AP Human Geography the Cultural Landscape 7.3

Explain the controversy (2 views) surrounding the status of Quebecois in Canada.

If Quebecois is recognized as a separate nationality from English-speaking Canadian, the Quebec government would have a much stronger justification for breaking away from Canada to form an independent country.

Define centrifugal force

a force that divides people and countries

Of the different UK nationalities, ______________________ exercises the greatest degree of autonomy over its affairs and has recently pushed for independence from the UK.

Scotland

Identify the distribution (country & amount) of Kurds today:

30 million Kurds are split among several countries: 14.5 million live in eastern Turkey (18% of population) 6 million in western Iran (8% of population) 5.5 million in northern Iraq (17% of population) 2 million in Syria (9% of population) 1.5 million in other countries (primarily Germany)

In what ways have US military actions in Iraq affected the Kurds there?

A few days after Iraq was defeated in the 1991 Gulf War, the country's Kurds launched another unsuccessful rebellion. The US and its allies decided not to resume their recently concluded fight against Iraq on behalf of the Kurdish rebels, but after the revolt was crushed, they sent troops to protect the Kurds from further attacks by the Iraqi army.

Define centripetal force

An attitude that tends to unify people and enhance support for a state

Different nationalities of the United Kingdom

Challenges in distinguishing between ethnicity and nationality in the British Isles, which comprise 133 inhabited islands. Two islands - Ireland and Great Britain - comprise 96% of the land area and contain 99% of the population. British Isles are divided into two countries: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland. The Republic of Ireland comprises the southern 84% of the island of Ireland (called Eire in Irish), and the UK comprises Great Britain and the northern 16% of Eire. The UK is divided into four main parts: England, Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales. English: The English are descendants of Germanic tribes who crossed the North Sea and invaded the country in the fifth century. Welsh: The Welsh were Celtic people conquered by England in 1282 and formally united with England through the Act of Union of 1356. Welsh laws were abolished, and Wales became a local government unit Scots: The Scots were Celtic people who had an independent country for more than 700 years, until 1603, when Scotland's King James VI also became King James I of England, thereby uniting the two countries. The Act of Union of 1707 formally merged the two governments, although Scotland was allowed to retain its own systems of education and local laws Irish: The Irish were Celtic people who were ruled by England until the twentieth century, when most of the island became the independent country of Ireland. The northern portion remained part of the UK

Describe the Kurds (key cultural characteristics)

Live in the Caucasus Mountains; Sunni Muslims who speak a language in the Iranian group of the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European family; have distinctive literature, dress, and other cultural traditions

Who led the struggle for independence in India? Who assassinated him?

Mahatma Gandhi, a Hindu advocate of nonviolence and reconciliation with Muslims, was assassinated in 1948 by Nathuram Godse.

Describe the instability in the Kashmir region.

Muslims, who comprise a majority in both portions, have fought to secure reunification of Kashmir, either as part of Pakistan or as an independent country. India blames Pakistan for the unrest and vows to retain its portion of Kashmir.

This chapter is focused on ethnicity, so why is the division based on religion?

Pakistan and India were so closely related that the people's ethnic backgrounds were extremely similar. The major difference between the people was their religion.

Examples of nationalism

People display nationalism by supporting a country that preserves and enhances the culture and attitudes of their nationality. States foster nationalism by promoting symbols of the country, such as flags and songs

How do the Sikhs factor into the region's turmoil?

The Sikhs have long resented that they were not given their own intendent country when India was partitioned.

Describe the massive migration that occurred in the late 1940s. (Who? Why? Extremism?)

The partition of South Asia into two states resulted in massive migration because the two boundaries did not correspond precisely to the territory inhabited by the two ethnicities. Approximately 17 million people caught on the wrong side of a boundary felt compelled to migrate during the late 1940's.

Identify the significance: Treaty of Sevres (1920) Treaty of Lausanne (1923)

Treaty of Sevres (1920): When the victorious European allies carved up the Ottoman Empire after WWI, they created an independent state of Kurdistan to the south and west of Van Golu. Treaty of Lausanne (1923): established the modern state of Turkey, and three years later the League of Nations determined that much of Kurdistan would become part of Turkey.

Take notes regarding ethnic diversity in each of the following countries: Turkey Lebanon Syria Iraq Iran Afghanistan Pakistan

Turkey: 3/4 are Ethnic Turks; the most populous minority is the Kurds (18%) Lebanon: 54% Muslims; 41% Christians; 5% Druze; numerous Christians are Maronites, who consider themselves Roman Catholic, followed by various Orthodox denominations. Syria: 90% Arabs; 9% Kurds; Arab population is divided into 64% Sunni Muslim, 11% Alawi Muslim, 10% Christian, 3% Druze, and 2% other Muslim Iraq: 55% Shiite Muslim Arabs; 21% Kurds; 19% Sunni Muslim Arabs Iran: most are Persians, believed to be descendants of Indo-European tribes that migrated from Central Asia to what is now Iran several thousand years ago Afghanistan: most numerous are Pashtun, Tajik, and Hazara Pakistan: Punjabi have been the most numerous ethnicity since ancient times, but the mountainous border area with Afghanistan is principally Baluchi and Pashtun

What steps has Turkey taken to oppress Kurdish culture and why? How have the Kurds retaliated against Turkey?

Use of Kurdish language was illegal in Turkey until 1991, and laws banning its use in broadcasts and classrooms remain in force. Kurdish nationalists have waged a guerrilla war since 1984 against the Turkish army.

A few ethnicities (nearly) match the territory of a nationality, but most do not. Examples of ethnicities that match the territory of a nationality:

West Pakistan and East Pakistan is separated by India. East Pakistan became Bangladesh. An eastern area of India was also practically cut off from the rest of the country, attached only by a narrow corridor north of Bangladesh that is less than 13 kilometers wide. Resulted in the forced migration of about 17 million people. Mostly Muslims and Hindus.

Explain how (and why) the British divided the Indian subcontinent when they ended colonial rule in 1947.

When the British ended their colonial rule of the Indian subcontinent in 1947, they divided the colony into two irregularly shaped countries - India and Pakistan. The separation of East and West Pakistan from India was because of ethnicity. People in Pakistan were predominantly Muslim. People in India were predominantly Hindu. Antagonism between the two groups was so great that the British decided to place the Hindus and Muslims in separate states.

Define nationalism

loyalty and devotion to a nationality

In southwest and central Asia, many ethnicities do not correspond with _______________________.

territories

Nationality stems from _______________________________________________________ whereas ethnicity stems from ________________________________________________________________.

voting, obtaining a passport, and performing civic duties; religion, language, and material culture