AP human geography Chapter 11 vocab
transhumance
A seasonal periodic movement of pastoralists and their livestock between highland and lowland pastures
rural settlement
Sparsely settled places away from the influence of large cities
subsistence agriculture
Agriculture designed primarily to provide food for direct consumption by the farmer and the farmer's family
truck farm
Commercial gardening and fruit farming, so named because truck was a Middle English word meaning bartering or the exchange of commodities.
sustainability
The level of development that can be maintained without depleting resources
slash and burn agriculture
a farming technique in which trees are cut down and burned to clear and fertilize the land
chemical farming
application of synthetic fertilizers to the soil - and herbicides, fungicides, and pesticides, to crops - in order to enhance yields
Mediterranean agriculture
specialized farming that occurs only in areas where the dry-summer Mediterranean climate prevails
cadastral system
the method of land survey through which landownership and property lines are define
luxury crop
-Non-subsistence crops such as tea, cacao, coffee, and tobacco -Non essential to surviva
survey patterns
-Method of separating land, usually devised by the government of the land. -patterns used to survey the land on Earth
metes and bounds system
-a system of land surveying east of the Appalachian mountains. it is a system that relies on descriptions of land ownership and natural ownership and natural features such as streams or trees.
organic agriculture
-approach to farming and ranching that avoids the use of herbicides, pesticides, growth hormones, and other similar synthetic inputs
intensive agriculture
A form of agriculture using a great amount of human labor and/or capital to farm small amounts of land
biotechnology
A form of technology that uses living organisms, usually genes, to modify products, to make or modify plants and animals, or to develop other microorganisms for specific purposes.
township and range
A rectangular land division scheme designed by Thomas Jefferson to disperse settlers evenly across farmlands of the U.S. interior.
fertilizer
A substance that provides nutrients to help crops grow better
pastoralism
A way of life similar to agricultural, but based primarily on the exploitation of domesticated animals rather than plants. To allow their domesticated animals to graze over large areas, pastoralists are generally nomadic.
epidemic
A widespread occurrence of an infectious disease in a community at a particular time
deforestation
Destruction of forests
pandemic
Disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a very high proportion of the population.
vectored diseases
Diseases carried from one host to another by an intermediate host.
tertiary economic activities
Economic activity associated with the provision of services - such as transportation, banking, retailing, education, and routine office-based jobs.
long lot
In southern Quebec and other areas of Canada where individual lots tend to be long and narrow and extended back from roads
arable land
Land that can be used to grow crops
endemic
Native or confined to a particular region or people(diseases)
local food movement
Reducing the rate of globalization by eating and buying local foods
economy of scale
The cost per unit of weight decreases as the size of the shipment increases
horticulture
The growing of fruits, vegetables, and flowers.
aquaculture
The practice of raising fish and other water dwelling organisms for food
desertification
The process by which fertile land becomes desert,typically as a result of drought, deforestation, or agriculture.
extensive agriculture
a crop or livestock system characterized by low inputs of labor per unit area of land. May be part of either a subsistence or a commercial economy
shifting cultivation
a form of subsistence agriculture in which people shift activity from one field to another; each field is used for crops for a relatively few years and left fallow for a relatively long period
commodity chains
a linked system of processes that gather resources, convert them into goods, package them for distribution, disperse them, and sell them on the market
nucleated settlements
a settlement where buildings are clustered around a particular point
Quaternary economic activity
a subcategory of the tertiary economic sector - collecting, processing and manipulating information and capital
swidden agriculture
also called slash and burn agriculture. a form of cultivation in which forrested or brushy plots are cleared of vegetation burned then planted to crops only to be abandoned a few years later when soil fertility declines
debt for nature swamp
an agreement between a developing nation in debt and one or more of its creditors. Creditors agree to forgive debts in return for environmental protection
dispersed settlement
characterized by a lower density of population and the wide spacing of individual homesteads.
genetically modified organisms
crops that carry new traits that have been inserted through advanced genetic engineering methods
milpa
cultivation of crops in tropical forest clearings in which forest vegetation has been removed by cutting and burning
monoculture
dependence on a single agricultural commodity
primary economic activities
economic activity concerned with the direct extraction of natural resources from the environment--such as mining, fishing, lumbering, and especially agriculture
secondary economic activities
economic activity involving the processing of raw materials and their transformation into finished industrial products; the manufacturing sector
primogeniture
eldest son inherits all land and wealth
agribusiness
encompassing term for the business that provide a vast array of goods and services to support the agricultural industry
quinary economic activities
most advanced form of quaternary actives consisting of high-level decision making for large corps or scientific research
tragedy of the commons
situation in which people acting individually and in their own interest use up commonly available but limited resources, creating disaster for the entire community
commercial agriculture
term used to describe large scale farming and ranching operations that employ vast land bases, large mechanized equipment, factory-type labor, and the latest technology
non-vectored diseases
transmitted by a direct contact between a host and a victim