AP Human Geography Unit 2 Study Guide

Neighborhoods filled primarily with people of the same ethnic group.

Ethnic Enclaves

Many people have been coming to America in search of employment that would provide them food.

American Migrations

It is a major source and destination for migrants in search of work. China has rapidly expanding factories providing more opportunities and jobs. China's booming economy attracts many migrants from neighboring counties. The wealthy oil-producing of Southwest Asia is a huge destination for people from poorer countries. Working countries are considered unsafe. Oil-producing countries fear that increasing numbers of guest workers will spark political unrest and abandonment of traditional Islamic customs.

Asia's Migrant Workers

Immigrants make cultural contributions to their new countries. Most immigrants want to better their economic situation, so they work harder to prosper. Many of them start businesses. However, there can be conflicts between immigrants and native-born immigrants, such as religious beliefs, cultural practices, or access to jobs.

Effects on Receiving Countries

People might also move to escape harm from natural disasters, droughts, and other unfavorable environmental conditions. So migrants move to areas that are not under the same environmental stresses.

Environmental Push & Pull Factors

When migration out of a country is made up of many highly skilled people.

Brain Drain

When people move to communities where relatives or friends migrated previously

Chain Migration

1790: this location reflects the fact that virtually all colonial-era settlements were near the Atlantic Coast. Few colonists were far from coastal locations because they depended on shipping links with Europe. 1800-1840: Transportation improvements helped open the interior. Encouraged to buy a large amount of land at a low price, people moved into forested river valleys between the Appalachian Mountains. 1850-1890: Many people moved to California because of the Gold Rush. However, the area was unfit for farming. 1900-1940: the US population center slowed down during this period because emigration from Europe offset most of the emigration from the East Coast to the U.S. West. 1950-2010: Interregional migration has slowed down considerably in the US, net migration between each pair of regions is now close to zero.

Changing Center of Population

Each migration flow produces a movement in the opposite direction.

Counter Migration (Ravenstein's Laws of Migration)

Some countries are unbalanced demographically. Some people might not find someone to marry. If the population is too young, then the country may become overpopulated. Stage 4 and 5 countries offer greater economic opportunities with growing economies and aging population.

Demographic Push & Pull Factors

Forced migration can result form political and environmental crisis that threatens people's lives. Migrants must leave quickly in order to stay alive and they cannot bring much with them.

Displaced persons & refugees

The most common reason people migrate is that they lack jobs and economic opportunities. Migrants go to areas full of jobs and opportunities.

Economic Push & Pull Factors

European languages, religion, and culture spread across the globe. European diseases wiped out indigenous populations and replaced them with Europeans, resulting in European languages and Christianity dominating the hemisphere. European culture also mixed with other cultures.

Effects of colonization

A positive effect of countries of origin is relief from overcrowding. A negative effect of countries of origin is that if people of working age leave, then the country will be left more towards the elderly and young.

Effects on Countries of Origin

Immigrants take low status and low skill jobs. Many immigrants are attracted to places in Europe because they come from poorer regions. Immigrants help their counties by sending money to families back home.

Europe's Migrant Workers

Internally displaced persons - Many Afghan people moved to safe areas during the war between the U.S. and the Taliban. Refugees - Jews fled Nazi Germany in the 1930s and 1940s hoping to find safety in other countries.

Examples of Displaced persons & Refugees

A type of movement in which people do not choose to relocate, but do so under the threat of violence.

Forced Migration

Most international migrants are young males, while more internal migrants are female.

Gender Patterns (Ravenstein's Laws of Migration)

The assumption that more people will be more likely to migrate to a large community that to a small one.

Gravity Model of Migration

Immigrants who are usually seeking jobs

Guest Workers

It attracted immigrants and it made it were the U.S. government gave land to settlers willing to stay and farm it for 5 years. Now, the U.S. government offers visas to educated migrants hoping to get them to stay in the country.

Homestead Act of 1862

Most people dislike immigration because they blame immigrants for crime, unemployment, and high welfare costs. They also fear long-standing cultural traditions of the host country are threatened by immigrants who adhere to different religions.

Immigration Concerns in Europe

People are divided on whether or not unauthorized migrants are good or bad for the country. They don't want money being used to build more fences along the border. Many unauthorized immigrants fake low-status jobs. Law enforcement can stop and verify the legal status of anyone suspected of being unauthorized immigrants. This could violate US civil rights.

Immigration Concerns in the U.S.

Migration between regions of the USA.

Interregional Migration

Canada - Has significant interregional migration from east to west for more than a century. Net out-migration is being recorded in provinces from Manitoba eastward. China - About 100 million people have emigrated from rural areas in the interior of the country. They are headed for urban areas where there are many jobs and opportunities. Brazil - Brazil's tropical interior is very sparsely inhabited. The government moved its capital to a newly built city called Brasilia. Many people have migrated here in search of a job.

Interregional Migration in Other Countries

Barriers that make reaching their desired destination more difficult. These obstacles might be economic, social, political, or environmental.

Intervening Obstacles

Is the permanent or semipermanent relocation of people from one place to another.

Migration

Countries restrict immigration because they want to preserve their cultural homogeneity, or/and economics(jobs).

Policies Discouraging Immigration

In 1880, the US government placed few restrictions on immigration. The ratio of farmland to number of people to work was high, so immigrants were often welcomed.

Policies Encouraging Immigration

People who oppose the policies of the government might migrate because they face persecution, arrest, and discrimination. They move to countries that support their political point of view.

Political Push & Pull Factors

After WWII, the construction of a fast-moving national highway system and tax subsides from buying new homes made moving anywhere easier. But more people chose to live in a warmer climate and the expansion of defense industry jobs in the South and Southwest pulled many people to the band of states from California to Florida.

Post WWII migration to "sunbelt" (to S & SW)

A destination based on positive circumstances and conditions, a place where migrants choose to go.

Pull Factor

Negative circumstances, events, or condition present where they live.

Push Factor

Most migration in history has been from rural to urban areas. Because of the Industrial Revolution, rural areas needed fewer labored on farms, and cities needed more people to work.

Rural to Urban (Ravenstein's Laws of Migration)

Most migrants travel only a short distance. The farther 2 places are, the less likely people will migrate between those two places.

Short Distances (Ravenstein's Laws of Migration)

While Atlantic slave trade ended in the 19th century, there are still people today who are victimized by forced labor.

Slavery Today

People will migrate from a place if they face discrimination and persecution because of their ethnicity, race, gender, or religion. They move to locations where they can practice their culture safely.

Social Push & Pull Factors

Soviet policy encouraged factory construction near raw materials rather than near existing population concentrations. There were not enough people to work in the factories, so they had to stimulate interregional migration. They tried to force people to move there, but no one moved because of harsh climate and other factors.

Soviet Union

More people will try to migrate internationally. Will lead to overcrowding. This will be a push factor.

Stages 2-3 of Wilbur Zelinsky's Model of Migration

More people will try to migrate internally. Will be a pull factor because there will be less people.

Stages 4-5 of Wilbur Zelinsky's Model of Migration

A process in which migrants reach their eventual destination through a series of smaller moves.

Step Migration

Starting at the entry of the US into WWI in 1917, millions of African Americans moved from the South to cities in the east of the country. The major push factor was to escape racial discrimination.

The Great Migration (from S to N)

Native Americans were forced to move west. It was written in the law (Indian Removal Act of 1830). This authorized the U.S. army to forcefully remove the Indians and make them move West.

Trail of Tears

Immigration to the American colonies and the newly independent United States came from two principal regions, Europe and Sub-Saharan Africa. Most Africans migrated as slaves. Many Europeans (2 million) migrated to the US and American colonies because they were trying to go to more developed countries because Europe was still in stage 1 of the Demographic Transition Model.

U.S. Immigration 17th & 18th centuries

Immigration dropped sharply during the Great Depression and WWII. Most migrants immigrated from Latin America and Asia. Many unauthorized immigrants entered the US. Many Europeans left as their country entered stage 2 of the DTM.

U.S. Immigration: Late 20th & early 21st century

32 million people migrated to America with 90% European, and they told relatives about the country's virtues. More people came because of that. Economic push factors led to people from Ireland and Germany coming to America. The migration led to the spread of the Industrial Revolution.

U.S. Immigration: Mid-19th & early 20th century

Quotas are the maximum limits on the number of people who could immigrate to the United States during a one-year period. Since the number of applicants far exceeded the quotas, Congress has set preferences, such as Family reunification, skilled workers, or diversity. The quota does not apply to refugees.

U.S. Quota Laws

Migrants traveling long distances usually settle in large urban areas. This is because migrants believe that a larger city will have more opportunities.

Urban Areas (Ravenstein's Laws of Migration)

Determines that the type of migration that occurs within a country depends on how well developed it is or what type of society it is.

Wilbur Zelinsky's Model of Migration

A strong dislike of people who practice another culture.

Xenophobia

Most migrants are younger adults, between ages 20 and 45.

Youth (Ravenstein's Laws of Migration)