A.P. Industry Study Guide open to all, Please help answer the Questions.

4. Describe 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th world countries.

1st World: Highly developed, refers to so called developed, capitalist, industrial countries (North America, Japan, Australia) 2nd World: former communist-socialist, industrial states (Russia, Eastern Europe (e.g., Poland) and some of the Turk States (e.g., Kazakhstan) as well as China) 3rd World: countries that remained non-aligned with either NATO, or the Communist Bloc. 4th World: stateless ethnic groups 5th World: nonfunctional countries

25.Explain the concept of a bulk gaining industry.

A bulk gaining industry gains wight in the manufacturing process normal bulk gaining industries location near the market. Examples include metal fabrication, bottling, and car manufacturing.

21.Describe the relationship between industrialization and demographic transition.

A country must reach a particular point in the demographic transition model before it can properly industrialize

70. What is the Gini coefficient?

A measure of statistical dispersion intended to represent the income distribution of a nation's residents, and is the most commonly used measure of inequality.

56. What is a resource frontier?

A newly colonized region at the periphery of a country which is brought into production for the first time.

57. What is an NGO?

A non-governmental organization is an organization that is neither a part of a government nor a conventional for-profit business.

60.What are the components of Weber's Least Cost Location Theory?

Alfred Weber formulated a least cost theory of industrial location which tries to explain and predict the locational pattern of the industry at a macro-scale. It emphasizes that firms seek a site of minimum transport and labor cost. The point for locating an industry that minimizes costs of transportation and labor requires analysis of three factors Land, labor, and capital.

30.How did the Second Agricultural Revolution affect the Industrial Revolution?

Allowed for the cultivation of a greater amount of land for cheaper, better use of land and labor two important industrial site factors.

67.What is a cottage industry?

An industry in which the production of goods and services is based in homes as opposed to factories.

61. What is fair trade?

An organized social movement whose goal is to help producers in LDCs achieve better trading conditions and promote sustainability. Members of this movement advocate the payment of higher prices to exporters, as well as higher social and environmental standards.

33. Identify world regions of high HDI.

Anglo-America, Western Europe, South America, Australia and New Zealand

70.What is an export-processing zone?

Areas where governments create favorable investment and trading conditions to attract export-oriented industries.

51. What are the common characteristics of MDC's?

Average amount of schooling: 10 years Literacy rate: 98% People are sicker Average life expectancy: 70's

18.Describe the nature of manufacturing before the Industrial Revolution?

Before the industrial revolution the main manufacturing was done through cottage industry, and it was mostly used to produce textiles.

89.Which Chinese city is most industrialized?

Beijing

76. What site factors benefited the development of the Four Asian Tigers?

Being coastal cities and cities in well developed areas.

41.Identify market oriented businesses (bulk-gaining).

Bottling industry

78.When did the Industrial Revolution begin?

By the 1780s, the British Industrial Revolution, which had been developing for several decades, began to further accelerate. Manufacturing, business, and the number of wage laborers skyrocketed, starting a trend that would continue into the first half of the 19th century.

49.Identify the major cities of Industry in the Great Lakes Region.

Chicago, Detroit,

90.Which countries produce large volumes of steel?

China

34.How has globalization affected consumers?

Consumers can get their goods much faster due to increased transportation speeds and due to cheap labor from LDC's the products are cheaper but other than that it has not affected consumers greatly.

44.Identify resource oriented businesses (bulk-reducing).

Copper smelting, and steel refining

11.Describe the causes of deglomeration.

Deglomeration is caused by excessive agglomeration which leads to an increase in labor and transportation cost.

39.Identify examples of agglomeration.

Detroit, Silicon Valley

5.Compare the advantages and disadvantages of e-commerce and brick-and-mortar businesses.

E-commerce does not give the consumer direct contact to the market but internet business is really efficient Brick and mortar businesses allow the consumer to have direct contact with the market. a disadvantage is that

67. What is sustainable development?

Economic development that is conducted without depletion of natural resources.

94.Which industries are most sensitive to labor costs?

Fast Food, Retail, Entertainment, Transportation.

2.Compare Fordist and Post-Fordist production methodologies.

Fordist train workers to specify in 1 specific job for an assembly line work. Post Fordists use a more advanced and gender equal work forces

69.What is an agglomeration?

Grouping together of many firms from the same industry in a single area for collective or cooperative use of infrastructure and sharing of labor resources.

3.Compare high tech industry to heavy industry.

High Tech industry is a more cutting edge industry using the most technology available whereas a heavy industry is an industry with heavy unmovable products

79.Where are the industrial areas of Europe?

Important Industrial Regions of Europe are 1. United Kingdom 2. South Wales 3. Scotland 4. Germany 5. France 6. Italy

86.Where does the United States get most of its electricity?

In 2014, the United States generated about 4,093 billion kilowatthours of electricity.1 About 67% of the electricity generated was from fossil fuels (coal, natural gas, and petroleum).

103.Why are many tech support jobs outsourced to India?

In India the cost of labor is cheaper and they are as many government regulations.

105.Why are most individuals on the planet engaged in primary sector economic activities.

In LDC's you need to produce food for you family and village.

110.Why do command/planned economies often suffer from an oversupply of manufactured goods?

In a command economy the government tells companies what to produce and how much to produce it for a set price. So sometimes supply is more then demande

12.Describe the challenges posed by the distribution of industry in the US.

Increased demand for goods, and an rapidly increasing world capacity.

21. Identify countries that have followed the self-sufficiency approach to development.

India

66.What is a basic industry?

Industries that sell their products or services primarily to consumers outside the settlement.

80. Why is ecotourism important to LDC's?

It can be a source of income for the country.

61.What are the effects of globalization?

It causes Uneven Development throughout the world and leaves LDC's behind in terms of development

55. What is a free trade zone?

It is a geographic area where goods may be landed, handled, manufactured or reconfigured, and reexported without the intervention of the customs authorities.

72. What is the purpose of the HDI?

It is a tool developed by the United Nations to measure and rank countries' levels of social and economic development based on four criteria: Life expectancy at birth, mean years of schooling, expected years of schooling, and gross national income per capita.

37.How is industrialization affecting agriculture?

It makes agriculture less labor intensive due to the development of machinery.

52. What are the components of the HDI calculation?

Life expectancy index, education index, and GNI index.

55.What are break-of-bulk points?

Locations where large shipments of goods are broken up into smaller containers for delivery to local markets.

27.Explain the reasons for the location of maquiladora plants.

Maquiladora plants are in Mexico near the U.S. boarder. They locate they for low labor cost and less government relations.

6.Compare the economic systems of the major world regions.

Market Capitalism - Western Europe, North America...

34. Identify world regions of high proven resource reserves.

Middle East

25. Identify examples of free trade agreements.

NAFTA

80.Where are the major manufacturing regions in America?

New England, Great Lakes Region, Mid Atlantic Region

69. What is the difference between renewable and nonrenewable resources?

Nonrenewable resources, such as fossil fuels, will eventually run out while renewable resources such as wind, solar, and hydro power will never run out.

81. Why is it important to find alternative fuels?

Nonrenewable resources, such as gasoline, will eventually run out so therefore we, as humans, have to find a resource to use after the earth is depleted of these nonrenewable resources.

39. Identify world regions with high GDI.

Northern Europe

81.Where are the major manufacturing regions in China?

On the east coast

54.Through which methods of diffusion did the Industrial Revolution spread?

Relocation Diffusion, Hierarchical Diffusion

43.Identify quaternary sector activities.

Research, information gathering, and administration

95.Which industries benefit from low-cost energy?

Retail, Transportation, Travel, Hospitality, Auto.

88.Where is the Rust Belt?

Rust Belt or Rustbelt, economic region in the NE quadrant of the United States, focused on the Midwestern (see Midwest) states of Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, and Ohio, as well as Pennsylvania.Rust Belt or Rustbelt, economic region in the NE quadrant of the United States, focused on the Midwestern (see Midwest) states of Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, and Ohio, as well as Pennsylvania.

7.Compare the efficiency of the various modes of transportation.

Ship is the most efficient mode of transportation because it has the lowest cost, and can travel long distances. Airplane is the fastest but it very expensive. Truck can't carry much and gets more ineffective the longer the distances become. Rail is more expensive then truck but on long distance land transportation it is more effective.

46.Identify technopoles on various geographic scales.

Silicon Valley on a small scale, America on a larger scale

36. Identify world regions of low life expectancy.

Sub-Saharan Africa

99.Which world regions have yet to fully industrialize?

Sub-Saharan Africa

35. Identify world regions of low HDI.

Sub-Saharan Africa, Western Asia, South Asia

50.Identify US growth industries.

Technology

66. What is Rostow's Stages of Growth Model?

The 5 stages of growth experienced by countries who ascribe to the international trade approach to economic development; namely, traditional society, preconditions for take-off, take-off, drive to maturity, and the age of high mass consumption.

Apply the core periphery model on various geographic scales.

The Basics of the Core periphery model is how countries economically exploit other countries. The core exploits both the Periphery and Semi periphery for labor and the Core and semi periphery exploit the periphery for resources. an example is that the US exploits Mexico for Labor and Mexico and Us both exploit other LDC's in areas In Sub Suharan Africa for recources.

82.Where are the world's largest coal reserves?

The United States holds the world's biggest coal reserves. The nation's proved coal reserves as of December 2012 stood at 237.295 billion tonnes (Bt) comprising more than one quarter of the total proven coal reserves in the world. The Russian Federation possesses the second biggest coal reserves. The country was estimated to hold 157.01Bt of proved coal reserves as of December 2012, accounting for about 18% of the world's total. China holds the third largest coal reserves in the world. Its proven coal reserves as of December 2012 stood at 114.5Bt, constituting about 13% of the world's total proven coal reserves. China is also the world's biggest producer and consumer of coal.

75. What is value added?

The amount by which the value of an article is increased at each stage of its production, exclusive of initial costs.

73. What is the self-sufficiency approach to development?

The approach to development that is characterized by rejection of international trade. In this model, countries spread investment throughout the economy, protect fledgling industries, and limit imports/exports. This approach is often marred by inefficiency and a swelling bureaucracy.

22.Describe the situation of the automobile industry with regard to markets and resources.

The automobile industry is a bull-gaining industry meaning it would be located closer to the marker, due to this foreign automobile industries that have began to be established in the U.S have been placed in the South closest to the market.

58. What is anthropocentrism?

The belief that human beings are the central or most significant species on the planet

74. What is the technology gap?

The difference between people who use computers and mobile devices on a daily basis and those who do not. Also known as the digital divide.

64. What is NAFTA?

The free trade agreement between the United States, Mexico, and Canada.

45. What are the Asian Tigers?

The highly free and developed economies of Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea, and Taiwan.

26.Explain the concept of dependency theory.

The idea that LDCs are locked into a cycle of underdevelopment by the global economic system that supports an unequal structure.

68.What is a growth pole?

The idea that growth does not occur uniformly within a region but centers around a core industry. Around this core an agglomeration begins to cluster.

76.What is the multiplier effect?

The increase in final income arising from any new injection of spending.

16.Describe the effects of the Industrial Revolution.

The industrial revolution allowed for innovations in technology and development to spread throughout certain regions of the world.

93.Which industrial regions of the world are known for their highly valuable minerals?

The mineral industry of Africa is the largest mineral industries in the world. Africa is the second biggest continent, with 30 million km² of land, which implies large quantities of resources. For many African countries, mineral exploration and production constitute significant parts of their economies and remain keys to economic growth. Africa is richly endowed with mineral reserves and ranks first or second in quantity of world reserves of bauxite, cobalt, industrial diamond, phosphate rock, platinum-group metals (PGM), vermiculite, and zirconium. Gold mining is Africa's main mining resource.

74.What is the backwash effect?

The negative effects on one region that result from economic growth and agglomeration within another region.

68. What is the Brandt Line?

The north-south divide near the 30th parallel, divides the MDCs from the emerging world.

13.Describe the changes that in economic sectors in industrializing countries.

The primary sector of economy change in industrializing because more industrialized countries gather their raw materials with more efficient technology When Industrialization begins there is a great growth in the secondary sector which is manufacturing With industrialization the country will rely more on the tertiary section than it did before Due to the fact that quaternary includes media sharing and information when a country begins to industrialize the information sharing is more widely used such as in England during the Industrial Revolution

71.What is comparative advantage?

The principle that areas should produce goods for which they have the greatest relative advantage over other areas.

59. What is development?

The process of economic growth, expansion, or realization of regional resource potential.

73.What is outsourcing?

The process of sending industrial processes or business services to overseas locations for external processing, where operating costs remain relatively low.

17.Describe the first uses of the steam engine?

The process of using steam to power mechanical operations was first used in mines to remove water.

20.Describe the purpose of special economic zones.

The purpose of the SEZ programme therefore is to: Expand the strategic industrialisation focus to cover diverse regional development needs and context; Provide a clear, predictable and systemic planning framework for the development of a wider array of SEZs to support industrial policy objectives, the IPAP and the NGP; Clarify and strengthen governance arrangements, expand the range and quality of support measure beyond provision of infrastructure; and Provide a framework for a predictable financing framework to enable long term planning.

101.Why are many automobile manufacturers moving to the south?

The south has lower labor costs

92.Which goods and services does the United States export?

The top exports of the United States are Refined Petroleum ($101B), Cars ($56B), Planes, Helicopters, and/or Spacecraft ($41.2B), Packaged Medicaments ($37.3B) and Vehicle Parts ($36.9B), using the 1992 revision of the HS (Harmonized System) classification. Its top imports are Crude Petroleum ($259B), Cars ($155B), Computers ($94B), Refined Petroleum ($76.3B) and Vehicle Parts ($59.6B).

62. What is GDP per capita?

The total value of goods and services produced within the borders of a country during a specific time period, usually 1 year, divided by the average population for the same year.

63. What is GDP?

The total value of goods and services produced within the borders of a country during a specific time period, usually 1 year.

10.Compare the workforce of an MCD with that of an LDC.

The workforce in an MDC is going to be much more educated and specialized than the workforce of an LDC which will be mainly doing intensive labor.

60. What is expendable income?

The ​money that you can ​spend as you ​want and not the ​money that you ​spend on ​taxes, ​food, and other ​basic ​needs

44. What are micro-loans?

They are loans of smaller dollar amounts typically used to help small businesses grow.

4.Compare the advantages and disadvantages of each mode transportation?

Train is very good with cost but it is very slow Plane is the fastest but it costs a lot of money to transport Trucks cannot carry a large quantity of goods but can travel over land at a cheaper cost than plane Boat It is the best mode of transportation in cost and quantity but it is slow

91.Which country is the hearth of the Industrial Revolution?

United Kingdom of Great Britain and the Republic of Northern Ireland

14.Describe the different uses of coal.

Used to power the steam engine, used as a main source of electrical power.

83.Where are the world's largest petroleum reserves?

Venezuela has the biggest petroleum reserves. Then Saudi Arabia.

85.Where does the United States get its oil?

We imported only 16% of our crude oil and petroleum products from the Persian Gulf countries of Bahrain, Iraq, Kuwait, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and United Arab Emirates. During 2007, our five biggest suppliers of crude oil and petroleum products were: Canada (18.2%) Mexico (11.4%)

51.In which world region did the Industrial Revolution begin?

Western Europe

72.What is industrial location?

Where the transportation costs of raw materials and final product is a minimum

28.Explain Wallerstein's World-System Theory.

World-system refers to the inter-regional and transnational division of labor, which divides the world into core countries, semi-periphery countries, and the periphery countries. Core countries focus on higher skill, capital-intensive production, and the rest of the world focuses on low-skill, labor-intensive production and extraction of raw materials.

15.Describe the distribution of cottage industry?

cottage industry distribution would distribute slowly due to the fact that the industry is a small scall industry that includes textiles

65.What are the most important site factors for industry to consider?

land, labor, and capital

45.Identify secondary sector activities.

manufacturing, construction, and power generation

42.Identify primary sector economic activities.

mining, agriculture, forestry and fishing

47.Identify tertiary sector activities.

retails, transformation, government, personal, and professional services

40.Identify examples of backwash effect.

the backwash effect is when due to agglomeration an area around the country being agglomerated to is experiencing negative effects. an example is areas surrounding Austin Texas

19.Describe the patterns found in the transition of an economy from planned to market.

this change is known as a transitions economy, and when this transition occurs it usually begins with a set of structural transformations to develop market based economy. this includes the prices being set by market rather than by an organization an addition is trade barriers being removed.