AP Human Geography- Unit #5

Pastoral Nomadism

People travel from place to place with their herds of domesticated animals.

Iron Plough, mechanized seed drilling, McCormick reaper, grain elevator, barbed wire, and mixed nitrogen and nitric acid fertilizer.

List the new inventions/innovations of the second agricultural revolution.

Social

Many people who were kicked off of their land had to move to the cities to find jobs in the factories, which helped the process of urbanization.

Metes & Bounds

Metes were used for short distances, and often referred to features of specific points. Bounds cover larger areas, based on larger features, such as streams or roads.

Southeast Asia

Animals- Pangolins, Asian elephants, orangutans, and gibbons. Plants- Azaleas, dogwood, primroses, camellias, peonies, roses, lotus, daisies, cherries, and begonias

Fertile Crescent

Animals- cattle, sheep, goats, and pigs. Plants- Wheat, barley, millet, and emmer.

Indus River Valley

Animals- wheat, barley, peas, lentils, linseed, and mustard. Plants- dogs and cats, humped and shorthorn cattle, domestic fowl, and possibly pigs, camels, and buffalo

Specialty crops & seasonal crops

What types of agriculture do not fit in the Von Thunen Model?

Core and semi-peripheral countries

Where does most of the world's commercial farming take place in?

Agriculture

The process by which humans alter the landscape in order to raise crops and livestock for consumption and trade.

Deforestation

The removal of large tracts of forest.

False.

True or False: The first agricultural revolution occurred simultaneously around the globe.

desertification

the transition of land from fertile soil to desert

Dispersed settlements

A pattern in which farmers lived in homes spread throughout the countryside.

Linear settlements

A rural settlement pattern in which houses and buildings form in a long line that usually follows a land feature or aligns along a transportation route.

Grain and cereal crop farmers are typically located on land that is farther away from the markets because grain and cereal crops don't expire or go bad like vegetables and dairy products.

According to the bid-rent theory, why are grain and cereal crop farmers typically located on land that is farther away from the markets?

Economic challeges

Agriculture is expensive, with the increased use of technology, fertilizers pesticides, the cost of farming has increased. Developing countries struggle to produce enough food to feed their population, with many farmers turning to other markets with higher profit margins.

Green Ring; Grain

Although wheat and corn were valuable, they did not perish as quickly as vegetables and milk and were not as difficult to transport as wood.

Township & Range

An area that is six miles long and six miles wide. Each square mile, or section, consisted of 640 acres, and it could be divided into smaller lots, such as half sections or quarter sections.

agricultural hearth

An area where different groups began to domesticate plants and animals.

The Fair-Trade Movement

An effort to promote higher incomes for producers and for more sustainable farming practices.

Long Lot

Farms that were long thin sections of land that ran perpendicular to a river.

Clustered settlements

Groups of homes located near each other in a hamlet or village.

*Air pollution *Desertification *Water pollution *Land used for farming is being depleted.

Identify 3+ modern challenges in agriculture.

Soil:

Key characteristics include fertility, texture, and structure.

Domestication.

The deliberate effort to grow plants and raise animals, making plants and animals adapt to human demands and using selective breeding to develop desired characteristics.

False.

True or False: Sometimes core countries provide financial support to peripheral countries to improve their infrastructure

Draining wetlands

Water is drained from wetlands by cutting ditches into the ground which collect and transport water out of the wetland.

One reason why some areas are food deserts is because the settlements could be too far away from any market and don't have access to certain foods.

Why are some areas food deserts/experience food insecurity?

farm subsidy

a government incentive paid to agribusiness, agricultural organizations and farms to supplement their income

Plantation

*Latin America, Sub-Saharan Africa, South and Southeast Asia. *Coffee, cocoa, rubber, sugarcane, bananas, tobacco, tea, coconuts, and cotton. *Usually found in the low latitudes (tropics), and in hot, humid climates with substantial precipitation; labor intensive; processing occurs near the plantation.

Shifting Cultivation

*Latin America, Sub-Saharan Africa, and Southeast Asia. *Rice, corn, millet, and sorghum. *Farmers sometimes clear the land by burning vegetation. On cleared land, they plant and they plant and harvest crops until the soil becomes less fertile.

Mixed Crop/Livestock

*Midwestern United States, Canada, and Central Europe. *Grains, cattle, dairy, fertilizer, corn, soybeans, spring wheat, and winter wheat. *An integrated system common in developed regions. Majority of the crops are fed to cattle. Owners of land and livestock may be different people.

Market Gardening

*Southeastern United States & Southeastern Australia *Apples, asparagus, cherries, lettuce, mushrooms, & tomatoes *Long growing season & a humid climate. Most of the food is processed canned, or frozen, and sent out to the markets on trucks

Nomadic Herding

*Southwest, Central, and East Asia, and North Africa. *Cattle, camels, reindeer, goats, yaks, sheep, and horses. *Move their herds to different pastures within their territory and often trade meat for crops with nearby subsistence crop farmers.

Ranching

*Western North America, Southeastern South America, Central Asia, Southern Africa. *Cattle, goats, sheep, horses. *A commercial grazing of animals confined to a specific area.

Cultural obstacles for women

A cultural obstacle that prevents women from pursuing equality may be that in a certain country, religion prevents women from doing things the same way men do them. For example, in Christianity, it is considered unholy if a woman has a higher position than a man. Which basically means that women can't preach or be a priest or anything like that.

Political Obstacles for Women

A political obstacle that prevents women from pursuing equality may be that there are laws that prevent women from having the same freedoms as men. In some countries, there are laws preventing women from voting or to own land like a man can. In other countries, there are laws preventing women from getting a higher education beyond basic things like cooking, sewing, and how to take care of a home.

the green revolution.

A shift to further mechanization in agriculture through the development of new technology and advances that began in the early 20th century and continues to the present day.

Dairy and produce farmers typically are located on land that is closer to markets because dairy and vegetables expire faster than meat, so farmers get them to the market as fast as possible to make sure that they can get money for not expired products.

According to the bid-rent theory, why are dairy and produce farmers typically located on land that is closer to markets?

Health

Advances in food production technology in the mid-19th century through the early half of the 20th century led to better diets, longer life spans, and an increase in population.

Topography:

Affects the ability of the soil to stay in place and retain water and the position of the land toward or away from the sun affects how much of the sun's energy the land receives.

Slash and Burn

All vegetation in an area of forest is cut down and burned in place.

Economic Obstacles for Women

An economic obstacle that prevents women from pursuing equality may be that the country is heavily dependent upon women to work most of the farms. In some developing countries, the women are supposed to maintain the farms while the men are getting an education or they have a higher job in society. If the women want an education like the men, the agricultural production will drop dramatically.

Central America

Animals-Macaw, anteater, ocelot, and toucans. Plants- mahogany, kapok, cedarwood, tagua, ebony, rosewood, breadfruit, palm, and cashew

Social Challenges

Cultural traditions have led to certain food production methods to be promoted or rejected changing the supply of food for society.

*The iron/steel plough was invented. *Mechanized seed drilling became popular. *The McCormick Reaper/Harvester made an appearance. *A grain elevator was invented. *Barbed wire was invented. *Mixed nitrogen and nitric acid fertilizer was introduced.

Describe the main points of the second agricultural revolution.

Environmental challenges

Developing countries put a larger environmental strain land due to the increase in population, and the reliance on agricultural economies. This causes desertification to occur which reduces the output of food.

Most cities match the concentric ring model that Thunen created because for most cities, agriculture is how they make most of their profit.

Do most cities match the concentric ring model that Thunen created? Why?

Elevation:

Each increase of 1,000 feet above sea level means a corresponding decrease of about 3.6 degrees F in average temperature. The higher the elevation, the shorter the growing season.

Commodity chains are used to create agricultural products because commodity chains are the process by which agricultural products are made and sold for profit.

Explain how commodity chains are used to create agricultural products.

The physical environment can influence the type of agriculture practiced in a location because there are certain conditions needed to grow certain crops. For example, farmers can't grow rice in the desert because the soil is terrible and there isn't enough water. In similar regards, a cactus can't grow in wetlands because the cactus would absorb too much water.

Explain how the physical environment can influence the type of agriculture practiced in a location.

Transportation costs play a role in the Von Thunen Model because of the bid rent curve. Because of the bid rent curve, each type of farmer is willing to pay more for transportation closer to the market than farther away.

Explain how transportation costs play a role in the Von Thunen Model.

The enclosure movement was a time in Europe when farms became larger, production became more efficient, producers raised crops to sell for profit rather than simply for their own consumption, and people were forced off the land, which created a workforce for the growing factories. This caused food production to grow significantly.

Explain what the enclosure movement is and how it impacted food production.

Some people believe the Von Thunen Model is no longer relevant because we now have access to refrigerator cars, which can keep products like milk and vegetables fresh for longer periods of time. Some people believe that the model still works because even though we have access to refrigerators, the products can be even more fresh if they were closer to the market and were in refrigerated cars.

Explain why some people believe the Von Thunen Model is no longer relevant and why some argue it still works.

climate (including temperature and precipitation), elevation, soil, and topography.

Four factors that have a profound effect on the agriculture that can take place in a region include:

Political

Governments have used price ceilings to reduce the price of food. This has caused farmers to produce food, drugs, and other agricultural products for export where profit margins are higher. This reduces the amount of food being produced for citizens.

They provide payments to farmers for growing certain crops or for not growing others, place regulations on agricultural imports and exports, or establish price supports in the form of crop purchases made by the government at a guaranteed price.

How can government policies impact agricultural policies?

The creation of tariffs can lead to "trade wars" between the US and other countries. Other countries may raise their own tariffs - hurting US companies

How can tariffs create problems for farmers within the US?

Humans could use their cultivation knowledge to adapt the practice to other, more resilient plants.

How did agriculture diffuse via stimulus diffusion?

Agriculture first diffused around the globe due to relocation diffusion.

How did agriculture first diffuse around the globe?

The Agricultural revolutions helped to diffuse different species of animals around the globe because different animals were shipped to different countries for use of meat, dairy, and other animal products.

How did the Agricultural revolutions help diffuse different species of animals around the globe?

The Columbian Exchange impacted life in the new world by making the resources that were not available to people living there, available by way of trade with other countries.

How did the Columbian Exchange impact life in the new world?

The Columbian Exchange impacted life in the old world by making resources that the people didn't even know existed available to them.

How did the Columbian Exchange impact life in the old world?

The green revolution increased the production of food. During the green revolution, many machines were invented and scientists discovered the use of GMOs.

How did the green revolution change the production of food?

Agriculture impacts rural land-use patterns because in rural areas, there is more room for large farms. In more populated areas, there isn't enough room for a large farm as compared to a rural area.

How does agriculture impact rural land-use patterns?

Because of the bid-rent theory, dairy and meat farms will be closer to markets than wheat or corn farms.

How does the bid-rent theory impact the location of different types of agriculture?

Globalization has changed the way we eat food because more and more people around the world are eating the same foods. Cultures around the world are diminishing because of globalization, which means that the world is becoming more and more alike, despite all of the efforts otherwise made by people who are trying to keep the culture alive. Food is one of the most differing traits between cultures, so people try to fight the hardest to keep their foods different from the rest of the world.

How has globalization changed how we eat food?

Advancements in technology have increased the ability to farm greater areas of land in a shorter amount of time, which means that commercial agriculture operations are taking up the land that small farms use for their own profit.

How have advancements in technology led to small farms replaced by commercial agricultural operations?

In Europe, many countries require the labeling of genetically modified foods, due to the belief that GMOs are not as nutritious. This has changed how Africa produces food because Africa's main market is Europe. However, in the United States the majority of the food is now genetically modified and food production has become more industrialized.

How have current food trends impacted the production of food?

Farmers have tried to manipulate the physical landscape to create ideal growing conditions by using terracing, irrigation, deforestation, desertification, and the drainage of wetlands.

How have farmers tried to manipulate the physical landscape to create ideal growing conditions?

One conservation effort society can do to combat the impact agriculture has on the environment would be to limit their farming to one area of land, so that if desertification does occur, it doesn't occur along a larger plot of land. Another conservation effort society can do to combat the impact agriculture has on the environment would be to limit machine use to help lower or to prevent air and water pollution.

Identify 2+ conservation efforts society can do to combat the impact agriculture has on the environment.

Positive: The green revolution increased human populations because with the increasing production of food, people in poorer countries had greater access to food. Negative: Increased mechanization led to a reduced need for human labor. Some technology of this revolution is dominated by multinational corporations, making producers vulnerable to the companies' marketing and sales practices. This expense has forced many farmers out of business - leading to the loss of small family farms and growth of corporations. Possible increase in food contamination. Buildup of chemicals can cause health problems

Identify a positive and negative consequences the green revolution had on human populations.

Positive: A positive would be that the air in some places would be cleaner because of the constant growth of plants to release oxygen into the air. Negative: A negative would be that the increased use of machinery would pollute the air, soil, and water, making water dangerous for human consumption.

Identify a positive and negative consequences the green revolution has on the environment

Dietary preferences have shifted because people are deciding to eat more balanced diets, which means that more people are eating meat and vegetables. The shift in dietary preferences isn't exactly good for the environment because more and more meat is being processed and more and more crops will be needed in order to sustain everyone. This means that more and more greenhouse gases will be released into the atmosphere, which will be an aid to climate change. And because of climate change, the rising heat in the atmosphere isn't good for plants. Because of this, the heat caused by climate change may kill or wither some plants.

Identify one way in which dietary preferences have shifted.

Allow for more unique foods to be traded, which can influence the diet of society. For example, NAFTA introducing a large amount of avocados to the United States of American. Also can change the food supply of other countries, changing their food needs and their agricultural output.

Identify two ways in which international trade deals can impact agriculture in a society.

Economic

Many people found jobs in factories, which means that the production of products in those factories became faster so more people had more access to newer inventions during the Industrial Revolution.

Horticulture is the least visible in modern society because we have access to refrigerators, which keep products fresh for a longer period of time.

Of the five concentric rings, which ring is least "visible" in modern society? Why?

What are some positive and negative consequences of depending on one cash crop?

Positive: If the supply of the crop is limited, countries specializing in the crop can reap profitable rewards (Ex: Madagascar & vanilla) Negative: The reliance on a single commodity is risky, and its unhealthy for an economy. Supply & demand changes can disrupt a country's economy. Storms, droughts, and extreme temperatures can cause crop failure and lead to a decline in a country's revenue. A trade war can erupt causing the cost of trading goods to fluctuate

Early farmers developed methods of irrigation. Low dams and reservoirs captured and stored snow melt from the mountains that fed into rivers - to later use in dry months

Precipitation in these agricultural hearths was not uniform/constant. How did the residents of these areas maintain good crop yields?

Wheat, corn, soybeans cotton, coffee, tea, cacao, vanilla

Provide examples of commodity agricultural products that are traded through global supply chains.

Climate:

Provides precipitation and temperatures needed for seeds to germinate, plants to grow, or livestock to have the food needed to survive. Generally, the greater the distance from the equator, the shorter the growing season.

global supply chain

Similar to a commodity chain - but on a global scale. These networks are more complex, leading to many regions of agricultural production & consumption becoming increasingly interdependent

third agricultural revolution.

Starting in the mid-20th century; involved the development and dissemination of better and more efficient farming equipment and practices, particularly in the area of vastly improved varieties of grain.

Explain the difference between subsistence and commercial agriculture.

Subsistence-An agricultural practice that provides crops or livestock to feed one's family and close community using fewer mechanical resources and more people to care for the crops and livestock. Commercial- An agriculture practice that focuses on producing crops and raising animals for the market for others to purchase.

Blue Ring; Livestock Farming

The final ring was used for grazing of livestock such as beef cattle. They could be farther from the market because they could walk when it was time to transport them.

urban farming

The integration of growing crops/animals in an urban environment.

agribusiness.

The large-scale system that includes the production, processing, and distribution of agricultural products and equipment.

Orange Ring; Horticulture

The perishability of milk products and produce, like berries, lettuce, or tomatoes, makes it critical that they are produced close to the market and are transported and sold within a limited time frame. Cost more to transport, so having them close to market is a cost-saving measure. Products have a greater value and consumers will pay a higher price - more than covering the high cost the land

Red Center; Market

The place where products are sold.

Terracing

The practice of growing crops on the sides of hills/mountains by planting on man-made steps

soil salinization

The process in which excessive amount of salt accumulate in the soil, damaging plant roots and destroying arable land.

Irrigation

The process of diverting water from its natural course or location to aid in the production of crops.

suburbanization.

The shifting of populations from cities into surrounding suburbs (because of cheaper housing, more space, lower crime rates) which encroaches upon farmland outside of cities.

True.

True or False: A state must have a well-established infrastructure to be an active participant in the global agricultural system.

True.

True or False: Climate patterns are generally based on their latitude and their location on coasts/continental interiors.

True.

True or False: Consumer demand has a greater impact on agricultural than government policies.

False

True or False: Family farms account for most of the world's farmland.

True

True or False: Family farms represent the vast majority of farms worldwide.

True.

True or False: Intensive agriculture can exist for both subsistence farming and commercial farming.

False

True or False: Labor costs, in most cases, are low relative to the cost of machinery

False

True or False: Small, family-owned farms receive more government subsidies than large commercial farm because they are in greater need of financial assistance.

True. Former colonies today are still economically tied to the country that once colonized the area because staying with the way things were during the time of colonization would be easier than trying to change everything to another way of doing things. An example would be that some of the former British colonies in Africa still use the British system of money.

True or False: Some former colonies today are still economically tied to the country that once colonized the area. Why do you believe this?

- Societies' agricultural practices change the diets of citizens - Can promote or hinder healthy citizens - Change cultural traditions, of citizens - Can reduce malnourishment of citizens. - Changing roles for women in agriculture - Loss of community in rural towns when small and midsize farms close down

What are 3+ societal effects agricultural practice has on society?

An advantage of clustered settlements is that people can walk wherever they want to go. An advantage of dispersed settlements is that people have a little more room to do what they want. An advantage of linear settlements is that houses are along a main road, so trade is probably very high. A disadvantage of clustered settlements is that people don't have room to do that much. A disadvantage of dispersed settlements is that sometimes, if something bad happens, people's neighbors are too far away to be of any immediate help. A disadvantage of linear settlements is that because the houses are along a main travel way, it is probably very noisy at night, so people may not get a lot of sleep.

What are the advantages and disadvantages of clustered, dispersed, and linear settlements?

Planting →Growing →Harvesting →Processing →Marketing

What are the various "links" in a commodity chain?

Large farm size, low labor intensity, and low production per unit of land.

What are three characteristics of extensive farming practices?

Modern machineries, intensive labor, and artificial irrigation is used.

What are three characteristics of intensive farming practices?

Areas with higher populations and lower crop yields experienced improved harvests.

What areas experienced improved harvests as a result of the green revolution?

These agricultural hearths are near the equator.

What do these agricultural hearths have in common?

The Industrial Revolution

What historical event caused the second agricultural revolution?

- Costs of materials - Land - Labor - Availability of capital (money or other assets) - Impact of government policies - Consumer preferences (what people want to consume)

What influences where people farm, why people farm, and how people farm?

Extensive agriculture- An agricultural practice with relatively few inputs and little investment in labor and capital that results in relatively low outputs Intensive agriculture- An agricultural practice in which farmers expend a great deal of effort to produce as much yield as possible from an area of land.

What is the difference between intensive agriculture and extensive agriculture?

Subsistence farming- When farmers consume the crops that they grow and raise, usually using simple tools and manual labor. Commercial agriculture- When farmers focus on raising one specific crop to sell for profit.

What is the difference between subsistence and commercial agriculture?

- Less diversity of foods - More food supported a growing population - People began making clay pots and containers to store surplus food - Development of specialized labor - as farms were more productive, less farmhands were needed so people were free to experiment with other skills (artistry, metalworking, etc.) - Non-food crops like cotton and flax led to the creation of textiles - An increasing population created large societies - will develop complex social hierarchies - Need to defend society and its resources against others -Increase in trade between settlements = diffusion

What kinds of lifestyle changes did people make, as a result of agriculture?

Developing countries have a higher percentage of women working in Agriculture.

What types of countries have a higher percentage of women working in Agriculture?

Peasants were pushed off of farms because the use of land was restricted to the owner or tenants who rented the land from the owner. Created a labor surplus

What was a negative side-effect of the enclosure movement?

Some states would be more dependent on agricultural imports compared to other states because some states do not have the environmental necessities to grow crops. For example some of the countries in the Sahara Desert do not have the soil or water availability to grow crops.

Why would some states be more dependent on agricultural imports compared to other states?

Yellow Ring; Forest

Wood was an extremely important resource in 1826, both as building material and as a source of fuel. Von Thunen thought that wood products would be closer to the market because they were not only important, but heavy and hence difficult to transport.

GMOs

genetically modified organisms, which occur in a process by which humans use engineering techniques to change the DNA of a seed.

Columbian Exchange

the exchange of goods and ideas between the Americas, Europe, and Africa that began after Christopher Columbus landed in the Americas.

first agricultural revolution

the origin of farming. It was marked by the first domestications of plants and animals. Much of the farming that took place during this time was subsistence farming, which is when farmers consume the crops that they grow and raise, usually using simple tools and manual labor.

vertical integration

when a corporation merges with another corporation involved in different steps of production. An example of vertical integration is the Spanish clothing company Zara. Zara owns companies that manufacture the clothes as well as the retail chains that sell the clothes to consumers. Zara thus owns its supply chain, a network of companies around the world that produce, transport, and distribute a final product. This gives the corporation greater control over more steps in the production process, which increases its ability to make profits.