AP Gov UNIT 4 and 5 College Board

Which of the following examples describes the core value of equality of opportunity?

A student gains admittance to a university solely based on academic performance.

Which of the following is the most likely result of the changes in voter registration rates illustrated in the table?

An increase in the number of African American members of Congress from Georgia

Which of the following conclusions can be drawn from the table?

Barriers to registration existed in all of the states in the table but were most significant in Mississippi.

Based on the data in the bar graph and your knowledge of presidential elections, how should Hillary Clinton's campaign have responded if Jill Stein's support in the polls had increased significantly as Election Day approached?

By adopting positions on issues similar to Stein's in an attempt to win over those voters before the election

Increases in the amount of money spent on national defense and security contracts, such as those that occurred after the 9/11 terrorist attacks and during the subsequent wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, would most likely have which of the following consequences?

Defense contractors would increase their lobbying efforts in order to improve their chances of winning a contract.

Which of the following scenarios best represents the model for party-line voting?

Despite not recognizing the name, a candidate votes for the Democratic Party candidate because he is a Democrat.

Which of the following explains how the role of government in health-care policy would be influenced if the policy proposal in the passage were to be implemented

Due to the nature of single-payer health-care systems, the federal government would be responsible for funding and administering a Medicare-for-all system.

Which of the following describes a visual limitation of the bar graph?

Even though the bar graph contains data from 1998 to 2014, there is no illustration of how spending is broken down by specific years or elections.

Which of the following public policies would Democrats be most likely to support?

Increasing taxes on the wealthiest Americans

Which of the following explanations describes the impact of Jill Stein's candidacy on the 2016 election as depicted by the data in the bar graph and your knowledge of presidential elections?

Jill Stein's supporters preferred Hillary Clinton to Donald Trump, hurting the Clinton campaign.

Which of the following statements are supported by the data in the table?

Liberals are more likely than moderates to agree that global warming is a crisis.

Which of the following statements are illustrated by the data in table?

Millennials are more likely to say they have become more liberal politically over time than Baby Boomers.

Which of the following are supported by the data in the table?

More people become more socially conservative over time than more socially liberal.

Which of the following explanations is least supported by information on the chart

Most Democrats and Republicans surveyed believe that an increase in social security taxes is needed to address social security deficits.

A Pentagon contractor named Daniel Ellsberg stole a report, which later became known as the Pentagon Papers. The report had classified information about the conduct of the war in Vietnam. He gave this report to several major media outlets. The government tried to use prior restraint to prevent the outlets from publishing these excerpts. The Court allowed the media outlets to publish the excerpts in which of the following cases?

New York Times Co. v. United States (1971)

A popular news website obtains transcripts of confidential discussions in the White House regarding how the National Security Agency should collect private data of citizens. Even though the president urges the website not to publish the story, the website does so anyway because it believes the conversation does not reveal information that poses a risk to national security. Which of the following cases would the news website most likely cite if it had to argue the case that it can publish the story without permission from the president?

New York Times Co. v. United States (1971)

Which of the following best demonstrates how political parties serve as linkage institutions?

Parties may organize activities to identify supporters, increase registration, and get out the vote.

Which of the following best explains the role of parties in Congress?

Parties organize government by selecting chamber leadership and determining committee membership.

Based on the twin studies data shown in the bar graph, which of the following political traits are most influenced by genetics?

Political Knowledge

Which of the following concepts is most closely related to the passage? "A large national survey of young Americans recently released by CIRCLE shows young Obama and Romney voters had strikingly similar levels of political knowledge. The survey also shows a clear relationship between respondents' high school civics education experiences and their knowledge of campaign issues and political participation in the 2012 presidential election. However, taking high school civics had little or no relationship with young adults' choice between Barack Obama and Mitt Romney. "Young people who recalled experiencing more high-quality civic education practices in schools were more likely to vote, to form political opinions, to know campaign issues, and to know general facts about the US political system," said Peter Levine, director of CIRCLE. "Civics education was not related to partisanship or choice of candidate. These results should allay political concerns about civic education being taught in schools."

Political Socialization

Which of the following examples best illustrates how the trend in political communications described in the passage will most likely affect campaigns? ([W]hile Internet politics may revitalize participation, it may not have the same effect on parties. Instead, the Internet promises to create more customized relationships between candidates and supporters that could strengthen their political bonds. The success of Obama's Internet campaign rested in part on a web presence that users could tailor to suit their needs and wishes so that they could take the initiative, if so inclined, to organize events, write testimonials, give money, volunteer, or persuade friends and neighbors about the strengths of the candidate. . . . Unlike television, Internet communication is individualized and personalized, and candidates who know how to use it can do so to create a loyal following. It is an open question whether the social networking tools made possible by technological advances and effectively employed by the Obama campaigns will continue to engage voters when other candidates try to use them, or whether 2008 and 2012 will stand alone as campaigns featuring a charismatic candidate who understood how to present himself online. Hillary Clinton's struggle to reach Millennial voters speaks to the importance of the messenger over the medium.)

Political candidates will seek more data on voters so that their campaigns can create messages designed to attract different demographics.

According to the bar graph, which of the following statements is true about the influence of family on political traits?

Political party identification is about 70 percent influenced by family.

A citizen cast her vote for the candidate in a congressional election based on the candidate's promise to reform the health care system. Which voting behavior model best characterizes the citizen's choice?

Prospective voting

Which of the following public policies would Republicans be most likely to support?

Reducing government funding to organizations that provide reproductive services

he data in the chart is too limited to support which if the following generalizations?

Republicans believe climate change is a priority for state governments rather than the federal government.

A voter has seen his income increase by 3% over the past four years. He is encouraged that unemployment is down and the price of gas has remained relatively low. On Election Day, by voting for the incumbent presidential candidate, he has engaged in which type of voting?

Retrospective voting

Using social media, individuals are increasingly able to communicate their political views to a wide audience. However, some messages over social media have led to certain individuals being arrested for making credible threats. This issue is most related to which of the following cases?

Schenck v. United States (1919)

The students mentioned in the passage did not have a strong preference in candidates or increased levels of partisanship, despite their exposure to civics education. Which of the following explains this type of political socialization? "A large national survey of young Americans recently released by CIRCLE shows young Obama and Romney voters had strikingly similar levels of political knowledge. The survey also shows a clear relationship between respondents' high school civics education experiences and their knowledge of campaign issues and political participation in the 2012 presidential election. However, taking high school civics had little or no relationship with young adults' choice between Barack Obama and Mitt Romney. "Young people who recalled experiencing more high-quality civic education practices in schools were more likely to vote, to form political opinions, to know campaign issues, and to know general facts about the US political system," said Peter Levine, director of CIRCLE. "Civics education was not related to partisanship or choice of candidate. These results should allay political concerns about civic education being taught in schools."

Some life experiences that socialize individuals into politics affect specific behaviors but not partisanship or ideology.

Using both maps, which of the following best explains how states without the death penalty voted in the 2016 presidential election?

States without the death penalty were more likely to cast their ballots for the Democrat, Hillary Clinton, in the 2016 election.

Which of the following explains how the scenario described in the passage relates to political behavior? "A large national survey of young Americans recently released by CIRCLE shows young Obama and Romney voters had strikingly similar levels of political knowledge. The survey also shows a clear relationship between respondents' high school civics education experiences and their knowledge of campaign issues and political participation in the 2012 presidential election. However, taking high school civics had little or no relationship with young adults' choice between Barack Obama and Mitt Romney. "Young people who recalled experiencing more high-quality civic education practices in schools were more likely to vote, to form political opinions, to know campaign issues, and to know general facts about the US political system," said Peter Levine, director of CIRCLE. "Civics education was not related to partisanship or choice of candidate. These results should allay political concerns about civic education being taught in schools."

Taking part in civic education affects whether or not an individual participates politically

Which of the following parties would be most likely to support requiring voters to show photo identification when going to the voting booth?

The Republican Party

Which of the following features of the data displayed make the use of the bar graph less helpful for a comparison?

The bar showing the spending for the Chamber of Commerce makes comparisons with the other groups more difficult.

Which of the following is a possible limitation depicted by the data presented in the chart?

The chart does not account for the segments of the population that identify as Independents.

Which of the following best explains how the format affected the polls?

The closed-ended format limited respondents to fewer options, which forced respondents to focus on the most important issue of those options.

What do the data in the bar graph indicate about how Gary Johnson's candidacy affected the 2016 election?

The data in the bar graph show that since Gary Johnson's supporters were split between Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump, his candidacy did not have an impact on the outcome of the election.

In Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission (2010), the Supreme Court ruled that corporations and labor unions could spend unlimited amounts of money supporting political candidates under certain circumstances. Which of the following was the basis for the Court's ruling?

The freedom of speech in the First Amendment

According to the bar graph, which of the following is true about the influence of the general environment on political traits?

The general environment accounts for about 20 percent of the influence on political party identification in twins.

Using both maps, which of the following best explains why support for the death penalty is concentrated in the southern and middle parts of the United States?

The maps show that the southern and middle parts of the United States have conservative views on social issues.

"Finally, there are the legal and moral arguments. Health care is considered a human right in every other developed nation. By not providing Medicare to all Americans, the government is not providing equal protection under the law: those with Medicare have more protection against the devastating effects of illness and injury, get more help overcoming or living with disabilities, and are protected against financial ruin. People say that single-payer would cost too much. Not true. We could provide health care for all our citizens for no more than we are currently spending on our very dysfunctional, fragmented and unfair system. How is this possible? Currently almost half of every health care dollar is spent on something other than health care: profit for insurance companies; multi-million-dollar salaries of their CEOs; money spent on advertising, processing (and rejecting) claims; and creating mountains of paperwork and endless hassles for doctors and patients." Which of the following explains how the passage could influence policy trends in health care?

The passage could convince more members of Congress to support Medicare for all.

"Finally, there are the legal and moral arguments. Health care is considered a human right in every other developed nation. By not providing Medicare to all Americans, the government is not providing equal protection under the law: those with Medicare have more protection against the devastating effects of illness and injury, get more help overcoming or living with disabilities, and are protected against financial ruin. People say that single-payer would cost too much. Not true. We could provide health care for all our citizens for no more than we are currently spending on our very dysfunctional, fragmented and unfair system. How is this possible? Currently almost half of every health care dollar is spent on something other than health care: profit for insurance companies; multi-million-dollar salaries of their CEOs; money spent on advertising, processing (and rejecting) claims; and creating mountains of paperwork and endless hassles for doctors and patients." Which of the following most likely explains how the views of moderates would be affected by this passage

The passage might convince a moderate to oppose a single-payer system of health care and contact their representatives in Congress to indicate their opposition.

Which of the following best explains how political parties use party platforms?

The platform is used to define the party's general stance on political issues.

The new developments in campaigning described in the passage have the greatest impact on which of the following trends? ([W]hile Internet politics may revitalize participation, it may not have the same effect on parties. Instead, the Internet promises to create more customized relationships between candidates and supporters that could strengthen their political bonds. The success of Obama's Internet campaign rested in part on a web presence that users could tailor to suit their needs and wishes so that they could take the initiative, if so inclined, to organize events, write testimonials, give money, volunteer, or persuade friends and neighbors about the strengths of the candidate. . . . Unlike television, Internet communication is individualized and personalized, and candidates who know how to use it can do so to create a loyal following. It is an open question whether the social networking tools made possible by technological advances and effectively employed by the Obama campaigns will continue to engage voters when other candidates try to use them, or whether 2008 and 2012 will stand alone as campaigns featuring a charismatic candidate who understood how to present himself online. Hillary Clinton's struggle to reach Millennial voters speaks to the importance of the messenger over the medium.)

The rise of candidate-centered campaigns

The polling in the summer of 2016 shows a sharp increase in popular support for Clinton, followed by a sharp increase in popular support for Trump. Which of the following factors most likely accounts for these increases in popular support?

The timing of political events covered by the news which temporarily influenced preferences

In the 2016 election, Donald Trump won the election despite losing the popular vote by about two percent. The line graph illustrates which of the following about presidential election polling?

The trend appears to indicate that Clinton is more likely to win, but factors such as margin of error and the electoral system also need to be taken into account.

Which of the following conclusions is most supported by the data in the chart?

The voting rights act of 1965 has significantly reduced disparities in voter registration between Whites and African Americans.

The data from the two polls, which ask the same question, illustrate which of the following?

Those making inferences from polling results should understand the methods used by pollsters.

Given the evolution of campaign communication described in the passage, which of the following is a way that political candidates most likely would use these tools to reach the broadest possible base of supporters? ([W]hile Internet politics may revitalize participation, it may not have the same effect on parties. Instead, the Internet promises to create more customized relationships between candidates and supporters that could strengthen their political bonds. The success of Obama's Internet campaign rested in part on a web presence that users could tailor to suit their needs and wishes so that they could take the initiative, if so inclined, to organize events, write testimonials, give money, volunteer, or persuade friends and neighbors about the strengths of the candidate. . . . Unlike television, Internet communication is individualized and personalized, and candidates who know how to use it can do so to create a loyal following. It is an open question whether the social networking tools made possible by technological advances and effectively employed by the Obama campaigns will continue to engage voters when other candidates try to use them, or whether 2008 and 2012 will stand alone as campaigns featuring a charismatic candidate who understood how to present himself online. Hillary Clinton's struggle to reach Millennial voters speaks to the importance of the messenger over the medium.)

Using social media tools to target different demographic and political groups with messages designed to appeal to them

Which of the following quotes from the Federalist Papers best supports the decision in Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission (2010)

Which of the following quotes from the Federalist Papers best supports the decision in Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission (2010)

If one were interested in showing how much certain industries spend on lobbying, the best way to change the visual would be to

categorize the data by industry group and combine the data so that a bar represents each group

Franklin D. Roosevelt was elected president in 1932 after running on the Democratic Party platform that included an expansion of federal programs aimed at pulling the United States out of the Great Depression. The expansion plan, known as the New Deal, substantially increased the voting base of the Democratic Party. As a result, the Democratic Party dominated Congress and many state governments for the next half century. The election of 1932 is considered a critical election because it

changed the base of support in each party

The decision in Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission (2010) led to the creation of super PACs that can legally raise unlimited amounts of money and engage in electioneering with few limits. Madison argued in The Federalist 10 that factions, like super PACs, would not be detrimental to society because the Constitution

created a large republic with many factions that would cancel each other out

The trend in late October and early November showing Clinton ahead but an increase in support for Trump most likely would be

described as momentum by the trailing Trump campaign to encourage supporters to vote

The idea of having a constitution, which includes a separation of powers and a system of checks and balances, promotes which of the following core American values?

limited gov

For decades, the National Rifle Association (NRA) has worked closely with members of Congress to successfully curtail the capacity of the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives to regulate firearms and track gun crimes. Which of the following statements best explains how the NRA maintains its influence in Washington?

the National Rifle Association outspends its competitors in all elections and stages of policy making.

Which of the following elements of polling likely created the difference in the poll results?

the formats of the surveys are different

Using both maps, which of the following explains how states with the death penalty voted in the 2016 election?

the maps show that states with the death penalty were more likely to vote for the Republican, Donald Trump, in the 2016 election.

A member of Congress is arrested and convicted of failing to pay the proper amount of income tax. Which of the following core American values is most relevant to this case?

the rule of law