AP Language and Composition Mock Exam 2

𝗕𝗔𝗡𝗔𝗡𝗔𝗦 𝐈𝐧 𝐬𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝟗 (𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐞𝐝 𝐛𝐞𝐥𝐨𝐰), 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐰𝐫𝐢𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝐰𝐚𝐧𝐭𝐬 𝐭𝐨 𝐦𝐚𝐤𝐞 𝐚 𝐜𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐦 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐫𝐞𝐛𝐮𝐭𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐜𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐦 𝐦𝐚𝐝𝐞 𝐢𝐧 𝐬𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝟖 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐬𝐞𝐭𝐬 𝐮𝐩 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐫𝐚𝐩𝐡. 𝑩𝒖𝒕 𝒅𝒆𝒄𝒊𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔 𝒂𝒃𝒐𝒖𝒕 𝒘𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝒃𝒂𝒏𝒂𝒏𝒂𝒔 𝒕𝒐 𝒈𝒓𝒐𝒘 𝒅𝒆𝒑𝒆𝒏𝒅 𝒐𝒏 𝒘𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒖𝒎𝒆𝒓𝒔 𝒘𝒊𝒍𝒍 𝒃𝒖𝒚. 𝐖𝐡𝐢𝐜𝐡 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐟𝐨𝐥𝐥𝐨𝐰𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐬𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝟗 𝐛𝐞𝐬𝐭 𝐚𝐜𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐢𝐬𝐡𝐞𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐢𝐬 𝐠𝐨𝐚𝐥?

(As it is now)

𝗗𝗜𝗡𝗢𝗦𝗔𝗨𝗥 (𝘛𝘩𝘦 𝘱𝘢𝘴𝘴𝘢𝘨𝘦 𝘣𝘦𝘭𝘰𝘸 𝘪𝘴 𝘢 𝘥𝘳𝘢𝘧𝘵.) (1) While scientists are discovering titanosaur bones all over the world with remarkable frequency, according to paleontologist Kristina Curry Rogers, "the earliest phases of [the titanosaur] take over are still pretty mysterious." (2) Now, however, paleontologists have undoubtedly uncovered the key piece in the puzzle with the announcement of a new dinosaur discovery in Tanzania: a titanosaur dubbed the Mnyamawamtuka moyowamkia. (3) The specimen unearthed by the scientists lived between 110 and 100 million years ago, meaning that the species was an early member of the titanosaur group. (4) By studying this new dinosaur, paleontologists believe they can determine the precise function of its mysteriously heart-shaped tail bones. (5) The announcement in February 2019 created a great buzz in both the scientific community and the general public. (6) This excitement was in part because of a unique feature: the titanosaur's heart-shaped tail bones. (7) Indeed, the dinosaur's name, Mnyamawamtuka moyowamkia, comes from the Swahili for "animal of the Mtuka with a heart-shaped tail." (8) Eric Gorscak, the paleontologist who led the excavation, described the long process involved in unearthing the titanosaur fossils from the Mtuka riverbed in Tanzania, a complicated endeavor that required excavators to scale a cliff wall with climbing gear. (9) Gorscak's team knew they had found a new species thanks to the weird tail bones, as well as specific neck and chest bones. (10) As for the function of the heart-shaped tail bones, Patrick O'Connor, a coauthor on the study, theorizes that they might have allowed the titanosaur to stiffen its long tail. (11) The location of the dinosaur find, however, excited scientists even more than the distinctive tail bones. (12) Until recently, most titanosaur fossil discoveries have been in South America. (13) Hence, this new discovery of an early titanosaur species in Tanzania "provides a critical look at the group before the widespread diversification around the planet," says O'Connor. (14) And while titanosaurs were one of the most domineering groups during the age of dinosaurs, says Gorscak, "their early evolutionary history remains obscure, and Mnyamawamtuka helps reveal those beginnings." (15) Gorscak plans additional fossil digs in other parts of Africa, hoping to find other critical pieces of the Cretaceous titanosaur puzzle. 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐰𝐫𝐢𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝐰𝐚𝐧𝐭𝐬 𝐭𝐨 𝐚𝐯𝐨𝐢𝐝 𝐞𝐱𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐚𝐫𝐠𝐮𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐩𝐚𝐬𝐬𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐢𝐧 𝐚𝐛𝐬𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐞 𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐦𝐬. 𝐖𝐡𝐢𝐜𝐡 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐟𝐨𝐥𝐥𝐨𝐰𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐜𝐡𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐞𝐬 𝐬𝐡𝐨𝐮𝐥𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐰𝐫𝐢𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝐦𝐚𝐤𝐞 𝐢𝐧 𝐨𝐫𝐝𝐞𝐫 𝐭𝐨 𝐚𝐜𝐡𝐢𝐞𝐯𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐢𝐬 𝐠𝐨𝐚𝐥?

In sentence 2, changing "have undoubtedly uncovered the" to "may have uncovered a"

𝗙𝗜𝗡𝗘𝗠𝗔𝗡 (𝘛𝘩𝘦 𝘧𝘰𝘭𝘭𝘰𝘸𝘪𝘯𝘨 𝘱𝘢𝘴𝘴𝘢𝘨𝘦 𝘪𝘴 𝘢𝘯 𝘦𝘹𝘤𝘦𝘳𝘱𝘵 𝘧𝘳𝘰𝘮 𝘢 𝘣𝘰𝘰𝘬 𝘱𝘶𝘣𝘭𝘪𝘴𝘩𝘦𝘥 𝘣𝘺 𝘢 𝘱𝘰𝘭𝘪𝘵𝘪𝘤𝘢𝘭 𝘫𝘰𝘶𝘳𝘯𝘢𝘭𝘪𝘴𝘵 𝘪𝘯 2008.) A country founded on the principle of individual freedom—"life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness"1—has both a gift and a problem. "No man is an island," the English poet John Donne wrote in the seventeenth century, but in the late eighteenth century, at least in America, you very nearly could be, at least physically. The continent was so immense, the forests so thick, and the land so fertile, that a man could literally live alone. Strictly speaking, if survival was all that mattered, he did not even need a market to sell to. He had everything he needed in the woods, streams, and fields. This was how Americans saw themselves, or claimed to see themselves. In his first Farewell Address—the one in 1783, when he resigned his commission as commander in chief of the continental army—General George Washington envisioned his disbanded troops heading out to the "extensive and fertile Regions of the West," which would "yield a most happy Asylum to those, who, fond of domestic enjoyment are seeking for personal independence." This independence was not only geographical, it was psychological, spiritual, political—and legal. With the colonial grants wiped away by revolution, new American landowners could buy and hold land in "fee simple," just the way the highest-ranking feudal lords had done at the top of Old World society. Every man was his own lord and vassal. He could make whatever money he could, and keep most of it as his own. There would be taxes in the New World, but they were not "direct." Indeed, for the first century of its existence, Washington derived the bulk of its revenue from global trade—from import tariffs and duties—and from sales of federal land. The spirit of economic individualism was always with us, and by the middle of the nineteenth century it had become a kind of secular religion in the world of business, even when the aim of big business was to snuff out the very entrepreneurialism that nurtured commerce to begin with. In 1886, at the height of the first Gilded Age, the U.S. Supreme Court declared that the Southern Pacific Railroad—and, by extension, all profit-making corporations—were entitled to be viewed as individual persons in the eyes of the law. We were the first country in the world to view them that way, but it made sense: Individualism was Us, even if Us was a corporate leviathan. Americans have never fully accepted the idea that tax tables should be designed, and revenues disbursed, in a way that makes government the redistributor of wealth and guarantor of income. "Fairness" is one thing, redistribution another. There was another view—a counterpoint—and much of our history is about the struggle of communal thinking to gain sway in the economic life of America. The question has never been whether Americans would pitch in to help each other—but rather the extent to which government could require them to do so. Observers from Tocqueville onward have commented on our willingness, even eagerness, to join voluntary associations, from civic groups to teaching circles. Americans give more to charity per capita than citizens of any other country. Bill Gates and Warren Buffett established the wealthiest charitable foundation in history. We may "bowl alone" more often these days, as author Robert Putnam gloomily puts it in his metaphor for anomie,3 but we also worry about the fact that we do so. Walt Whitman,4 our bard of brotherhood, saw no conflict between his own credo of the individual and his love of all mankind. "[W]hoever walks a furlong without sympathy," he wrote in "Song of Myself," "walks to his own funeral drest in a shroud." But what is the government's role in reconciling two age-old American concepts: "There's no such thing as a free lunch" and "united we stand"? 𝐖𝐡𝐢𝐜𝐡 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐟𝐨𝐥𝐥𝐨𝐰𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐛𝐞𝐬𝐭 𝐝𝐞𝐬𝐜𝐫𝐢𝐛𝐞𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐟𝐮𝐧𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐟𝐢𝐫𝐬𝐭 𝐬𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞 ("𝐀 𝐜𝐨𝐮𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐲 . . . 𝐚 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐥𝐞𝐦") ?

It makes a claim that the passage goes on to defend.

𝗗𝗜𝗡𝗢𝗦𝗔𝗨𝗥 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐰𝐫𝐢𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝐰𝐚𝐧𝐭𝐬 𝐭𝐨 𝐚𝐝𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐟𝐨𝐥𝐥𝐨𝐰𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐬𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐭𝐨 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐝 𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐫𝐚𝐩𝐡. 𝑰𝒏 𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒕, 𝒔𝒐 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒍𝒐𝒏𝒈𝒆𝒅 𝒘𝒂𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒄𝒆𝒔𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒐𝒖𝒈𝒉 𝒑𝒂𝒍𝒆𝒐𝒏𝒕𝒐𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒔 𝒇𝒊𝒓𝒔𝒕 𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒄𝒐𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒅 𝑴. 𝒎𝒐𝒚𝒐𝒘𝒂𝒎𝒌𝒊𝒂 𝒃𝒐𝒏𝒆𝒔 𝒊𝒏 2004, 𝒊𝒕 𝒕𝒐𝒐𝒌 15 𝒚𝒆𝒂𝒓𝒔 𝒕𝒐 𝒇𝒖𝒍𝒍𝒚 𝒆𝒙𝒄𝒂𝒗𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒎, 𝒑𝒊𝒆𝒄𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒎 𝒕𝒐𝒈𝒆𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒓, 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒂𝒏𝒂𝒍𝒚𝒛𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒖𝒍𝒕𝒔. 𝐖𝐡𝐢𝐜𝐡 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐟𝐨𝐥𝐥𝐨𝐰𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐜𝐡𝐨𝐢𝐜𝐞𝐬 𝐢𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐦𝐨𝐬𝐭 𝐥𝐨𝐠𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐜𝐞 𝐭𝐨 𝐢𝐧𝐬𝐞𝐫𝐭 𝐭𝐡𝐢𝐬 𝐬𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐫𝐚𝐩𝐡?

Before sentence 9

𝗙𝗜𝗡𝗘𝗠𝗔𝗡 𝐈𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐝 𝐬𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐟𝐢𝐫𝐬𝐭 𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐫𝐚𝐩𝐡 ("𝐍𝐨 𝐦𝐚𝐧 . . . 𝐩𝐡𝐲𝐬𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥𝐥𝐲"), 𝐰𝐡𝐢𝐜𝐡 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐟𝐨𝐥𝐥𝐨𝐰𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐛𝐞𝐬𝐭 𝐝𝐞𝐬𝐜𝐫𝐢𝐛𝐞𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐚𝐮𝐭𝐡𝐨𝐫'𝐬 𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐬𝐩𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞 𝐨𝐧 𝐉𝐨𝐡𝐧 𝐃𝐨𝐧𝐧𝐞'𝐬 𝐩𝐨𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧?

He rebuts it by offering a counterexample.

𝗕𝗔𝗡𝗔𝗡𝗔𝗦 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐰𝐫𝐢𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝐰𝐚𝐧𝐭𝐬 𝐭𝐨 𝐚𝐝𝐝 𝐚 𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐭𝐨 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐛𝐞𝐠𝐢𝐧𝐧𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐨𝐟 𝐬𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝟐 (𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐞𝐝 𝐛𝐞𝐥𝐨𝐰), 𝐚𝐝𝐣𝐮𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐜𝐚𝐩𝐢𝐭𝐚𝐥𝐢𝐳𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐩𝐮𝐧𝐜𝐭𝐮𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐚𝐬 𝐧𝐞𝐞𝐝𝐞𝐝, 𝐭𝐨 𝐬𝐡𝐨𝐰 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐡𝐢𝐩 𝐛𝐞𝐭𝐰𝐞𝐞𝐧 𝐬𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞𝐬 𝟏 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝟐. 𝑻𝒉𝒆 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑪𝒂𝒗𝒆𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒉 𝒃𝒂𝒏𝒂𝒏𝒂 𝒎𝒂𝒌𝒆𝒔 𝒊𝒕 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒒𝒖𝒆𝒍𝒚 𝒗𝒖𝒍𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝒕𝒐 𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒆. 𝐖𝐡𝐢𝐜𝐡 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐟𝐨𝐥𝐥𝐨𝐰𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐜𝐡𝐨𝐢𝐜𝐞𝐬 𝐛𝐞𝐬𝐭 𝐚𝐜𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐢𝐬𝐡𝐞𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐢𝐬 𝐠𝐨𝐚𝐥?

However

𝗗𝗜𝗡𝗢𝗦𝗔𝗨𝗥 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐰𝐫𝐢𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝐢𝐬 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐝𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐚𝐝𝐝𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐟𝐨𝐥𝐥𝐨𝐰𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐬𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐚𝐟𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝐬𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝟏𝟓. 𝑰𝒕 𝒔𝒉𝒐𝒖𝒍𝒅 𝒃𝒆 𝒏𝒐𝒕𝒆𝒅, 𝒐𝒇 𝒄𝒐𝒖𝒓𝒔𝒆, 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝑮𝒐𝒓𝒔𝒄𝒂𝒌 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒉𝒊𝒔 𝒕𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝒇𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒅 𝒂𝒑𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒙𝒊𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒍𝒚 45 𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝐌. 𝐦𝐨𝐲𝐨𝐰𝐚𝐦𝐤𝐢𝐚 𝒔𝒌𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒕𝒐𝒏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒖𝒏𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒕𝒖𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒍𝒚 𝒅𝒊𝒅 𝒏𝒐𝒕 𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒐𝒗𝒆𝒓 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒌𝒖𝒍𝒍. 𝐒𝐡𝐨𝐮𝐥𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐰𝐫𝐢𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝐦𝐚𝐤𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐢𝐬 𝐚𝐝𝐝𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐚𝐟𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝐬𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝟏𝟓 ?

No, because it undermines the unity of the passage's conclusion by adding a detail that does not add to the discussion of the find's importance.

𝗕𝗔𝗡𝗔𝗡𝗔𝗦 (𝘛𝘩𝘦 𝘱𝘢𝘴𝘴𝘢𝘨𝘦 𝘣𝘦𝘭𝘰𝘸 𝘪𝘴 𝘢 𝘥𝘳𝘢𝘧𝘵.) (1) Buyers can expect to find bananas of roughly the same size, sweetness, and texture in grocery stores around the world, and growers can expect consistent yields across thousands of acres of Cavendish banana trees. (2) The uniformity of the Cavendish banana makes it uniquely vulnerable to disease. (3) Growing only one breed of a crop is a common way for farmers to maximize output and other desirable qualities, but the Cavendish banana is terribly lacking in diversity because its trees are grown not from seeds but from cuttings of existing trees. (4) The dangers of this lack of genetic diversity are illustrated by the story of the Cavendish's predecessor in the global market: the Gros Michel banana. (5) Lacking any variants that were resistant to fusarium wilt, the Gros Michel was wiped out by the 1960s. (6) Banana growers replaced the Gros Michel with the Cavendish, which was immune to fusarium wilt, but a new fungus that affects the Cavendish has recently appeared in several banana-producing countries. (7) The history of the Gros Michel appears to be repeating itself with the Cavendish. (8) Growers could limit bananas' vulnerability to disease and prevent devastating epidemics by cultivating more varieties of banana. (9) But decisions about what bananas to grow depend on what consumers will buy. (10) The Cavendish is popular because it is familiar, tasty, and inexpensive; other bananas would look and taste different and may cost more. (11) According to plant pathologist Randy Ploetz, consumers will need to be "more open-minded about what kind of banana they'll accept." 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐰𝐫𝐢𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝐰𝐚𝐧𝐭𝐬 𝐭𝐨 𝐚𝐝𝐝 𝐚 𝐬𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐛𝐞𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐞 𝐬𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝟏 𝐭𝐨 𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐨𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐦𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐨𝐩𝐢𝐜 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐩𝐚𝐬𝐬𝐚𝐠𝐞. 𝐖𝐡𝐢𝐜𝐡 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐟𝐨𝐥𝐥𝐨𝐰𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐜𝐡𝐨𝐢𝐜𝐞𝐬 𝐛𝐞𝐬𝐭 𝐚𝐜𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐢𝐬𝐡𝐞𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐢𝐬 𝐠𝐨𝐚𝐥?

The Cavendish banana, the most widely available type of banana in the world, is prized by consumers and producers in part because of its predictability.

𝗙𝗜𝗡𝗘𝗠𝗔𝗡 𝐖𝐡𝐢𝐜𝐡 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐟𝐨𝐥𝐥𝐨𝐰𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐛𝐞𝐬𝐭 𝐝𝐞𝐬𝐜𝐫𝐢𝐛𝐞𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐡𝐢𝐩 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐝 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐢𝐫𝐝 𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐫𝐚𝐩𝐡𝐬 𝐭𝐨 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐟𝐢𝐫𝐬𝐭 𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐫𝐚𝐩𝐡?

The second and third paragraphs develop a line of reasoning to support the first paragraph's claim about self-reliance in America.

𝗙𝗜𝗡𝗘𝗠𝗔𝗡 𝐖𝐡𝐢𝐜𝐡 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐟𝐨𝐥𝐥𝐨𝐰𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐛𝐞𝐬𝐭 𝐝𝐞𝐬𝐜𝐫𝐢𝐛𝐞𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐡𝐢𝐩 𝐛𝐞𝐭𝐰𝐞𝐞𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐢𝐫𝐝 𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐫𝐚𝐩𝐡 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐟𝐢𝐫𝐬𝐭 𝐭𝐰𝐨 𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐫𝐚𝐩𝐡𝐬?

The third paragraph broadens a concept introduced and described in the first two paragraphs.

𝗙𝗜𝗡𝗘𝗠𝗔𝗡 𝐈𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐨𝐩𝐞𝐧𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐬𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞, 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐚𝐮𝐭𝐡𝐨𝐫 𝐚𝐬𝐬𝐮𝐦𝐞𝐬 𝐰𝐡𝐢𝐜𝐡 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐟𝐨𝐥𝐥𝐨𝐰𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐚𝐛𝐨𝐮𝐭 𝐡𝐢𝐬 𝐚𝐮𝐝𝐢𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞?

They are familiar with the phrase "life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness."

𝗙𝗜𝗡𝗘𝗠𝗔𝗡 𝐖𝐡𝐢𝐜𝐡 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐟𝐨𝐥𝐥𝐨𝐰𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐛𝐞𝐬𝐭 𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐞𝐬 𝐡𝐨𝐰 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐚𝐮𝐭𝐡𝐨𝐫 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐩𝐚𝐬𝐬𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐑𝐨𝐛𝐞𝐫𝐭 𝐏𝐮𝐭𝐧𝐚𝐦 𝐯𝐢𝐞𝐰 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐜𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐦 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐀𝐦𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐧𝐬 "'𝐛𝐨𝐰𝐥 𝐚𝐥𝐨𝐧𝐞' 𝐦𝐨𝐫𝐞 𝐨𝐟𝐭𝐞𝐧" (𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐫𝐚𝐩𝐡 𝟓, 𝐬𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝟔) ?

They both acknowledge the validity of the claim, but the author views this development with less despair than does Putnam.

𝗕𝗔𝗡𝗔𝗡𝗔𝗦 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐰𝐫𝐢𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝐰𝐚𝐧𝐭𝐬 𝐭𝐨 𝐚𝐝𝐝 𝐚 𝐬𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐚𝐟𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝐬𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝟒 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐝𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐥𝐨𝐩𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐧𝐚𝐫𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐝 𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐫𝐚𝐩𝐡 𝐢𝐧 𝐚 𝐰𝐚𝐲 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐦𝐚𝐤𝐞𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐚𝐮𝐝𝐢𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐟𝐞𝐞𝐥 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐢𝐦𝐩𝐚𝐜𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐥𝐨𝐬𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐆𝐫𝐨𝐬 𝐌𝐢𝐜𝐡𝐞𝐥 𝐛𝐚𝐧𝐚𝐧𝐚. 𝐖𝐡𝐢𝐜𝐡 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐟𝐨𝐥𝐥𝐨𝐰𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐬𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞𝐬 𝐛𝐞𝐬𝐭 𝐚𝐜𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐢𝐬𝐡𝐞𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐢𝐬 𝐠𝐨𝐚𝐥?

This delicious and productive banana was also grown from cuttings until a fungus called fusarium wilt devastated Gros Michel trees.

𝗗𝗜𝗡𝗢𝗦𝗔𝗨𝗥 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐰𝐫𝐢𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝐰𝐚𝐧𝐭𝐬 𝐭𝐨 𝐚𝐝𝐝 𝐚𝐧 𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐨𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐲 𝐬𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐭𝐨 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐩𝐚𝐬𝐬𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐨𝐫𝐢𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐚𝐮𝐝𝐢𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐛𝐲 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐯𝐢𝐝𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐱𝐭𝐮𝐚𝐥 𝐢𝐧𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐦𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧. 𝐖𝐡𝐢𝐜𝐡 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐟𝐨𝐥𝐥𝐨𝐰𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐬𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞𝐬 𝐛𝐞𝐬𝐭 𝐚𝐜𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐢𝐬𝐡𝐞𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐢𝐬 𝐠𝐨𝐚𝐥?

Titanosaurs, the group of dinosaurs notable for their behemoth size, small heads, and long necks and tails, once plodded over every continent on Earth during the Cretaceous, the last period of dinosaurs before their extinction.

𝗕𝗔𝗡𝗔𝗡𝗔𝗦 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐰𝐫𝐢𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝐰𝐚𝐧𝐭𝐬 𝐭𝐨 𝐚𝐝𝐝 𝐚 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐬𝐢𝐬 𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐚𝐟𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝐬𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝟐 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐚𝐜𝐜𝐮𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐥𝐲 𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐦𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐚𝐫𝐠𝐮𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐩𝐚𝐬𝐬𝐚𝐠𝐞. 𝐖𝐡𝐢𝐜𝐡 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐟𝐨𝐥𝐥𝐨𝐰𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐜𝐡𝐨𝐢𝐜𝐞𝐬 𝐛𝐞𝐬𝐭 𝐚𝐜𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐢𝐬𝐡𝐞𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐢𝐬 𝐠𝐨𝐚𝐥?

To ensure that bananas survive for years to come, producers and consumers need to diversify the types of bananas they grow and eat.

𝗙𝗜𝗡𝗘𝗠𝗔𝗡 𝐈𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐬𝐢𝐱𝐭𝐡 𝐬𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐟𝐢𝐟𝐭𝐡 𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐫𝐚𝐩𝐡 ("𝐖𝐞 𝐦𝐚𝐲 . . . 𝐝𝐨 𝐬𝐨"), 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐚𝐮𝐭𝐡𝐨𝐫 𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐜𝐞𝐬 𝐪𝐮𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐦𝐚𝐫𝐤𝐬 𝐚𝐫𝐨𝐮𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐩𝐡𝐫𝐚𝐬𝐞 "𝐛𝐨𝐰𝐥 𝐚𝐥𝐨𝐧𝐞" 𝐩𝐫𝐢𝐦𝐚𝐫𝐢𝐥𝐲 𝐭𝐨

attribute the phrase to another author

𝗙𝗜𝗡𝗘𝗠𝗔𝗡 𝐈𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐟𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐬𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞 ("𝐁𝐮𝐭 𝐰𝐡𝐚𝐭 . . . 𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐝"), 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐚𝐮𝐭𝐡𝐨𝐫 𝐢𝐧𝐝𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐡𝐢𝐩 𝐛𝐞𝐭𝐰𝐞𝐞𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 "𝐭𝐰𝐨 𝐚𝐠𝐞-𝐨𝐥𝐝 𝐀𝐦𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐧 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐜𝐞𝐩𝐭𝐬" 𝐛𝐲 𝐞𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐨𝐲𝐢𝐧𝐠

coordination to suggest a balance between the two concepts

𝗗𝗜𝗡𝗢𝗦𝗔𝗨𝗥 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐰𝐫𝐢𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝐰𝐚𝐧𝐭𝐬 𝐭𝐨 𝐞𝐧𝐬𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐥𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐮𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐮𝐬𝐞𝐝 𝐢𝐧 𝐬𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝟗 (𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐞𝐝 𝐛𝐞𝐥𝐨𝐰) 𝐦𝐚𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐚𝐢𝐧𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐭𝐨𝐧𝐞 𝐮𝐬𝐞𝐝 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐩𝐚𝐬𝐬𝐚𝐠𝐞. 𝑮𝒐𝒓𝒔𝒄𝒂𝒌'𝒔 𝒕𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝒌𝒏𝒆𝒘 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒚 𝒉𝒂𝒅 𝒇𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒅 𝒂 𝒏𝒆𝒘 𝒔𝒑𝒆𝒄𝒊𝒆𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒌𝒔 𝒕𝒐 𝒕𝒉𝒆 ━𝒘𝒆𝒊𝒓𝒅━ 𝒕𝒂𝒊𝒍 𝒃𝒐𝒏𝒆𝒔, 𝒂𝒔 𝒘𝒆𝒍𝒍 𝒂𝒔 𝒔𝒑𝒆𝒄𝒊𝒇𝒊𝒄 𝒏𝒆𝒄𝒌 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒄𝒉𝒆𝒔𝒕 𝒃𝒐𝒏𝒆𝒔. 𝐖𝐡𝐢𝐜𝐡 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐟𝐨𝐥𝐥𝐨𝐰𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐮𝐧𝐝𝐞𝐫𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐝 𝐭𝐞𝐱𝐭 𝐛𝐞𝐬𝐭 𝐚𝐜𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐢𝐬𝐡𝐞𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐢𝐬 𝐠𝐨𝐚𝐥?

distinctive

𝗙𝗜𝗡𝗘𝗠𝗔𝗡 𝐈𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐥𝐚𝐬𝐭 𝐭𝐰𝐨 𝐬𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐟𝐢𝐟𝐭𝐡 𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐫𝐚𝐩𝐡, 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐚𝐮𝐭𝐡𝐨𝐫 𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐬 𝐖𝐚𝐥𝐭 𝐖𝐡𝐢𝐭𝐦𝐚𝐧 𝐚𝐬 𝐚 𝐟𝐢𝐠𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐰𝐡𝐨

embodies the complex relationship between individualistic and communal thinking in American culture

𝗙𝗜𝗡𝗘𝗠𝗔𝗡 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐢𝐫𝐝 𝐬𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐟𝐢𝐫𝐬𝐭 𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐫𝐚𝐩𝐡 ("𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐧𝐭 . . . 𝐚𝐥𝐨𝐧𝐞") 𝐚𝐝𝐯𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐚𝐮𝐭𝐡𝐨𝐫'𝐬 𝐩𝐮𝐫𝐩𝐨𝐬𝐞 𝐛𝐲 𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐜𝐡𝐚𝐫𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐬 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐟𝐞𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭

help define the idea presented in the previous sentence

𝗙𝗜𝗡𝗘𝗠𝗔𝗡 𝐈𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐝 𝐬𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐝 𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐫𝐚𝐩𝐡 ("𝐈𝐧 𝐡𝐢𝐬 𝐟𝐢𝐫𝐬𝐭 . . . 𝐢𝐧𝐝𝐞𝐩𝐞𝐧𝐝𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞"), 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐚𝐮𝐭𝐡𝐨𝐫 𝐢𝐧𝐜𝐥𝐮𝐝𝐞𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐦𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐚𝐥 𝐬𝐞𝐭 𝐨𝐟𝐟 𝐛𝐲 𝐝𝐚𝐬𝐡𝐞𝐬 𝐩𝐫𝐢𝐦𝐚𝐫𝐢𝐥𝐲 𝐭𝐨

identify the specific occasion on which George Washington delivered his first Farewell Address

𝗗𝗜𝗡𝗢𝗦𝗔𝗨𝗥 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐰𝐫𝐢𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝐢𝐬 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐝𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐜𝐡𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐮𝐧𝐝𝐞𝐫𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐨𝐫𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐨𝐟 𝐬𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝟏𝟒 (𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐞𝐝 𝐛𝐞𝐥𝐨𝐰) 𝐬𝐨 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐢𝐭 𝐢𝐬 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐰𝐫𝐢𝐭𝐞𝐫'𝐬 𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐬𝐩𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞 𝐨𝐧 𝐭𝐢𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐨𝐬𝐚𝐮𝐫𝐬 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐩𝐚𝐬𝐬𝐚𝐠𝐞. 𝑨𝒏𝒅 𝒘𝒉𝒊𝒍𝒆 𝒕𝒊𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒐𝒔𝒂𝒖𝒓𝒔 𝒘𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝒐𝒏𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒎𝒐𝒔𝒕 ━𝒅𝒐𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒏𝒈━ 𝒈𝒓𝒐𝒖𝒑𝒔 𝒅𝒖𝒓𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒐𝒔𝒂𝒖𝒓𝒔, 𝒔𝒂𝒚𝒔 𝑮𝒐𝒓𝒔𝒄𝒂𝒌, "𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒊𝒓 𝒆𝒂𝒓𝒍𝒚 𝒆𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒂𝒓𝒚 𝒉𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒚 𝒓𝒆𝒎𝒂𝒊𝒏𝒔 𝒐𝒃𝒔𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒆, 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑴𝒏𝒚𝒂𝒎𝒂𝒘𝒂𝒎𝒕𝒖𝒌𝒂 𝒉𝒆𝒍𝒑𝒔 𝒓𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒂𝒍 𝒕𝒉𝒐𝒔𝒆 𝒃𝒆𝒈𝒊𝒏𝒏𝒊𝒏𝒈𝒔." 𝐖𝐡𝐢𝐜𝐡 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐟𝐨𝐥𝐥𝐨𝐰𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐮𝐧𝐝𝐞𝐫𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐨𝐫𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐨𝐟 𝐬𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝟏𝟒 𝐛𝐞𝐬𝐭 𝐚𝐜𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐢𝐬𝐡𝐞𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐢𝐬 𝐠𝐨𝐚𝐥?

prevalent

𝗗𝗜𝗡𝗢𝗦𝗔𝗨𝗥 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐰𝐫𝐢𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝐰𝐚𝐧𝐭𝐬 𝐭𝐨 𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐛𝐢𝐧𝐞 𝐬𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞𝐬 𝟓 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝟔 (𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐞𝐝 𝐛𝐞𝐥𝐨𝐰) 𝐭𝐨 𝐫𝐞𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐞 𝐫𝐞𝐝𝐮𝐧𝐝𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐲 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐞𝐧𝐬𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐜𝐢𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐨𝐟 𝐦𝐞𝐚𝐧𝐢𝐧𝐠. 𝑻𝒉𝒆 𝒂𝒏𝒏𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒊𝒏 𝑭𝒆𝒃𝒓𝒖𝒂𝒓𝒚 2019 𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝒂 𝒈𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝒃𝒖𝒛𝒛 𝒊𝒏 𝒃𝒐𝒕𝒉 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒄𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒇𝒊𝒄 𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒎𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒈𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒍 ━𝒑𝒖𝒃𝒍𝒊𝒄. 𝑻𝒉𝒊𝒔 𝒆𝒙𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒘𝒂𝒔 𝒊𝒏 𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒕 𝒃𝒆𝒄𝒂𝒖𝒔𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒂 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒒𝒖𝒆 𝒇𝒆𝒂𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒆:━ 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒕𝒊𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒐𝒔𝒂𝒖𝒓'𝒔 𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒓𝒕-𝒔𝒉𝒂𝒑𝒆𝒅 𝒕𝒂𝒊𝒍 𝒃𝒐𝒏𝒆𝒔. 𝐖𝐡𝐢𝐜𝐡 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐟𝐨𝐥𝐥𝐨𝐰𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐜𝐡𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐞𝐬 𝐭𝐨 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐮𝐧𝐝𝐞𝐫𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐨𝐫𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐨𝐟 𝐬𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞𝐬 𝟓 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝟔 𝐛𝐞𝐬𝐭 𝐚𝐜𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐢𝐬𝐡𝐞𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐢𝐬 𝐠𝐨𝐚𝐥?

public, in part because of a unique feature

𝗙𝗜𝗡𝗘𝗠𝗔𝗡 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐚𝐮𝐭𝐡𝐨𝐫 𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐨𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐞𝐬 "𝐚𝐧𝐨𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐫 𝐯𝐢𝐞𝐰" (𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐫𝐚𝐩𝐡 𝟓, 𝐬𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝟏) 𝐩𝐫𝐢𝐦𝐚𝐫𝐢𝐥𝐲 𝐭𝐨 𝐝𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐥𝐨𝐩 𝐚 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐬𝐭 𝐛𝐞𝐭𝐰𝐞𝐞𝐧 𝐀𝐦𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐧𝐬'

resistance toward government-controlled wealth redistribution versus their openness to participate in voluntary wealth redistribution

𝗗𝗜𝗡𝗢𝗦𝗔𝗨𝗥 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐰𝐫𝐢𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝐢𝐬 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐝𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐜𝐡𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐬𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝟒 (𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐞𝐝 𝐛𝐞𝐥𝐨𝐰) 𝐬𝐨 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐢𝐭 𝐜𝐥𝐞𝐚𝐫𝐥𝐲 𝐚𝐫𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐩𝐚𝐬𝐬𝐚𝐠𝐞'𝐬 𝐨𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐫𝐜𝐡𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐜𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐦. 𝑩𝒚 𝒔𝒕𝒖𝒅𝒚𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒕𝒉𝒊𝒔 𝒏𝒆𝒘 𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒐𝒔𝒂𝒖𝒓, 𝒑𝒂𝒍𝒆𝒐𝒏𝒕𝒐𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒔 𝒃𝒆𝒍𝒊𝒆𝒗𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒚 𝒄𝒂𝒏 ━𝒅𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒊𝒔𝒆 𝒇𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝒊𝒕𝒔 𝒎𝒚𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒐𝒖𝒔𝒍𝒚 𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒓𝒕-𝒔𝒉𝒂𝒑𝒆𝒅 𝒕𝒂𝒊𝒍 𝒃𝒐𝒏𝒆𝒔.━ 𝐖𝐡𝐢𝐜𝐡 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐟𝐨𝐥𝐥𝐨𝐰𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐮𝐧𝐝𝐞𝐫𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐨𝐫𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐨𝐟 𝐬𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝟒 𝐛𝐞𝐬𝐭 𝐬𝐮𝐩𝐩𝐨𝐫𝐭𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐢𝐬 𝐠𝐨𝐚𝐥?

solve the mystery of how titanosaurs became so widespread during the Cretaceous period

𝗕𝗔𝗡𝗔𝗡𝗔𝗦 𝐈𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐮𝐧𝐝𝐞𝐫𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐨𝐫𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐨𝐟 𝐬𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝟑 (𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐞𝐝 𝐛𝐞𝐥𝐨𝐰), 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐰𝐫𝐢𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝐰𝐚𝐧𝐭𝐬 𝐭𝐨 𝐮𝐬𝐞 𝐚 𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐥 𝐭𝐨𝐧𝐞 𝐰𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐝𝐞𝐬𝐜𝐫𝐢𝐛𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐠𝐫𝐨𝐰𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐩𝐫𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐞𝐬 𝐮𝐬𝐞𝐝 𝐭𝐨 𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐚𝐭𝐞 𝐂𝐚𝐯𝐞𝐧𝐝𝐢𝐬𝐡 𝐛𝐚𝐧𝐚𝐧𝐚 𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐞𝐬. 𝑮𝒓𝒐𝒘𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒐𝒏𝒍𝒚 𝒐𝒏𝒆 𝒃𝒓𝒆𝒆𝒅 𝒐𝒇 𝒂 𝒄𝒓𝒐𝒑 𝒊𝒔 𝒂 𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒎𝒐𝒏 𝒘𝒂𝒚 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒇𝒂𝒓𝒎𝒆𝒓𝒔 𝒕𝒐 𝒎𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒎𝒊𝒛𝒆 𝒐𝒖𝒕𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒐𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒓 𝒅𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒓𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒆𝒔, 𝒃𝒖𝒕 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑪𝒂𝒗𝒆𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒉 𝒃𝒂𝒏𝒂𝒏𝒂 𝒊𝒔 ━𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒓𝒊𝒃𝒍𝒚━ 𝒍𝒂𝒄𝒌𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒊𝒏 𝒅𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒃𝒆𝒄𝒂𝒖𝒔𝒆 𝒊𝒕𝒔 𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒆𝒔 𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒈𝒓𝒐𝒘𝒏 𝒏𝒐𝒕 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝒔𝒆𝒆𝒅𝒔 𝒃𝒖𝒕 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝒄𝒖𝒕𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒆𝒙𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒆𝒔. 𝐖𝐡𝐢𝐜𝐡 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐟𝐨𝐥𝐥𝐨𝐰𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐜𝐡𝐨𝐢𝐜𝐞𝐬 𝐛𝐞𝐬𝐭 𝐚𝐜𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐢𝐬𝐡𝐞𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐢𝐬 𝐠𝐨𝐚𝐥?

unusually