AP Gov Final

(14) A. The Fourteenth Amendment was adopted in response to segregation laws that existed in the South after the Civil War

Based upon your knowledge of the Fourteenth Amendment, which of the following statements is accurate? A. The Fourteenth Amendment was adopted in response to segregation laws that existed in the South after the Civil War B. The Fourteenth Amendment's equal protection clause can only be used to protect individuals against violations of federal law C. Children of undocumented immigrants born in the United States are not citizens D. The due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment can only be applied if the due process clause of the Fifth Amendment is violated

(37) A. A review by the Supreme Court over a dispute between New York and New Jersey dealing with property rights related to Ellis Island

The landmark case Marbury v Madison (1803) established the principle of judicial review after the Supreme Court ruled a congressional law unconstitutional as a result of the fact that the case was brought directly to the court. Which of the following situations represents the best example of a case dealing with original jurisdiction? A. A review by the Supreme Court over a dispute between New York and New Jersey dealing with property rights related to Ellis Island B. A review of the constitutionally of the Violence Against Women's Act C. A review of President Trump's executive order banning immigrants from certain predominantly Muslim countries D. A review of a federal law mandating affirmative action in industries that have contracts with the government

(18) D. The Constitution requires a census to be taken, and Congress passed a law establishing a ten-year interval between census taking

The map shows the percentage change in resident population for the 50 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico 2000-2010. Which of the following explains why these changes are reported every ten years? A. Congress passed a law in 2000 directing the census bureau to measure the population growth of the United States B. The Supreme Court ruled that population changes must be reported every ten years C. State legislatures requested this information from the Census Bureau D. The Constitution requires a census to be taken, and Congress passed a law establishing a ten-year interval between census taking

(18) B. Voter identification being required to vote will suppress minority turnout

The map shows those states that have voter identification requirements. Which of the following explains why the Democratic Party has challenged voter identification laws? A. Voter identification being required to vote will lead to fewer cases of voter fraud B. Voter identification being required to vote will suppress minority turnout C. Voter identification being required to vote will increase voter turnout D. Voter identification being required to vote will increase college vote

(41) C. Getting the Senate to approve a Supreme Court nominee

President Jones is serving a second term. A month after he/she gives a final State of the Union speech, the opposition party is calling the president a lame duck. Which of the following would be the most difficult for the president to achieve in the final year? A. Getting Congress to pass emergency funding for hurricane victims B. Issuing an executive order to give federal employees paid family leave C. Getting the Senate to approve a Supreme Court nominee D. Getting Congress to raise the debt ceiling

(42) B. States were attempting to follow the provisions of the Voting Rights Act of 1965

Southern states that created majority-minority districts did so because A. The Supreme Court ruled in Shaw v Reno (1963) that they had to create them in order to achieve a racial balance B. States were attempting to follow the provisions of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 C. States were responding to a presidential executive order D. States were following the guidelines established in Baker v Carr (1962)

(26) B. Mark-up bills before they go to the entire House for debate

Standing House committees such as the Ways and Means are important because they A. Do not engage in partisan behavior B. Mark-up bills before they go to the entire House for debate C. Receive conference committee reports D. Are equally divided in membership between Democrats and Republicans

(35) C. Appropriations power of Congress

The Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974 was passed to streamline the budget process. A secondary objective of the measure was to place controls on the president's ability to determine allocations without appropriate congressional checks. What is the constitutional basis of this law? A. Override a president's veto B. Congressional power to borrow money C. Appropriations power of Congress D. Congress passing a continuing resolution

(36) B. The Tenth Amendment's Reserved Power clause

The No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 and Every Student Succeeds Act of 2015 established educational standards that states must follow if they want federal funding for local educational programs. Many local school boards objected to these laws. Which of the following constitutional provisions did local school officials believe the federal government violated and overstepped its authority? A. The Privilege and Immunity clause of the Fourteenth Amendment B. The Tenth Amendment's Reserved Power clause C. The Full Faith and Credit clause in Article IV D. The Supremacy Clause in Article VI

(24) B. Monitor state voting where there has been instances of discrimination

The Voting Rights Act of 1965 directed the Justice Department to A. Implement a literacy test for all eligible voters in the South B. Monitor state voting where there has been instances of discrimination C. Redraw voting districts where there was no minority representation D. Take control of voter registration in the South

(31) D. There is a balance between secular and religious interests

The fact that there is a free exercise clause in the First Amendment of the Constitution illustrates that A. Free speech conflicts with the separation of church and state B. Wearing religious clothing is prohibited in public schools C. Faith-based initiatives are unconstitutional D. There is a balance between secular and religious interests

(14) B. There would not have been three branches of government

What could have happened if the ideas expressed in Federalist No. 51 were ignored? A. Majorities would not have threatened the right of minorities B. There would not have been three branches of government C. The legislature, executive branch, and judiciary would have been independent from each other D. Minorities would have threatened the rights of the majority

(43) A. Government able to borrow money / Congress can declare war

What is an accurate comparison between Articles of Confederation and the US Constitution? A. Government able to borrow money / Congress can declare war B. Bicameral legislation / Elected president C. National currency / Congress coins money D. Laws passed by a simple majority / Two-thirds vote to override veto

(44) B. Decided that during times of war, speech can be restricted / Allowed students to protest the Vietnam War by wearing black armbands

What is an accurate comparison between Schenck v United States (1919) and Tinker v Des Moines (1969)? A. Decided that fighting words violated First Amendment / Decided symbolic speech protected by First Amendment B. Decided that during times of war, speech can be restricted / Allowed students to protest the Vietnam War by wearing black armbands C. Gave Schenck an honorable discharge from army / Suspended students for wearing armbands D. Ruled that draft was illegal / Ruled that students had rights even in high school

(46) D. Testify before Congress / Run campaigns for elected office

What is an accurate comparison between characteristics of special-interest groups and political parties? A. Form Political Action Committees / Membership fee to join B. Membership votes on a platform / Single issue advocacy C. Nominate Candidates for office / Endorse campaigns for elected office D. Testify before Congress / Run campaigns for elected office

(45) B. Veto power / Head of political party

What is an accurate comparison between formal and informal powers of the president? A. Power to declare war / Power to appoint ambassadors B. Veto power / Head of political party C. Issue executive orders / Issue signing statement D. Commander in chief / Make treaties

(47) D. Vetoes legislation / Approves treaties

What is an accurate comparison of the constitutional powers of the president and the constitutional powers of the Senate? A. Commander in chief / Overrides an executive order B. Fires Supreme Court justices / Appoints Supreme Court justices C. Pardons / Initiates appropriation legislation D. Vetoes legislation / Approves treaties

(48) B. Voters do not seem to detect major differences between the Democratic and Republican parties

When Green Party candidate Ralph Nader ran for president in 2000, some said we should have a third major political party in the country in addition to the Democrats and Republicans. Which of the following most accurately describes why someone would support a third political party of the two major parties? A. The media's coverage of the parties has resulted in an increase in third party registration B. Voters do not seem to detect major differences between the Democratic and Republican parties C. Third political parties will have a better chance to elect their candidates D. Voter registration has been on the decline

(21) C. Obama believed in a more expansive presidency to achieve policy goals

When President Obama issued an executive order, Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA), exempting children of undocumented immigrants from being deported under specific conditions, which of the following statements explains why he issued the order? A. Obama believed presidents needed congressional authority to issue the order B. Obama believed undocumented immigrants should be allowed to enter the United States with their children C. Obama believed in a more expansive presidency to achieve policy goals D. Obama wanted to prevent states from deporting undocumented immigrants

(27) D. Book speaking engagements in early caucus and primary states

When a potential candidate is deciding whether to run for president, there are many factors to consider before the officials announcement is made. Which of the following steps would the candidate take first before deciding to run? A. Buying political ads in his or her home state B. Picking a running mate C. Creating a campaign slogan D. Book speaking engagements in early caucus and primary states

(41) C. Poll 1 and Poll 2 had results that could be identical

Which conclusion can you reach about the polls? A. Poll 2 was not accurate because it did not include cell phones B. Poll 2 was more accurate than Poll 1 C. Poll 1 and Poll 2 had results that could be identical D. Poll 1 was more scientific than Poll 2

(12) D. Selective incorporation

Which constitutional principle was established through the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment? A. Popular sovereignty B. Federalism C. Eminent domain D. Selective incorporation

(17) B. The Full Faith and Credit clause of Article IV Section 1

Which constitutional provision is the basis for the Supreme Court ruling this law unconstitutional? A. The reserved power clause of the Tenth Amendment B. The Full Faith and Credit clause of Article IV Section 1 C. The Necessary and Proper clause of Article I Section 8 D. The Freedom of Association clause of the First Amendment

(31) D. Bureaucracies, interest groups, and congressional committees

Which interrelationship best illustrates the concept of the "iron triangle"? A. The President, the Congress, and bureaucracies B. The federal government, state, and city governments C. Special-interest groups, political parties, and voters D. Bureaucracies, interest groups, and congressional committees

(6) B. The electorate has not demanded more female representation in Congress

Which of the following Best explains why there is a discrepancy between the percentage of male and female House and Senate members? A. Fewer females are qualified to run for the Senate and House B. The electorate has not demanded more female representation in Congress C. Female officeholders do not run for the House and Senate because they do not get leadership positions after they are elected D. Male senate candidates who are elected have less political experience than female senate candidates

(11) D. Dividing power helps to check the power of the government

Which of the following Best represents the point of view in Federalist No. 51? A. Each branch of government should be dependent on each other B. Those in power get the right to govern from a higher authority C. The best security against the concentration of power would be a Bill of Rights D. Dividing power helps to check the power of the government

(21) A. Shaw v Reno (1993)

Which of the following Supreme Court cases dealt with the issue raised by the cartoon? A. Shaw v Reno (1993) B. Citizens United v Federal Election Commission (2010) C. Gideon v Wainwright (1963) D. Marbury v Madison (1803)

(35) B. A clergyman is invited to say a prayer at graduation at a public high school

Which of the following actions taken by an individual or group would violate the Supreme Court ruling Engel v Vitale (1962)? A. A Bible study after-school group is funded by the school district B. A clergyman is invited to say a prayer at graduation at a public high school C. A comparative religion course is taught in a public school D. Amish parents not wanted to send their children to public school after age 16

(34) A. Creating a panic in a crowded amusement park

Which of the following actions taken by an individual or group would violate the Supreme Court ruling Schenk v United States (1919)? A. Creating a panic in a crowded amusement park B. Deciding to participate in a white supremacy march C. Heckling a speaker you disagree with D. Handing out anti-American propaganda on a street corner

(49) B. Lower the discount rate

Which of the following actions would the Federal Reserve take if the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) was negative for two consecutive quarters? A. Raise the discount rate B. Lower the discount rate C. Raise the reserve requirements of banks D. Sell government bonds increasing the money supply

(15) B. To support progressive change from pro-choice Democratic women elected to office

Which of the following arguments reflects the group's mission? A. To attract pro-choice Democratic and Republican women candidates to run for office B. To support progressive change from pro-choice Democratic women elected to office C. To join other progressive special-interest groups to defeat Republican candidates running for office D. To sue corporations that are accused of paying men more then women doing the same job

(6) B. Congress

Which of the following best describes who has the power to create the amount of federal spending found in the chart? A. The President B. Congress C. The bureaucracy D. Special-interest groups

(3) A. Turnout by GOP voters in New Hampshire and South Carolina increased in each election cycle

Which of the following best explains the movement found in the results of the graph? A. Turnout by GOP voters in New Hampshire and South Carolina increased in each election cycle B. GOP voter turnout in New Hampshire saw a greater increase than South Carolina from 2008-2016 C. There has been a growing lack of interest in GOP primary voting in New Hampshire and South Carolina since 2008 D. GOP voters were not enthusiastic about their candidate choices

(54) C. Presidential appointments outside of the White House staff must be approved by a senate committee before full Senate can vote

Which of the following best explains why presidential appointments can be held up? A. Presidential appointments must be confirmed by the majority of the Senate B. Presidential staff appointments are more controversial than judicial appointments C. Presidential appointments outside of the White House staff must be approved by a senate committee before full Senate can vote D. Presidential appointments must also be reviewed by the House of Representatives

(26) B. Passing the Civil Rights Act of 1964

Which of the following best illustrates the implied power of Congress? A. Passing the budget for the Defense Department B. Passing the Civil Rights Act of 1964 C. Confirming John Roberts as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court D. Overriding a presidential veto

(3) C. Non-Hispanic black voter turnout in presidential elections showed the greatest increase of any of the highlighted ethnic groups between 1986 and 2012

Which of the following choices reflect the information provided in the chart? A. Hispanic voters turnout has been greater than non-Hispanic black turnout between 1986 and 2012 B. There was a significant increase of non-Hispanic white voter turnout following presidential elections C. Non-Hispanic black voter turnout in presidential elections showed the greatest increase of any of the highlighted ethnic groups between 1986 and 2012 D. Voter turnout in all groups has consistently declined in presidential elections since 2004

(1) C. Adults between 18 and 29 use social media in higher percentage than adults between 50 and 65 and older

Which of the following choices represent the information provided in the chart? A. US adults who are the oldest use more social media sites than any other group B. There was a sharp increase in the use of social media by all age groups from 2006 to 2008 C. Adults between 18 and 29 use social media in higher percentage than adults between 50 and 65 and older D. In 2016, adults between 30-49 use social media in the same number of those between 18 and 29

(4) C. The gap between non-Hispanic white and non-Hispanic black voter turnout in presidential elections has narrowed significantly since 2000

Which of the following conclusions about voter turnout is accurate based on information provided in the chart? A. Hispanic voter turnout in midterm elections has consistently risen since the 1980s B. Hispanics voted more in presidential elections than midterm elections because there was an increase in undocumented Hispanics in the country C. The gap between non-Hispanic white and non-Hispanic black voter turnout in presidential elections has narrowed significantly since 2000 D. More non-Hispanic blacks voted in the 2008 presidential election than in the 2010 midterm election because many states reduced early voting opportunities

(1) C. Cable was a major factor in the political socialization of Trump voters

Which of the following conclusions is accurate based on information presented in the bar chart? A. Clinton supporters use new media more than Sanders supporters B. Trump supporters accuse cable media outlets of promoting "fake news" C. Cable was a major factor in the political socialization of Trump voters D. The national media had a bias against Trump and Cruz during the 2016 campaign

(12) B. Separation of powers

Which of the following constitutional provisions is reflected in Federalist No. 51? A. Federalism B. Separation of powers C. Supremacy clause D. The Senate filibuster

(24) D. Corporate funding of independent political advertisements is protected by the First Amendment

Which of the following describes a consequence of the 2010 Citizens United v FEC ruling that dealt with campaign-finance laws? A. Corporate soft money donations to political parties is banned B. Corporate hard money donations to political candidates is banned C. Unions were allowed to collect dues from their members for the purpose of political action D. Corporate funding of independent political advertisements is protected by the First Amendment

(33) C. Bureaucracies have the ability of coordinating their own resources and personnel to achieve policy goals

Which of the following explains how bureaucracies operate to implement public policy? A. Bureaucracies have the ability to abolish a poorly functioning department in another agency B. Bureaucracies have the ability to determining and spending their own budgets C. Bureaucracies have the ability of coordinating their own resources and personnel to achieve policy goals D. Bureaucracies provide oversight to Congress before it passes laws affecting their agency

(15) C. States can deny rights and benefits of same-sex couples married in another state

Which of the following explains the purpose of this law? A. Marriages from one state must be recognized as legal in other states B. Marriage is defined as any relationship between spouses C. States can deny rights and benefits of same-sex couples married in another state D. Gay people cannot serve in the military

(17) B. National Abortion Reproductive Rights Action League (NARAL)

Which of the following groups would be most closely aligned with Emily's List? A. The US Chamber of Commerce B. National Abortion Reproductive Rights Action League (NARAL) C. Americans United for Life D. Family Research Council

(19) B. States must reapportion their legislative and congressional districts

Which of the following happens after this map is released? A. Congress decides how many electoral votes each state has in the next presidential election B. States must reapportion their legislative and congressional districts C. States with population decreases lose federal funding D. States with population increases pass new voter-identification laws

(20) B. Congress should pass legislation mandating educational standards for immigrants

Which of the following illustrates the main idea of the cartoon? A. Immigrants are saluting Uncle Sam to gain admittance to the United States B. Congress should pass legislation mandating educational standards for immigrants C. "Build the Wall" was a campaign slogan used to gain political support for anti-immigration legislation D. Literacy tests should be used if immigrants want to vote

(8) D. Congress must pass new legislation to guarantee the solvency of entitlement programs

Which of the following is a consequence of federal entitlement spending increasing between 2005 and 2050? A. The average life expectancy of senior citizens will get lower B. Medicare and Medicaid will get funded by the states C. There will be new funding for discretionary programs by Congress D. Congress must pass new legislation to guarantee the solvency of entitlement programs

(25) D. A decrease in the analysis of policy issues by the media

Which of the following is a result of media-centered coverage of political campaigns? A. A greater loyalty to political parties by the electorate B. Voter satisfaction with the candidates running for office C. Less of a reliance by the voters on social media D. A decrease in the analysis of policy issues by the media

(19) B. Voter rights need to be protected

Which of the following is a valid argument in favor of the passage of voter ID laws? A. There would be no need for states to provide provisional ballots B. Voter rights need to be protected C. Voter identification policies would increase voter turnout D. Voter identification policies can be used if a state has early voting

(44) B. Established the "one person, one vote" doctrine / Declared majority-minority districts unconstitutional

Which of the following is an accurate comparison of Baker v Carr (1961) and Shaw v Reno (1993)? A. Ruled that rural voters had to be represented proportionally to urban voters / Ruled that gerrymandered districts were legal B. Established the "one person, one vote" doctrine / Declared majority-minority districts unconstitutional C. Allowed state legislatures to gerrymander districts / Ruled that Voting Rights Act was constitutional D. Violated separation of powers doctrine between state legislatures and the courts / Ruled that race-based voting was no different than race-based hiring

(45) D. Power to carry out duties as Commander in Chief / Power to establish rules of naturalization

Which of the following is an accurate comparison of a delegated power of the president and an enumerated power of Congress A. Power to declare war / Power to regulate interstate commerce B. Power to grant pardons / Power to appoint justices C. Power to issue executive orders / Power to make all laws necessary and proper D. Power to carry out duties as Commander in Chief / Power to establish rules of naturalization

(43) C. Supported inclusion in the Constitution of a Bill of Rights / Feared majority would threaten minority rights

Which of the following is an accurate comparison of the Anti-Federalist paper Brutus 1 and Federalist No. 10? A. Supported "necessary and proper clause" / Feared influence of factions B. Supported the Supremacy Clause / Against the Supremacy clause C. Supported inclusion in the Constitution of a Bill of Rights / Feared majority would threaten minority rights D. Favored Congress having the right to tax / Against Congress having the right to tax

(4) C. As early primary states, South Carolina and New Hampshire usually predict the eventual Republican nominee for president

Which of the following is an accurate statement about presidential elections in New Hampshire and South Carolina? A. New Hampshire and South Carolina usually vote Republican in presidential elections B. New Hampshire usually votes Republican while South Carolina votes Democratic C. As early primary states, South Carolina and New Hampshire usually predict the eventual Republican nominee for president D. New Hampshire is the first caucus state in the nation vote

(5) A. There is a greater percentage of mandatory spending compared to non-mandatory spending

Which of the following is an accurate statement about the pie chart? A. There is a greater percentage of mandatory spending compared to non-mandatory spending B. An example of non-mandatory spending is Social Security C. The percentage of discretionary spending is equal to the percentage of mandatory funding D. The percentage of Defense Department mandatory spending is greater than health care spending

(5) A. The percentage of white senators is higher than the percentage of male House members

Which of the following is an accurate statement about the pie charts? A. The percentage of white senators is higher than the percentage of male House members B. There is a higher percentage of black House members than female senators C. There is a higher percentage of female House members than female senators D. There is a higher percentage of Asian House members than Hispanic senators

(16) D. Supporting the Violence Against Women Act

Which of the following is an example of "putting progressive change to work"? A. Supporting the right to own guns for the purpose of protecting your family B. Supporting a law that would allow the development of clean coal C. Supporting the concept of home schooling D. Supporting the Violence Against Women Act

(38) A. Parents who vote Democratic influencing their children to vote Democratic

Which of the following is an example of political socialization? A. Parents who vote Democratic influencing their children to vote Democratic B. College graduates deciding to attend law school because they want to run for political office C. Political parties influencing voters through political ads D. A newspaper endorses a candidate for president

(7) D. The greatest percentage jump in total federal entitlement spending as part of the Gross Domestic Product is projected to occur between 2020 and 2030

Which of the following is reflected by the information in the graph? A. The percentage of Medicaid spending has increased more than the percentage of Medicare and Social Security spending B. The percentage of Social Security spending has been higher than the percentage of Medicare and Medicaid spending and is projected to remain so C. The rise and percentage of Social Security spending are outpacing the rise in Medicare spending D. The greatest percentage jump in total federal entitlement spending as part of the Gross Domestic Product is projected to occur between 2020 and 2030

(2) B. Candidates for office increasingly relied on social media to get their message out

Which of the following occurred as a result of the data presented in the graph? A. Russian use of social media sites was aimed at adults 65 and over B. Candidates for office increasingly relied on social media to get their message out C. The US government began to regulate social media sites D. Social media sites offered free advertisements to candidates running for office

(51) C. The principle that a newspaper cannot be censored even if there are national security concerns

Which of the following principles in the First Amendment was found in the New York Times Company v United States (1971)? A. The guarantee that a reporter can protect the anonymity of sources used in a story B. The principle that prior review of a story is allowed by the government C. The principle that a newspaper cannot be censored even if there are national security concerns D. The principle that if there is a clear and present danger the government can prevent a newspaper from printing a story

(8) A. The Federal Reserve lowering the prime interest rate so that the economy would be stimulated

Which of the following reflects what a supporter of Keynesian economics would advocate as a response to high inflation in the United States? A. The Federal Reserve lowering the prime interest rate so that the economy would be stimulated B. The Federal Reserve raising the prime interest rate so that the economy would be stimulated C. Congress passing a stimulus bill that also raises the national debt D. The President issuing an executive order that would freeze wages and prices

(20) C. Gerrymandering as a political practice resulted in the unfair drawing of legislative districts

Which of the following represents the point of view of this political cartoon? A. The reapportioned legislative districts must be ruled unconstitutional B. There are more Democratic gerrymandered districts than Republican C. Gerrymandering as a political practice resulted in the unfair drawing of legislative districts D. Gerrymandering is a legitimate political tool carried out by the state legislature

(34) C. A state passes a law that bans abortions before the 20th week of pregnancy

Which of the following situations could be a violation of the privacy clause of the Fourth Amendment based on prior Supreme Court decisions? A. The police obtain a search warrant to search a cell phone to find out whom a suspect called B. A citizen is put into solitary confinement for getting into a fight while serving time in present C. A state passes a law that bans abortions before the 20th week of pregnancy D. A college bans housing that allows males and females to live in the same room

(36) A. A person arrested not told he has the right to an attorney

Which of the following situations would be a violation of the due process section of the Sixth Amendment? A. A person arrested not told he has the right to an attorney B. The police finding evidence without a search warrant C. The police tell you that unless you confess you will not have a jury trial D. The police use the stop-and-frisk practice that results in an arrest

(32) C. The police get evidence from a search without a valid warrant

Which of the following situations would rely on the principle of selective incorporation? A. A captured foreign-born terrorist is given due process rights B. Federal funds are given to charter schools C. The police get evidence from a search without a valid warrant D. The court denies bail for a person accused of using an illegal weapon

(30) A. If no presidential candidate receives a majority of the electoral votes, the House of Representatives determines who will be the president

Which of the following statements about the Electoral College is accurate? A. If no presidential candidate receives a majority of the electoral votes, the House of Representatives determines who will be the president B. If a presidential candidate wins the popular vote but the other candidate wins the majority of the Electoral College, the House and Senate will determine the winner C. If there is a tie in the Electoral College, the Senate determines the winner D. Electors must vote for the presidential and vice-presidential candidates who received the most votes in their state

(7) B. The United States economy was facing a very high inflationary period between 1979 and 1982

Which of the following statements is accurate based on the information presented in the graph? A. The United States economy was facing a very low inflationary period between 1979 and 1982 B. The United States economy was facing a very high inflationary period between 1979 and 1982 C. The United States economy was facing a very low unemployment rate in 2009 D. The United States economy was facing a very high inflationary period between 2009 and 2012

(2) B. Even though late-night comedians use their monologues to satirize the news, supporters of the 2016 candidates used it less frequently than other media outlets

Which of the following trends is reflected in the bar graph? A. The Republican candidates relied more on the national media than the Democratic candidates did B. Even though late-night comedians use their monologues to satirize the news, supporters of the 2016 candidates used it less frequently than other media outlets C. The Internet has been used less extensively compared to political advertising by supporters of the 2016 candidates D. Local media is used more by supporters of Republican candidates than supporters of Democratic candidates

(50) A. Supply-side economics

Which of the following would a person who believes in free enterprise believe in compared to a person who believes in equality of opportunity? A person believing in free enterprise favors A. Supply-side economics B. The government redistributing economic wealth C. Taxing the wealthy D. Affirmative action programs

(11) C. States cannot deny any person equal protection of the law

Which part of the Fourteenth Amendment guarantees that the treatment of citizens in one state must be the same as a person in another state? A. Persons born or naturalized in the United States are citizens B. States cannot make laws that violate the privileges or immunities of citizens in the United States C. States cannot deny any person equal protection of the law D. States cannot deny people in their state of life, liberty, or property without due process of law

(13) D. Madison believed it was the nature of those who governed to need a check on their power

Why did Madison claim that "if men were angels, no government would be necessary"? A. Madison believed the goodness of people would ensure the government would make good policies B. Madison believed there was no need for free elections C. Madison believed religion would guide the wisdom of those who governed D. Madison believed it was the nature of those who governed to need a check on their power

(13) D. Shaw v Reno (1961)

For which of the following court cases did a majority of Supreme Court justices rely on the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment in making their decision? A. United States v Lopez (1995) B. Roe v Wade (1973) C. Baker v Carr (1961) D. Shaw v Reno (1961)

(55) D. A free-speech case concerning a provision of a congressional act restricting access to obscene sites on the Internet declared unconstitutional

Liberal activists would probably support which of the following cases heard by the Supreme Court? A. An abortion case ruling these should be a 24-hour waiting period before a women could get an abortion B. A search-and-seizure case limiting the Miranda restrictions placed on the office C. A free-press case giving school officials greater latitude in censoring school newspapers D. A free-speech case concerning a provision of a congressional act restricting access to obscene sites on the Internet declared unconstitutional

(29) B. Filibuster the proposed law

A Senator is against a proposed piece of legislation that would mandate background checks for gun purchases at gun shows. Recent polls show that 90% of the public favors the law, and after a recent mass shooting it appears as if Congress may pass the law. What can the Senator do to stop the bill from coming to a vote? A. Lobby the Supreme Court to rule that the bill would be unconstitutional B. Filibuster the proposed law C. Call for a cloture vote D. Have other senators sign a discharge petition

(40) A. The lobbyist would testify before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, lobby influential Congressman, and get the support from the Defense Department

A defense corporation lobbyist wants funding in the defense budget that would result in a large government contract for that corporation. Which of the following statements represents how the iron-triangle network would accomplish this goal? A. The lobbyist would testify before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, lobby influential Congressman, and get the support from the Defense Department B. The lobbyist would meet with the White House Chief of Staff, take a member from the Senate Foreign Relations Committee to an expensive dinner, and pay for a political ad that supports his or her position C. The lobbyist would seek the aid of state officials, testify before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, and meet with a high-ranking officer from the Defense Department D. The lobbyist would submit a position paper to the Washington Post, testify before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, and meet with the White House chief of staff

(9) D. House incumbents should be re-elected in a greater percentage than Senate incumbents

Based on the information presented in the table, what should be the re-election trend of House and Senate incumbents starting in 2018? A. House incumbents should be re-elected in a smaller percentage than Senate incumbents B. Most House and Senate incumbents will lose their re-election bids C. House incumbents and Senate incumbents should be re-elected at the same percentage D. House incumbents should be re-elected in a greater percentage than Senate incumbents

(29) D. Five-term representative had greater opportunities to receive PAC money

A major difference between a freshman member and a five-term member of the House of Representatives is that the A. Freshman was allowed to get a committee chairmanship B. Five-term Representative could not run for re-election because of term limits C. Freshman representatives could not offer amendments to bills D. Five-term representative had greater opportunities to receive PAC money

(38) D. Appointing the ambassador to Japan

A president has many positions to fill in the executive branch of government. Which of the following is an example of a position that follows the constitutional doctrine of advise and consent? A. Appointing the White House press secretary B. Appointing the White House chief of staff C. Appointing the White House counsel of the president D. Appointing the ambassador to Japan

(39) D. Exit polls rely on a sample of actual votes in swing districts

A presidential daily tracking poll has candidate ahead in the swing state of Ohio by 3 points with a margin of error of plus or minus 3.5 points. Exit polls have the same candidate behind by 3 points. Which of the following statements represents the difference between a tracking poll and exit polls? A. The tracking poll has too large a margin of error B. The tracking poll does not use a scientific sample C. Exit polls have a much larger sample D. Exit polls rely on a sample of actual votes in swing districts

(39) B. It was supported by the president and members of the president's party

A special-interest group favoring equal pay for women would probably have the greatest success lobbying Congress for that law if A. The public was against the bill B. It was supported by the president and members of the president's party C. Bureaucracies were against the bill D. It had previously been defeated by Congress

(53) A. Usually have a continuity of service in the executive branch that the president lacks

An advantage bureaucrats in the federal government have over the president in the policy-making process is that bureaucrats A. Usually have a continuity of service in the executive branch that the president lacks B. Find it easier to gain public support than the president C. Control the budgetary process D. Have oversight responsibility for bureaucratic policy

(30) B. A college mandates that 10 percent of African Americans be admitted

Based on precedents regarding affirmative action, in which of the following situations would the Supreme Court agree to hear oral arguments? A. Bakery owners refusing to make a cake for a same-sex marriage B. A college mandates that 10 percent of African Americans be admitted C. A high school refuses to fund a Bible club D. The president issues an executive order banning transgenders from serving in the military

(22) C. Supreme Court decisions that equate money donated to candidates as a First Amendment right

Based on the information in the chart, what would be a major factor in the increase of the total cost of elections from 1998 to 2016? A. Increased public financing of presidential and congressional elections B. Laws passed that increased the amount of soft money candidates could rise C. Supreme Court decisions that equate money donated to candidates as a First Amendment right D. An increase in political contributions to candidates by foreign countries

(23) A. Create a Political Action Committee (PAC)

Based on the information in the chart, which of the following actions would a candidate do to raise the most money to run a winning campaign? A. Create a Political Action Committee (PAC) B. Participate in candidate town meetings C. Run political ads asking for contributions D. Hire political consultants

(9) C. Voters from the South

Based on the information in the table, which geographic area was most closely aligned with the Republican candidates for president in 2000-2008? A. Voters from the East B. Voters from the Midwest C. Voters from the South D. Voters from the West

(10) A. Political socialization is a contributing factor in determining party identification

Based on the information in the table, which of the following is an accurate statement about demographic trends from 2000 to 2008? A. Political socialization is a contributing factor in determining party identification B. The African-American vote has been taken for granted by the Democratic Party C. Young voters are turning more Republican D. Voting coalitions stay the same from election to election

(22) D. More voters would be encouraged to vote early

Based on the information in this graphic, what would be the impact on the 2016 presidential election? A. Voting would be less convient in 2016 B. Voter registration would be limited without proof of a valid identification C. Early voters would be more knowledgeable about the campaign than same-day voters D. More voters would be encouraged to vote early

(23) C. Candidates would track who is requesting early ballots and who has voted early

Based on the information in this graphic, which of the following describes the campaign plan a presidential candidate would adopt? A. Candidates would reduce advertising the week before Election Day B. Candidates would challenge early votes in a close election C. Candidates would track who is requesting early ballots and who has voted early D. Candidates would urge the debate commission to move up the dates of the 2016 presidential debates

(10) A. Even though public opinion polls show that Congress is unpopular, people still vote for their sitting representatives and senators

Based on the information presented in the table, what conclusion can you reach about approval ratings and re-election rates of House and Senate incumbents? A. Even though public opinion polls show that Congress is unpopular, people still vote for their sitting representatives and senators B. Re-election rates of the House and Senate incumbents are significantly lower when Congress has a lower approval rating C. Re-election rates of House and Senate incumbents are higher during presidential election years even if there are low approval ratings of Congress D. The approval rating of incumbent House members and Senators is usually similar to the public approval rating of Congress

(33) A. The bully pulpit

In attempting to gain public support for his policy agenda, which of the following methods does the president use? A. The bully pulpit B. Holds a private meeting with the Joint Chiefs of Staff C. Threatens to fire a federal civil service employee who speaks out against the policy D. Lobbies a Supreme Court Justice to speak out about the policy

(32) B. Judicial Activism

In deciding the landmark Supreme Court case Brown v Board of Education (1954), the court overturned the separate but equal doctrine precedent established in Plessy v Ferguson (1896). Which of the following describes the philosophy used by the justices in deciding the Brown case? A. Constitutional originalism B. Judicial Activism C. Judicial Restraint D. Judicial oversight

(40) C. The Constituent Service model

John Jones wants to get an appointment to West Point. His representative reviews the application and recommends John. Which of the following models of congressional behavior does this represent? A. The Trustee model B. The Politico model C. The Constituent Service model D. The Delegate model

(25) B. Pluralism

No Labels is an organization that supports "a bloc of elected officials who combine ideological independence and common sense with a willingness to reach across the aisle to get things done." Which of the following models of democracy does this philosophy represent? A. Elitist B. Pluralism C. Trustee D. Majoritarian

(42) B. The government should guarantee access to healthcare

One of the core beliefs about the United States government is that citizens should have equality of opportunity. Which of the following statements reflects that belief? A. It is the individual's responsibility to provide for his or her family without government assistance B. The government should guarantee access to healthcare C. The government should guarantee that everybody has a college education D. The government should guarantee that everybody has a job

(27) A. Pass new legislation that addresses the issues raised by the court

One way Congress can respond to a Supreme Court ruling that declares a law unconstitutional is to A. Pass new legislation that addresses the issues raised by the court B. Appoint new justices C. Pass a law limiting the terms of the justices D. Reargue the cas in a state court

(16) A. Same-sex couples whose marriage are not recognized are being denied equal protection under the law

Opponents of this law would make which of the following arguments? A. Same-sex couples whose marriage are not recognized are being denied equal protection under the law B. Same-sex couples can still get married in states that allow it C. Congress should pass a constitutional amendment defining marriage as a relationship between a man and a woman D. Same-sex couples who get married should be prohibited from receiving federal and state benefits

(37) D. Issue a pocket veto

The president gets a budget passed by Congress. He decides to sign it even though he disagrees with parts of the proposed law. What action can the president take without a formal veto of the bill? A. Ask the Supreme Court for an advisory ruling on the legality of the bill B. Send the bill back to Congress to change the provisions the president does not like C. Issue a line item veto D. Issue a pocket veto

(52) C. Prevent sensitive presidential materials from being handed over to Congress

The president is mostly likely to use executive privilege to A. Protect the president from standing trial while in office B. Keep secret who is meeting with the President C. Prevent sensitive presidential materials from being handed over to Congress D. Rally public opinion over an action taken by the president

(28) D. Make a proposal to Congress during the State of the Union Address

The president wants a clean air, clean water law that places restrictions on the amount of carbon emissions that can be produced by factories. Which of the following steps would the president take to get support for passage of the law? A. Pressure states to pass their own laws prohibiting the production of goods that cause carbon emissions B. Direct the Environmental Protection Agency to develop regulations that would reduce carbon emissions C. Ask the attorney general to investigate factories that are producing excessive amounts of carbon emissions D. Make a proposal to Congress during the State of the Union Address

(28) C. The Supreme Court ruled that the separation of powers doctrine limited the president's use of executive privilege

The principle of the presidential executive privilege was limited by the Supreme Court ruling in US v Nixon (1974) and resulted in the resignation of President Richard Nixon. Which of the following is an accurate statement that explains the ruling? A. The Supreme Court ruled that the president's use of executive authority was unconstitutional B. The Supreme Court ruled that privacy rights found in the Fourth Amendment applied to the President C. The Supreme Court ruled that the separation of powers doctrine limited the president's use of executive privilege D. The Supreme Court ruled that Congress can proceed with impeachment hearings as defined in the Constitution