to maximum contribution limits from donors.

c) The super PAC can spend unlimited money on issue-advocacy advertisements that are not coordinated with the campaign.

The graphic illustrates which of the following statements about political parties? a) Federalism leads to a multiparty system in which at least three parties generally compete for control of local, state, and national governments. b) The founders refused to join political parties because they agreed that parties were contrary to the public interests, so parties did not form until well after the ratification of the Constitution. c) There is an ongoing debate between political parties over the power and scope of the federal government, even as economic and demographic changes have altered party coalitions. d) The Constitution settled the debate over the power of the federal government, but political parties formed nonetheless to help Congress organize itself over regional interests.

c) There is an ongoing debate between political parties over the power and scope of the federal government, even as economic and demographic changes have altered party coalitions.

Explanations for low voter turnout include all of the following EXCEPT a) registration requirements b) weak party affiliation c) laws protecting voting rights for minorities d) weekday elections e) frequency of elections at the state and local level

c) laws protecting voting rights for minorities

Which of the following is a result of the electoral college system? a) The winner of the presidency often lacks a majority of the popular vote. b) Candidates focus on one-party states in which they can win most of the electoral votes. c) The House of Representatives frequently chooses the President from the top three candidates. d) Candidates focus on the states with the largest populations. e) Campaign spending increases because candidates emphasize television advertising.

d) Candidates focus on the states with the largest populations.

A chief executive officer (CEO) of a corporation believes that the Republican candidate for president will enact policies that are more beneficial to her business. The CEO donated the maximum amount allowed by law directly to the candidate's campaign fund. To increase the candidate's chances for election, the CEO also directed her corporation to donate funds to an independent political action committee to create ads criticizing the opposing candidate. According to the decision in Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission (2010), which provision of the Constitution protects her actions? a) Reserved powers in the Tenth Amendment b) Due process clause in the Fifth Amendment c) Freedom of association in the First Amendment d) Freedom of speech in the First Amendment

d) Freedom of speech in the First Amendment

Which of the following best describes the concept of political efficacy? a) It is the belief that the average citizen can make little or no difference in an election. b) It is the belief that an intelligent voting decision cannot be made without information. c) It is the belief that the media must provide unbiased information for citizens to be able to make well-informed choices. d) It is the belief that one can make a difference in politics by expressing an opinion and acting politically. e) It is the belief that politicians must keep the electorate well-informed if they are to govern efficiently.

d) It is the belief that one can make a difference in politics by expressing an opinion and acting politically.

Based on the data in the chart, which of the following strategies would best help third-party candidates like Jill Stein and Gary Johnson increase their chances of winning elected office? a) Allowing third-party candidates to create political action groups to raise money when campaigning in swing states b) Employing campaign managers to develop get-out-the-vote strategies for campaigns in swing states c) Developing strong party platforms that would attract independent and undecided voters in swing states d) Lobbying state legislatures to shift from a winner-take-all system to a proportional voting system

d) Lobbying state legislatures to shift from a winner-take-all system to a proportional voting system

A number of states, including Georgia and Ohio, have passed laws that revoke voter registration if a person did not vote in recent election cycles. Which of the following is a likely consequence of these laws? a) Voters would have a lower sense of efficacy, which would lead to lower turnout. b) Citizens would have to pay a fine if they tried to vote, which will significantly lower turnout. c) Younger voters will be less likely to register to vote since there is a chance their votes won't be counted. d) Occasional voters will not be able to vote on election day, which could influence election results.

d) Occasional voters will not be able to vote on election day, which could influence election results.

Which of the following statements can best be supported by the survey data displayed in the bar graphs? a) Democrats with a high level of political efficacy are the most likely group to trust government most of the time., b) Democrats with a high level of political efficacy are the most likely group to be angry with government. c) Republicans with a low level of political efficacy are the most likely group to say that government often does a better job than given credit for., d) Republicans with a low level of political efficacy are the most likely group to say that government needs major reforms.

d) Republicans with a low level of political efficacy are the most likely group to say that government needs major reforms.

Critics of the winner-take-all aspect of the electoral college are most likely to make which of the following arguments? a) The winner-take-all system of the electoral college undermines the rights of states. b) A state's presidential election results rarely mirror a state's congressional election results. c) The winner-take-all system of the electoral college drives presidential candidates to focus on winning states that are considered to be part of their core supporters. d) The winner-take-all system of the electoral college encourages presidential candidates to focus their time and effort disproportionately on battleground states with larger populations.

d) The winner-take-all system of the electoral college encourages presidential candidates to focus their time and effort disproportionately on battleground states with larger populations.

An electoral system based on single-member districts is usually characterized by a) strong, centralized political parties and a weak executive b) higher rates of voter turnout than are common in other systems c) legislative representation of each party in proportion to the number of votes it receives d) domination of the legislature by two political parties e) ideological rather than mass-based parties

d) domination of the legislature by two political parties

Which of the following is NOT a way in which the federal government regulates campaigns? a) By requirements for disclosure of campaign donations b) By establishment of federal agencies to regulate campaign finance activities c) By limits on the distribution of soft money d) By limits on individual donations to campaigns e) By prohibitions on negative advertising

e) By prohibitions on negative advertising

The concept of "critical elections" is most closely associated with a) the electoral college process b) elections during wartime c) the nomination process d) economic recession e) party realignment

e) party realignment

The primary function of political action committees (PAC's) is to a) serve as fund-raising organizations for challengers b) provide members of Congress with unbiased information regarding proposed legislation c) consult with the President regarding domestic policy d) encourage broader participation in politics among the electorate e) raise campaign funds to support favored candidates

e) raise campaign funds to support favored candidates

An election in which there is a significant shift in the bases of electoral support from one political party to another is called a a) deviating election b) maintaining election c) dealigning election d) primary election e) realigning election

e) realigning election

The franking privilege refers to the a) Federal Reserve Board's control over interest rates b) practice of permitting senators to preview lists of judicial nominees c) practice whereby legislators with the most seniority select the committees on which they want to serve d) right of the chair to control the schedule of his or her congressional committee e) right of members of Congress to send mail to their constituents at the government's expense

e) right of members of Congress to send mail to their constituents at the government's expense