AP Modern Exam

Which of the following was a common feature of most Asian and European philosophies during the period of 1000 to 1450? A A close association with religion B Emphasis on experimental science C Reliance on ideas of individual freedom D Substantial scholarly exchange of ideas among all world cultures E Wide availability through printed books

A A close association with religion

Many forced and free migrants practiced the religious beliefs of their homelands as a way of adapting to unfamiliar experiences and environments in their destination societies. Which of the following processes best supports the historical argument above? A African slaves in the Americas integrating African beliefs into their practice of Christianity B Japanese elites of the Tokugawa period encouraging the spread of Buddhism to promote cultural cohesion C Chinese migrant laborers in the United States converting to Christianity in order to better fit into the dominant culture D The indigenous rulers of Islamic states in Southeast Asia adapting aspects of Islam to local cultural and religious traditions

A African slaves in the Americas integrating African beliefs into their practice of Christianity

Which of the following developments can be most directly attributed to Portuguese and Spanish state sponsorship of maritime exploration in the late fifteenth century? A Improvements in European geographic knowledge of Africa and the Indian Ocean B Improvements in Europeans' ability to prevent the spread of infectious diseases C Religious divisions in Europe related to the Protestant Reformation D The development of theories of natural rights and representative government

A Improvements in European geographic knowledge of Africa and the Indian Ocean Correct. Spanish and Portuguese state-sponsored maritime voyages of exploration in the late fifteenth century resulted in the discovery of Atlantic islands, the coast of West and Central Africa, and the discovery of a maritime route to India by rounding the Cape of Good Hope. These discoveries resulted in the improvement of European geographic knowledge of Africa and the Indian Ocean.

"To Your Highnesses of the States General:* We have been informed by our agent Joris Pietersen, who recently returned from the coast of Angola, that a war arose between the king of Kongo and the Portuguese. The war started because the Portuguese, according to their nature, attacked the region of Mpemba, which the king of Kongo also claims, without any reason but to enslave the inhabitants and conquer the entire country. In this war, the king of Kongo's armies performed so well that all of the Portuguese were driven out of the conquered region with many losses. After this victory, the king took the hats and shoes of all captured Portuguese soldiers as a sign of contempt and took the sails and rudders off their two ships that were anchored off Mpemba. Then the king of Kongo, being of the opinion that all the Portuguese should be driven off his lands forever, sent letters to Joris Pietersen, our agent in Angola, requesting to enter into an alliance with the Dutch state and asking your Highnesses to provide them with four or five warships as well as five or six hundred soldiers for assistance on the water as well as the land, in order that he might secure the coasts from the Portuguese and their supporters. The king is offering to pay for the ships and the monthly wages of the soldiers with gold, silver, or ivory. If successful, he promises to put into your hands the fort and city of Luanda—a place so useful to the king of Spain that more than twenty-four thousand Africans are shipped annually from there to the West-Indies and other places in the Americas. Your Highnesses, it is the Company's judgment that the king of Kongo's proposal will likely bring harm to our enemies and increase our commerce. Therefore, if the king's proposal is accepted, the Company will contribute according to its capacity." The contents of the letter are best understood in the context of which of the following aspects of the historical situation in sub-Saharan Africa in the early 1600s? A Political, religious, and economic rivalries shaped European colonial policies in Africa. B State centralization in Europe led to a change from joint-stock company control to direct imperial control in many colonial territories. C The arrival of Europeans led to the conquest and destruction of many native African states. D Religious conflicts stemming from the spread of Islam from North Africa made sub-Saharan African states vulnerable to European conquest.

A Political, religious, and economic rivalries shaped European colonial policies in Africa. Correct. Just as European rivalries often contributed to European imperialistic endeavors in the Americas and Asia, in Africa competition between European states shaped European expansion into the region and provided opportunities for African leaders to play European powers against one another. The letter reflects this competition between European states in its criticism of Portuguese policies and its praise for the king of Congo's actions against the Portuguese

"In the context of the Ottoman Empire, toleration [ensured] that, as a rule, non-Muslims would not be persecuted. No doubt, as dhimmis,* according to Islam, they were second-class citizens . . . who endured a healthy dose of daily prejudice. [Nevertheless, the Ottomans tolerated religious and ethnic difference] because it had something to contribute. That is, difference added to the empire; it did not detract from it and, therefore, it was commended. Toleration had a [beneficial] quality; maintaining peace and order was good for imperial life, diversity contributed to imperial welfare. . . . The Ottoman Empire fared better than did its predecessors or contemporaries [in tolerating religious and ethnic difference] until the beginning of the eighteenth century, largely as a result of its understanding of difference and its resourcefulness in [administrative organization]. It maintained relative peace with its various communities and also ensured that interethnic strife would not occur." All of the following statements about the Ottoman Empire in the period 1450-1750 are factually accurate. Which would most strongly support Barkey's claim regarding the Ottoman state and toleration in the passage? A The Ottoman army increasingly relied on the contributions of the Janissary corps, which was mostly composed of soldiers of non-Turkic origin. B Some Ottoman sultans such as Selim I refused to accept the legitimacy of the Safavid rulers of Persia because they were Shi'a Muslims. C Some Ottoman sultans such as Suleiman the Magnificent patronized Sufi mystics, whose heterodox practices were sometimes condemned by the Sunni religious elite. D The Ottoman government required any cases involving a dispute between Muslims and non-Muslims to be resolved according to Islamic law.

A The Ottoman army increasingly relied on the contributions of the Janissary corps, which was mostly composed of soldiers of non-Turkic origin. Correct. The Ottomans' use of non-Turkic troops as a core part of their army shows that ethnic tolerance and diversity might benefit the empire in certain circumstances, as Barkey argues.

Which of the following would a historian most likely cite as evidence in support of the author's argument in the second paragraph of the passage? A The Ottoman millet system, an arrangement designed to utilize the economic contributions of non-Muslim groups within the empire while granting them limited autonomy to organize their communal affairs under their own religious leaders B The Ottoman practice of devshirme, a military levy of Christian boys who would be converted to Islam and trained as Ottoman Janissary soldiers or bureaucrats in state service C The Ottoman practice of farming out the collection of taxes to local private individuals (some of them non-Muslim), because of the shortage of trained government financial officials D The Ottoman sultans' continued powers of granting final approval for any high-ranking appointment of a non-Muslim religious leader, including the power to approve patriarchs and bishops of the various Christian communities and chief rabbis of the Jewish community

A The Ottoman millet system, an arrangement designed to utilize the economic contributions of non-Muslim groups within the empire while granting them limited autonomy to organize their communal affairs under their own religious leaders The Ottoman millet system, an arrangement designed to utilize the economic contributions of non-Muslim groups within the empire while granting them limited autonomy to organize their communal affairs under their own religious leaders

An important reason for China's rapid population increase in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries was A the introduction of new crops from the Americas B the end of the bubonic plague in Asia C the widespread adoption of the European three-field system D unprecedented immigration from the Mughal and Ottoman empires

A the introduction of new crops from the Americas

The spread of religion happened alot where?

Along Trade routes

which of the following best describes the effect of the spread of Islam on Indian Ocean trade? A It led to the expansion and intensification of commerce along already existing trade routes. B It led to the disappearance of previously established trade networks. C It led to an expansion of land-based caravan trade but also to a decline of maritime trade. D It led to the first creation of trade links between previously isolated world regions.

Answer A This option is correct. Long distance trade routes in the Indian Ocean (e.g., routes between Roman Egypt and India and routes between India and Southeast Asia) are well attested for in the period before the emergence of Islam. But Islam provided a common legal and ethical foundation for mercantile activity wherever it spread, making possible the expansion of trade across the Indian Ocean trade routes.

So ordered. His Majesty approved this request, provided the Cossacks will not interfere with the collection of taxes nor will they impede royal acts of justice from being carried out. Secondly, that should rulers of foreign countries continue to send ambassadors to commander Khmelnytsky and the Zaporozhian Host directly, as they have done before, the Cossack commander can continue to receive and conduct business with those who come in peace. The commander should only inform His Majesty of those foreign ambassadors that come and express hostility toward Russia or seek to do it harm. So ordered. His Majesty approved this request, with the exception being ambassadors from the Polish king and the Ottoman Sultan—if such ambassadors arrive in the lands of the Zaporozhian Host, they should be apprehended regardless of their intentions, and the Cossacks should not release them until they hear back from His Majesty." The privileges discussed in the last two paragraphs of the passage best demonstrate that in some instances in the period 1450-1750 A internal challenges to state power could lead to the establishment of new state-like structures within existing states B states implemented policies seeking to restrict the role of certain minority groups in economic and social life C monarchs had to resort to deploying standing armies to crush regional revolts by hereditary local elites D states successfully established professional bureaucracies to reduce reliance on mercenaries and tax farming

Answer A internal challenges to state power could lead to the establishment of new state-like structures within existing states Correct. The tsar's acceptance of Cossack requests in the final two paragraphs indicates a substate formation within the larger Russian Empire. The Cossacks were required to do certain things, like collect taxes for the tsar, but they were also granted the responsibility to administer their own affairs on a local level.

"I admit that the punishments of the slaves on Barbados for all sorts of offenses are indeed very cruel, but one must consider before condemning the [White] inhabitants that they often have no choice but to set moderation aside and use punishment as a way to intimidate their slaves. The Whites need to impress fear and respect upon their slaves in order not to one day find themselves the victims of their fury. Unless the slaves are kept in a constant state of fear of punishment, they would always be ready to revolt, to take over everything, and to commit the most horrible crimes in order to liberate themselves. The plantations on Barbados are smaller than those in the French [Caribbean] islands. This is not surprising because although the island is small, its population is very large, and land is scarce and therefore very valuable. Nonetheless, the plantation owners are very wealthy and the houses on the plantations are even better built than those in the towns. The plantation houses are large in size, have numerous glass windows, and have fine rooms that are conveniently arranged. Nearly all plantation houses have rows of shade trees around them to keep them cool. One observes the wealth and good taste of the inhabitants in their furniture, which is very fine, and their silver, of which they have so large a quantity that if this island were to be sacked the silver utensils from the plantations alone would be worth more than the value of several Spanish galleons." Which of the following best describes the author's argument in the first paragraph? A The demographic makeup of Barbadian society and the structure of its economy make existing punishments for slaves justified. B Barbadian slaves are punished more leniently than slaves working on the larger plantations of French Caribbean islands. C Plantation owners who punish their slaves too harshly are not fulfilling their duties as Christians to treat the less fortunate kindly. D The punishments of slaves in Barbados are the result of a long experience of deadly slave uprisings and anti-planter violence on the island.

Answer A: The demographic makeup of Barbadian society and the structure of its economy make existing punishments for slaves justified. Correct. Labat argues in the first paragraph that White plantation owners in Barbados are justified in punishing their slaves harshly because slaves are necessary for the economic well-being of the island and because slaves constitute the majority of the inhabitants.

Which of the following developments can be most directly attributed to Portuguese and Spanish state sponsorship of maritime exploration in the late fifteenth century? A Improvements in European geographic knowledge of Africa and the Indian Ocean B Improvements in Europeans' ability to prevent the spread of infectious diseases C Religious divisions in Europe related to the Protestant Reformation D The development of theories of natural rights and representative government

Answer A: Improvements in European geographic knowledge of Africa and the Indian Ocean Correct. Spanish and Portuguese state-sponsored maritime voyages of exploration in the late fifteenth century resulted in the discovery of Atlantic islands, the coast of West and Central Africa, and the discovery of a maritime route to India by rounding the Cape of Good Hope. These discoveries resulted in the improvement of European geographic knowledge of Africa and the Indian Ocean.

"Muslim-Christian relations were at a low ebb when the Ottomans arrived in the Arab lands [in 1516]. The Mamluk sultans of Egypt, the previous rulers of the area, had embarked on an ideological as well as a military campaign against the various Christian communities still living in the Middle East. . . . In the aftermath of this disaster, Christianity in the Arab east was in psychological and numerical decline. Jewish communities in the region fared somewhat better than their Christian neighbors but could hardly be characterized as flourishing on the eve of the Ottoman conquest. The Jews and Christians in the region were at first probably ambivalent, if not indifferent or hostile, to the change in the dynastic succession from Mamluk to Ottoman sultans who exercised sovereignty over their lives, but their fortunes were about to improve under the new regime. The Ottoman sultans were still winning victories against European armies on the battlefield, and the presence of Christians so distant from the war zone in Central Europe must not have felt particularly threatening or indeed important (beyond the collection of their taxes) to most Ottoman officials posted in the Arab lands. In the case of the Sephardic Jews,* the Ottoman sultans welcomed them into their realm as potentially revenue-producing subjects. Most importantly, the political tradition honored by the Ottoman sultans was to grant autonomy to the various religious groups of their empire. This afforded the Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Middle East fairly wide-ranging freedoms and allowed them to recover some of the losses they had endured under the Mamluks, including the right to repair damaged churches and synagogues and, in a few cases, permission to build new ones." *Jewish communities from the Iberian Peninsula who were forced to leave after the Christian reconquest of what became Spain and Portugal All of the following statements are factually accurate. Which would best support the author's argument in the first paragraph of the passage? A The Mamluk ruling elites of Egypt were made up of slave soldiers of various ethnic origins, including Turco-Mongolic peoples from the Black Sea steppes and peoples from the Caucasus Mountains. B The period of Mamluk rule in Egypt saw a high number of conversions to Islam and a considerable reduction in the percentage of Coptic Christians in the overall population of Egypt. C The Mamluks were one of the very few Muslim dynasties to have successfully defeated invading Mongol armies in battle. D The Jewish community in Mamluk Cairo included many prominent figures, including royal physicians, scholars, and administrators.

Answer B Correct. Masters argues that Christianity in the Middle East was in psychological and numerical decline, which would be supported by the fact that Coptic Christian populations in Egypt declined because of conversions to Islam. The period of Mamluk rule in Egypt saw a high number of conversions to Islam and a considerable reduction in the percentage of Coptic Christians in the overall population of Egypt.

The plantations on Barbados are smaller than those in the French [Caribbean] islands. This is not surprising because although the island is small, its population is very large, and land is scarce and therefore very valuable. Nonetheless, the plantation owners are very wealthy and the houses on the plantations are even better built than those in the towns. The plantation houses are large in size, have numerous glass windows, and have fine rooms that are conveniently arranged. Nearly all plantation houses have rows of shade trees around them to keep them cool. One observes the wealth and good taste of the inhabitants in their furniture, which is very fine, and their silver, of which they have so large a quantity that if this island were to be sacked the silver utensils from the plantations alone would be worth more than the value of several Spanish galleons." Which of the following best describes the author's claim in the second paragraph? A The extensive mining of precious metals on Caribbean islands has destroyed the islands' natural environment. B Despite the small size of Barbadian plantations, the landowners on Barbados are very wealthy. C Slave political grievances are threatening the political order in American colonial societies. D Barbadian plantation owners are the wealthiest social group in the Caribbean.

Answer B: Despite the small size of Barbadian plantations, the landowners on Barbados are very wealthy. Correct. The second paragraph states that the plantations on Barbados are "smaller" than those on other Caribbean islands, but it also states that "nonetheless, the plantation owners are very wealthy."

The sixteenth- and seventeenth-century maritime exploration efforts by England, France, and the Netherlands were most directly connected to which of the following historical processes? A The Protestant Reformation and the Catholic Reformation B Economic competition against Spain and Portugal and a desire to find new sailing routes to Asia C The transfer of engineering and navigational knowledge from the classical and Islamic worlds to Europe D The need to ease population pressures in Europe by establishing settlement colonies

Answer B: Economic competition against Spain and Portugal and a desire to find new sailing routes to Asia Correct. Early English, Dutch, and French exploration and colonization efforts in the sixteenth and the seventeenth centuries were directly motivated by a desire to match and counter the growing economic prosperity and political influence of Spain and Portugal that arose from these countries' imperial expansion.

The fact that the Russian tsar insisted in the last paragraph that some ambassadors be treated differently from others best illustrates which of the following about international politics in the period circa 1650-1750 ? (referring to last passage) A The Christian countries of Europe had banded together to defeat the threat from the Muslim Ottoman Empire. B Russia had encountered significant resistance to its plans for further territorial expansion from some of the established states in eastern and southern Europe. C Poland and the Ottoman Empire both felt threatened by the rising military might of Russia. D The Zaporozhian Cossacks, Russia, and most other European countries were bound by international treaties prohibiting the mistreatment of ambassadors.

Answer B: Russia had encountered significant resistance to its plans for further territorial expansion from some of the established states in eastern and southern Europe. Correct. The tsar's concerns about ambassadors from powerful established states in Europe indicates that Russia likely experienced difficulties expanding into those areas.

"At that time, there happened great disturbances among the lower ranks of people, by which England was nearly ruined. Never was a country in such jeopardy, and all because some commoners sought to claim liberties to which they were not entitled. It is customary in England, as in other countries, for the nobility to have great privileges over the commoners, who are bound by law and custom to plow the lands of nobles, to harvest the grain, to carry it home to the barn, and to perform various other services for their lords. The evil-disposed in these districts began to rise, saying they were too severely oppressed; that at the beginning of the world there were no unfree people, and that no one ought to be treated as such, unless he had committed treason against his lord, as Lucifer had done against God: but they had done no such thing, for they were men formed after the same likeness as their lords, who treated them like beasts. They could no longer bear this, but had determined to be free. And if they were to do any work for their lords, they demanded to be paid for it." English nobles resisted peasant demands such as those described in the passage because agricultural labor in many parts of fourteenth-century Afro-Eurasia had become scarce as a result of which of the following developments? A The migration of peasants to cities in search of industrial employment B Significant increase in mortality due to the spread of epidemic diseases C The development of wage-based economies with the emergence of capitalism D Widespread famine resulting from rising global temperatures

Answer B: Significant increase in mortality rate due to the spread of epidemic disease This option is correct. Beginning in the early 1300s and increasing in intensity over the course of the century, epidemic diseases like the Black Death decimated much of the labor force in western Europe, temporarily improving the bargaining position of peasants and artisans who survived.

Which of the following processes most immediately led to the global expansion of European political power in the period circa 1500 ? A The Columbian Exchange B The Ottoman conquest of Constantinople C Advances in shipbuilding and navigational methods D Advances in medicine that improved Europeans' ability to survive in tropical climates

Answer C: Advances in shipbuilding and navigational methods Correct. European advances in navigation and shipbuilding, made possible through inventions such as the astrolabe, the lateen sail, and the caravel, allowed Europeans to explore and conquer new territories, thereby expanding their global political power.

Which of the following is an implicit argument made by the author in the passage? (referring to last card passage) A The current political and economic makeup of European colonies in the Caribbean is not sustainable over the long term. B Christianity will provide a solution to the social ills of colonial societies in the Caribbean. C Coerced labor systems have allowed a minority of the population of Caribbean colonial societies to reap enormous economic benefits. D It is incumbent upon France to try to wrest control of Barbados from Great Britain.

Answer C: (referring to last card passage) Coerced labor systems have allowed a minority of the population of Caribbean colonial societies to reap enormous economic benefits. Correct. In the second paragraph, Labat describes the vast wealth that plantation owners in Barbados have accumulated, and in the first paragraph he mentions that plantation owners were always in fear of slave revolts. In Barbados and across the Caribbean, slaves of African descent constituted the large majority of the population.

Which of the following processes most immediately led to the global expansion of European political power in the period circa 1500 ? A The Columbian Exchange B The Ottoman conquest of Constantinople C Advances in shipbuilding and navigational methods D Advances in medicine that improved Europeans' ability to survive in tropical climates

Answer C: Advances in shipbuilding and navigational methods Correct. European advances in navigation and shipbuilding, made possible through inventions such as the astrolabe, the lateen sail, and the caravel, allowed Europeans to explore and conquer new territories, thereby expanding their global political power.

"The Cossack commander Bohdan Khmelnytsky and all his Cossacks of the Zaporozhian Host,* humbly bowing to His Majesty Tsar Alexey Mikhaylovich, ruler of all Russia, pledge that they shall serve the Tsar's sovereign wishes forever, and in exchange for that they request that His Majesty grant them the following privileges: Firstly, that town and city officials in the territories controlled by the Zaporozhian Host be selected from the Cossacks' own ranks. These Cossack city officials shall endeavor to serve His Majesty's wishes in all their actions, collecting His tax revenues and administering His justice and punishments. In the past, His Majesty several times sent His royal appointees from Moscow, but those appointees habitually violated our Cossacks' rights and tried to impose this or that royal decree or regulation on our Host's people, which frustrated our people greatly. By contrast, if our Host's people are governed by their own, they are not going to resist or complain. So ordered. His Majesty approved this request, provided the Cossacks will not interfere with the collection of taxes nor will they impede royal acts of justice from being carried out. Secondly, that should rulers of foreign countries continue to send ambassadors to commander Khmelnytsky and the Zaporozhian Host directly, as they have done before, the Cossack commander can continue to receive and conduct business with those who come in peace. The commander should only inform His Majesty of those foreign ambassadors that come and express hostility toward Russia or seek to do it harm. So ordered. His Majesty approved this request, with the exception being ambassadors from the Polish king and the Ottoman Sultan—if such ambassadors arrive in the lands of the Zaporozhian Host, they should be apprehended regardless of their intentions, and the Cossacks should not release them until they hear back from His Majesty." *The Zaporozhian Host was an army of frontier soldiers and settlers (Cossacks) on thesouthern borders of the Russian state (present-day Central Ukraine). As outlined in the passage, the provisions of the agreement can best be used to illustrate which of the following aspects of state building in Eurasia in the period circa 1450-1750 ? A Mercantilist philosophy continued to inform the economic and social policies of many states. B Many states were able to consolidate their political systems and eliminate challenges to monarchical power. C Religious differences stopped being a significant factor in the weakening and fragmentation of imperial states. D Local elites successfully resisted attempts at state centralization and asserted their autonomy from central rule.

Answer D: D Local elites successfully resisted attempts at state centralization and asserted their autonomy from central rule. Correct. The agreement clearly demonstrates that Cossack leadership was able to maintain local autonomy in choosing their own leaders and maintaining their own customs.

(Referring to passage in last card) The point of view expressed by the Dutch West India Company's directors in the letter can best be described as A evenhanded in describing the benefits and detriments of various proposed options to the States General B shaped by views of European cultural and religious superiority over African peoples, which the States General representatives would have been likely to share C dismissive in its evaluation of the military and strategic importance of the kingdom of Kongo to the Netherlands D seeking to steer the States General representatives into taking action that would benefit the company financially

Answer D: seeking to steer the States General representatives into taking action that would benefit the company financially Correct. The letter specifically states that the Dutch West India Company stood to gain financially by acquiring control over forts on the West African coast from which the company could trade for slaves from the Angola region that would be vital to the establishment of lucrative sugar-growing plantations in the Caribbean.

Which of the following was a major change in global patterns of religious beliefs and practices in the period 1450-1750 C.E.? A The emergence of syncretic religions led to an increase in polytheism. B Adherents of monotheistic religions such as Christianity and Islam increased both in number and in geographic scope as a result of conquest, trade, and missionary activities. C Intellectual movements such as the European Enlightenment weakened the authority of established religions and led to the growing popularity of atheism worldwide. D Messianic, revivalist, and fundamentalist movements came to dominate the indigenous religious traditions in Africa, Asia, and the Americas in response to Western imperialism.

B Adherents of monotheistic religions such as Christianity and Islam increased both in number and in geographic scope as a result of conquest, trade, and missionary activities.

"Migration of man and his maladies is the chief cause of epidemics. And when migration takes place, those creatures who have been in isolation longest suffer most, for their genetic material has been least tempered by the variety of world diseases. Among the major subdivisions of the species Homo Sapiens, the American Indian probably had the dangerous privilege of the longest isolation from the rest of mankind." Which of the following best describes Alfred Crosby's argument in the passage above? A Various Amerindian groups did not have contact with each other before 1492. B Amerindians' long isolation from the rest of the world had placed them at a biological disadvantage. C The genetic makeup of the native population of the Americas remained unchanged until 1492. D By 1492 Amerindians generally had migrated for shorter distances than had other groups.

B Amerindians' long isolation from the rest of the world had placed them at a biological disadvantage.

Which of the following is true of the expeditions of Chinese Admiral Zheng He in the early 1400s? A He wished to find a new route to Europe in order to participate in European trade. B He sailed to ports on the Indian Ocean coastline, including those in East Africa. C He crossed the Indian Ocean but did not land on the African coast. D He explored unknown regions and seas, though his ships were tiny and supplies inadequate. E He avoided contact with overseas Chinese communities.

B He sailed to ports on the Indian Ocean coastline, including those in East Africa.

Letters written by Franciscan friars Pictorial records of the Mexica Statues produced by local artists in New Spain Histories written in Spanish and Nahuatl A historian examining Mesoamerica in the sixteenth century would best utilize the sources above to analyze which of the following topics? A The process of introducing the encomienda system B How Christian ideas were communicated to and understood by Amerindians C Conflicts between the Jesuits and the Franciscans D The extent of the decline of the Amerindian population

B How Christian ideas were communicated to and understood by Amerindians

Which of the following is an accurate statement about the Mongol Empire? A It attempted to impose Mongol religious beliefs and practices on conquered peoples. B It reestablished the Silk Road between East Asia and Europe. C It attempted to create a self-contained economic system by banning all merchants from non-Mongol territories. D It developed a sophisticated bureaucracy staffed by talented Mongols. E It established and maintained clear rules of succession that insured the unity of the empire.

B It reestablished the Silk Road between East Asia and Europe.

Should you let the college board over sophistication and over complex questions make you feel like your going to fail your exam? A Yes B No

B No

Muslim maritime activities in the Indian Ocean would be most disrupted by which of the following sixteenth-century developments? A The voyages of Chinese treasure fleets led by Zheng He B The arrival of Portuguese and other Europeans C The spread of epidemic diseases D The growth of the African slave trade

B The arrival of Portuguese and other Europeans

which of the following most directly enabled the Dutch to establish and enforce a monopoly on the Southeast Asian clove trade in the seventeenth century? A The nutritional benefits of the Columbian Exchange B The development of powerful joint-stock commercial companies C Dutch advances in mapmaking and navigational skills D Advances in medicine that improved Europeans' ability to survive tropical diseases

B The development of powerful joint-stock commercial companies

"In countries where there is a great scarcity of money, all other saleable goods, and even the labor of men, are given for less money than [in countries] where money is abundant. Thus we see by experience that in France (where money is scarcer than in Spain) bread, wine, cloth, and labor, are worth much less. And even in Spain, in [recent] times when money was scarcer than it is now, saleable goods and labor were given for much less." Navarro's economic observations expressed in the passage above are best understood in the context of which of the following A The Spanish-Portuguese colonial rivalry in the Atlantic B The influx of silver from the Americas into the Spanish economy C The practice of governments devaluing their currencies by reducing the proportion of precious metals in their coins D The beginning of large-scale importation of silver by China from Spanish mines in the Americas

B The influx of silver from the Americas into the Spanish economy

The city of Constantinople had what quality to keep them safer? B was highly fortified against outside attacks C tolerated many religions D looked down on trade and commerce E valued and rewarded people of all classes

B was highly fortified against outside attacks

"At that time, there happened great disturbances among the lower ranks of people, by which England was nearly ruined. Never was a country in such jeopardy, and all because some commoners sought to claim liberties to which they were not entitled. It is customary in England, as in other countries, for the nobility to have great privileges over the commoners, who are bound by law and custom to plow the lands of nobles, to harvest the grain, to carry it home to the barn, and to perform various other services for their lords. The evil-disposed in these districts began to rise, saying they were too severely oppressed; that at the beginning of the world there were no unfree people, and that no one ought to be treated as such, unless he had committed treason against his lord, as Lucifer had done against God: but they had done no such thing, for they were men formed after the same likeness as their lords, who treated them like beasts. They could no longer bear this, but had determined to be free. And if they were to do any work for their lords, they demanded to be paid for it." All of the following statements are factually accurate. Which most likely explains Froissart's view of the peasants' grievances discussed in the passage? A Even though he was French, Froissart traveled to England to collect information for his chronicles. B Peasant revolts were fairly common in medieval Europe. C History writing in medieval Europe was aimed primarily at elite audiences. D In addition to his chronicles, Froissart wrote a work of romance based on the legend of King Arthur.

C History writing in medieval Europe was aimed primarily at elite audiences. Froissart's characterization of the peasants' grievances reflects the European elites' conviction that social hierarchies reflected the natural and God-given order and only "the evil-disposed" would rise against it.

Which of the following represents a significant change in Africa between 1450 C.E. and 1750 C.E.? A Bantu-speaking people spread iron metallurgy to East and Central Africa. B Europeans established settler colonies in East and Central Africa. C Most enslaved Africans were transported across the Atlantic instead of the Sahara. D Islam was introduced and widely adopted in North Africa.

C Most enslaved Africans were transported across the Atlantic instead of the Sahara.

A historian researching the trans-Atlantic slave trade in the period 1600—1800 would find which of the following sources most useful for determining patterns in the points of origin, the destinations, and the numbers of slaves involved in the trade? A Census and tax records of European settlers in the Americas B Legal regulations pertaining to enslaved and freed Africans in British colonies C Records of the cargoes of Spanish and British ships in the trans-Atlantic trade D pamphlets published by antislavery societies

C Records of the cargoes of Spanish and British ships in the trans-Atlantic trade

In the period 1450 to 1750, the intensification of connections between the Eastern Hemisphere and the Western Hemisphere had which of the following effects on religious practices? A Christianity became more uniform as it spread through the Americas. B Buddhism spread widely in Africa. C Syncretic forms of religion such as Vodun developed. D Splits in Islam became less intense.

C Syncretic forms of religion such as Vodun developed.

[Testimony by the creole (European-ancestry) members of a lay religious brotherhood in the town of San Juan Peribán.] "Cristobál Bernal was elected chair of our brotherhood by a margin of only two votes. Most votes in Bernal's favor came from mulatto and mestizo brothers. However, we, the creole brothers, elected Don Carvajal, a resident of the town and owner of the hacienda and sugar mill there. We urge you to command that only creoles should vote for the positions of chair and deputy chairs and that neither mulattoes nor mestizos can serve in those positions, and that a new election must be held for these positions." [Response by the mulatto and mestizo brothers] "Since the brotherhood was founded, it has had the ancient custom of voting for and electing mulattoes and mestizos as deputies. And mestizos and mulattoes make up most of the membership and help the brotherhood grow. And mestizo and mulatto brothers had donated land, which earns 25 pesos rent per year for the brotherhood. And mulatto and mestizo brothers also collect alms for the brotherhood. If this brotherhood were actually two—one for creoles only and the other for mulattoes and mestizos—then the petitioners might have a case. But there is only one brotherhood in which creoles, mestizos, and mulattoes are mixed and, being members of it, they must enjoy the rights and advantages of the said brotherhood. Without question these rights should include voting and electing their own chair and deputies." [Judge's decision] "The election is declared valid, and Bernal is confirmed as chair." The existence of a sugar mill in the Mexican town in the passage indicates that the region of Mexico in which the lawsuit took place was part of which of the following? A The Manila galleon trade route B The pre-Columbian pochteca traveling-merchant network C The Atlantic trade system D The indentured-labor migration system

C The Atlantic trade system This option is correct. Sugar production in the Caribbean and, to a lesser extent, on the American mainland was a key feature of the Atlantic trading system. Sugar was the most important American cash crop of the period and its cultivation brought profound economic and demographic changes to American societies.

Marco Polo described which of the following at Kublai Khan's court that he had not encountered in Europe? A The use of spies in foreign nations B The interest of the Khan in the international sea trade and European shipbuilding techniques C The use of paper money and coal and the practice of frequent bathing D The attachment of the Khan to the use of horses for military purposes E The austerity of the design of the Khan's palace

C The use of paper money and coal and the practice of frequent bathing

All of the following were part of the Confucian social order EXCEPT: A loyalty to the ruler B filial obedience to one's father C respect for the old D chastity by wives E chastity by husbands

Chastity by husbands

Which of the great religious systems below were characterized by monotheism combined with a sacred text and a strong missionary thrust? A Buddhism and Confucianism B Buddhism and Hinduism C Christianity and Judaism D Christianity and Islam E Islam and Judaism

Christianity and Islam

All of the following statements are factually accurate. Which might best be used to undermine or modify the author's argument in the second paragraph? A Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Empire faced considerable restrictions on their religious practices, legal rights, and social freedoms. B Christian and Jewish communities in many other Muslim states in the period circa 1450-1750 enjoyed some of the same rights as Ottoman Christians and Jews did. C The Ottoman Empire was a preferred destination for Jews fleeing religious persecution in Europe, as well as for Protestant Christian groups fleeing Catholic persecution in Central and Eastern Europe. D Many Ottoman Christians and Jews achieved great financial success through commercial activities, including long-distance trade.

Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Empire faced considerable restrictions on their religious practices, legal rights, and social freedoms. Correct. Masters argues that Christians and Jews received autonomy so that the empire might benefit economically from such minority groups, but his argument that non-Muslim subjects received "fairly wide-ranging" freedoms under Ottoman rule is modified by the fact that the restrictions imposed on non-Muslim communities were considerable.

"Seeing that it is a girl's destiny, on reaching womanhood, to go to a new home, and live in submission to her father-in-law and mother-in-law, it is even more incumbent upon her than it is on a boy to receive with all reverence her parents' instructions. Should her parents, through excess of tenderness, allow her to grow up self-willed, she will infallibly show herself capricious and thus alienate his affection." Kaibara Ekken, Japanese author, Greater Learning for Women, 1716 The excerpt above exemplifies the continued influence on eighteenth-century Japan of which of the following? A The Christian tradition of children respecting their parents B The Buddhist encouragement of female spirituality C The Islamic practice of women appearing modestly in public D The Confucian emphasis on filial submission

Confucian Emphasis on filial submission

Which of the following staple crops is most associated with the rise of Mesoamerican civilizations? A Manioc B Potatoes C Beans D Maize E Rice

D Maize

Which of the following regions was LEAST affected by the expansion of European trade networks in the period 1450 C.E. to 1750 C.E.? A The Atlantic basin B The Mediterranean basin C The Indian Ocean D Oceania

D Oceania

"This spring, those Indians who lived in their trading house here fell sick with smallpox, and died most miserably. They fear smallpox more than any other disease because it is very common among them. The condition of this people was so lamentable, and they suffered so greatly from this disease that they were, in the end, not able to help each other, or make a fire, or fetch water to drink. Those of us in the English settlement, seeing their woeful and sad condition, took pity on the Indians and daily fetched them wood and water, and food. Nonetheless, very few of the Indians survived. But by the marvelous goodness of God, not one of the English colonists was stricken or infected by the disease at all, though many performed these favors for the Indians for weeks." The passage implies that the author was aware of smallpox being an infectious disease. Which of the following can best be cited as evidence of that claim? A The author's statement that Native Americans lived in a "trading house" near the English settlement B The author's statement that smallpox was so debilitating that those afflicted with it could not "make a fire, or fetch water to drink" C The author's statement that the English settlers "took pity" at the sight of the Native Americans' suffering D The author's statement that no English settlers fell ill, even though "many performed these favors for the Indians for weeks"

D The author's statement that no English settlers fell ill, even though "many performed these favors for the Indians for weeks" Answer D Correct. This statement shows that Bradford recognized there was risk in caring for Native Americans afflicted by smallpox because he expresses relief and gratitude that no English settlers fell ill.

Which of the following best explains a similar motivation behind the establishment of Portuguese trading posts in Africa and the establishment of Portuguese trading posts in Asia? A The trading posts in both regions were intended to prevent economic collapse following the disintegration of powerful local empires. B The trading posts in both regions were intended to facilitate commercial cooperation between European states. C The trading posts in both regions were intended to facilitate the transfer of slaves to the Americas. D The trading posts in both regions were intended to allow the Portuguese to control access to heavily trafficked maritime routes.

D The trading posts in both regions were intended to allow the Portuguese to control access to heavily trafficked maritime routes. Answer D Correct. The Portuguese established trading posts in Africa and especially in the Indian Ocean region of Asia along maritime routes that were heavily trafficked by merchants so that they could control commerce and force local merchants to purchase passes (cartazes) that allowed them to sail safely through the area

Portuguese naval activity in the indian ocean was thought to be favored by ________?

Divine Forces

Which of the following is true of commerce in the Indian Ocean during the time period 1000-1450? A Chinese merchants dominated the trade routes of the Indian Ocean. B There was very little commercial activity in the Indian Ocean. C Merchants from Europe dominated the trade routes of the Indian Ocean. D Following the rise of the Mongols during the thirteenth century, the volume of Indian Ocean commerce fell sharply. E Indian Ocean commerce flourished and was conducted by a mixture of Asian, Middle Eastern, and East African merchants.

E Indian Ocean commerce flourished and was conducted by a mixture of Asian, Middle Eastern, and East African merchants.

Which of the following did the Mongol armies fail to conquer, and why? A Kievan Russia, because the Mongols were unable to endure the harsh Russian winters B The 'Abbasid Caliphate, because the defenders flooded the Mesopotamian plains and made them impassable for the Mongol cavalry C Central Asia, because of the effective diplomacy of Timur and his successors D The Southern Song Empire, because of its superior resources from earlier industrial and commercial revolutions E Japan, because severe storms aided the experienced Japanese naval forces

E Japan, because severe storms aided the experienced Japanese naval forces

Which of the following languages came into existence after 1000 as the direct result of expanding global trade patterns? A Arabic B Chinese C Latin D Sanskrit E Swahili

E Swahili

The sixteenth- and seventeenth-century maritime exploration efforts by England, France, and the Netherlands were most directly connected to which of the following historical processes? A The Protestant Reformation and the Catholic Reformation B Economic competition against Spain and Portugal and a desire to find new sailing routes to Asia C The transfer of engineering and navigational knowledge from the classical and Islamic worlds to Europe D The need to ease population pressures in Europe by establishing settlement colonies

Economic competition against Spain and Portugal and a desire to find new sailing routes to Asia Correct. Early English, Dutch, and French exploration and colonization efforts in the sixteenth and the seventeenth centuries were directly motivated by a desire to match and counter the growing economic prosperity and political influence of Spain and Portugal that arose from these countries' imperial expansion.

After the expansion of Islam into Africa, an organized Christian presence remained in A Egypt and Ethiopia B Morocco C Mauritania and Tunisia D the areas along the Silk Road E Algeria

Egypt and Ethiopia

"This spring, those Indians who lived in their trading house here fell sick with smallpox, and died most miserably. They fear smallpox more than any other disease because it is very common among them. The condition of this people was so lamentable, and they suffered so greatly from this disease that they were, in the end, not able to help each other, or make a fire, or fetch water to drink. Those of us in the English settlement, seeing their woeful and sad condition, took pity on the Indians and daily fetched them wood and water, and food. Nonetheless, very few of the Indians survived. But by the marvelous goodness of God, not one of the English colonists was stricken or infected by the disease at all, though many performed these favors for the Indians for weeks." The author invokes which of the following to support his claim that smallpox's impact on European settlers was different from its impact on Native Americans? A Pseudoscientific theories of European racial superiority B Evidence from population genetics C Ideas about the role of divine providence in human affairs D Protestant ideas about hard work and economic success as markers of personal virtue

Ideas about the role of divine providence in human affairs Correct. Bradford credits divine providence, in other words the belief that God is protecting the English settlers who tried to care for the Native Americans stricken by smallpox.

Trade spurred the introduction of both Islam and Hinduism to what is now called A Japan B Brazil C Pakistan D Indonesia E Saudi Arabia

Indonesia

Which of the following statement regarding the tenets of Islam is accurate? A Islam is a monotheistic religion. B Muslims worship Muhammad. C Pilgrimage to Mecca commemorates the bith of Muhammad. D The Qur'an is meant to supplement Jewish and Christian scriptures. E Friday is an obligatory day of rest for Muslims.

Islam is a monotheistic religion

"The poor live their Christian faith and proclaim their hope in the midst of inhuman misery and poverty, resulting from above all the unjust social structures that favor a privileged minority." Gustavo Guitiérrez, Peruvian priest and founder of the liberation theology movement, 1985 Which of the following examples best represents the philosophy of liberation theology as expressed by Guitiérrez in the passage above? A Latin American Communist leaders redistributed land to their poorest citizens. B Latin American religious clergy fought for economic and social justice. C Latin American churches promoted material wealth for their faithful congregants. D Latin American governments guaranteed freedom of religion for their citizens.

Latin America religious clergy fought for economic and social justice

Where in North and West Africa was a major source and hub of gold trade?

Mali

Which of the following factors best explains the distribution of Muslim populations A Religious pilgrimages B Merchant activity C Imperialism D Forced migration

Merchant Activity

Which of the following was most responsible for the initial spread of Islam to West Africa? A Soldiers who fought on behalf of the Abbasid caliphate B Officials in Sudanese empires C Merchants on the trans-Saharan trade routes D Muslims fleeing persecution on the Iberian peninsula

Merchants on the trans Saharan Trade Route

Which of the following ideas was given to Muslims on the authority of the Qur'an? A All earthly existence is merely an illusion. B Muhammad is God. C The soul may be reborn in another earthly form after the death of the individual. D Moses and Jesus were both great prophets sent by God for the benefit of humanity. E The cow is a sacred animal, and the eating of beef is therefore a sacrilegious and impure act.

Moses and Jesus were both great prophets sent by God for the benefit of humanity

Sayings attributed to Guru Nanak, the founder of Sikhism, circa 1500 C.E. • "Oh God, the tongue of man has given Thee numerous names; but 'the Truth' is Thy real name from time immemorial." • "We human beings are neither Hindus nor Muslims; but are bodies and soul of the Supreme Being; call Him Allah, or call Him Rama." • "Everyone is chanting: 'Rama, Rama'; but mere repetition is no remembrance of Rama. Only when the heart of man becomes saturated with God is such remembrance fruitful." • "Worthless is caste and worthless an exalted name; for all humankind there is but a single refuge in God." What assumptions could a historian make about this? A Mughal rule in India was generally supported by practitioners of Hinduism. B Mughal rulers were interested in portraying themselves as champions of religious harmony. C Mughal subjects resisted converting to Islam, despite the many benefits that doing so would confer. D Mughal art rejected realism and focused on allegorical and symbolic depictions of reality.

Mughal rulers were interested in portraying themselves as champions of religious harmony. This option is correct. An important feature of this Muslim dynasty's strategy for effectively ruling a large, religiously diverse population remained frequent representations of the religious harmony deriving from their leadership.

In 1450-1750, due to trade networks flourishing Europeans had access to?

Precious Luxury Goods

During the period 1450 to 1750, which of the following commodities was most responsible for transforming the global economy? A Salt B Tea C Opium D Silver

Silver

What cash crop was highly produced in Brazil?

Sugar

"The commercial area of the capital extends from the old Qing River market to the Southern Commons and to the city border on the north. . . . Some famous fabric stores sell exquisite brocade fabric and fine silk, which are unsurpassed elsewhere in the country. . . . Most other cities can only boast of one special product; what makes the capital unique is that it gathers goods from all places. Furthermore, because of the large population and the busy commercial traffic, there is a demand for everything." Which of the following assertions in the description of Hangzhou above would be most difficult to verify? A That Hangzhou had a large population B That the merchandise sold in Hangzhou was of higher quality than that sold in other Chinese cities C That the merchants of Hangzhou imported goods from many other places D That Hangzhou had a large market district

That the merchandise sold in Hangzhou was higher quality than that sold in other Chinese cities

he changes in the distribution of cities in the period 1200 to 1400 C.E. best support which of the following conclusions? A The Mongol conquests had a more disruptive impact on the Middle East and Central Asia than they had on East Asia. B The emergence of the Ottoman Empire significantly increased the percentage of major urban centers in Europe. C The adoption of Champa rice during the Song dynasty significantly increased the share of China's urban population. D The outbreaks of bubonic plague greatly reduced urban populations across Eurasia.

The Mongol conquests had a more disruptive impact on the Middle East and Central Asia than they had on East Asia.

"If it were asked, why do we accept the theory of contagion, when already the divine law has refuted the notion of contagion, we will answer: The existence of contagion has been proved by experience, deduction, the senses, observation, and by unanimous reports. And it is not a secret to whoever has looked into this matter or has come to be aware of it that those who come into contact with plague patients mostly die, while those who do not come into contact survive. And amidst the horrible afflictions that the plague has imposed upon the people, God has afflicted the people with some learned religious scholars who issue fatwas* against fleeing the plague, so that the quills with which the scholars wrote these fatwas were like swords upon which the Muslims died. In conclusion, to ignore the proofs of plague contagion is an indecency and an affront to God and holds cheap the lives of Muslims." *rulings on Islamic law The passage by al-Khatib best illustrates which of the following? A The literary tradition of long-distance travelers in the Islamic world B The growth of scientific thought and innovation in Muslim Spain C The impact of Christian attempts to reconquer Spain from the Muslims D The efforts of Islamic missionaries to spread their faith along trade routes

The growth of scientific thought and innovation in Muslim Spain

Which of the following is best concluded about slavery in British North America? A The increase in the number of slaves reflected a probable increase in the demand for plantation laborers. B The American Revolution abolished slavery in the former British North American colonies. C By 1770, the number of slaves in British North America surpassed the number of slaves in Spanish America. D By 1770, slaves outnumbered immigrants in British North America.

The increase in the number of slaves reflected a probable increase in the demand for plantation laborers.

Which of the following statements about the Mongol Empire of the thirteenth century is true? A The invasion of Japan was attempted but was unsuccessful. B The number of Buddhists and Muslims in Asia dropped significantly as a result of Mongol persecution. C In China the Mongols eliminated the Chinese scholar-official class. D The Mongols conquered Constantinople. E Ibn Battuta's writings described in detail life in the court of Genghis Khan.

The invasion of Japan was attempted but unsuccessful

Abbasid reliance on Persian bureaucrats and the introduction of Confucianism to Japanese political institutions both illustrate which of the following processes?

The synthesis of foreign political traditions in the formation of new states

Judaism, Christianity, and Islam share which of the following? A They are polytheistic religions. B They recognize the divine nature of certain prophets. C They revere both Mecca and Jerusalem as pilgrimage sites. D They recognize the existence of Adam and of Moses. E They share the Talmud and the Gospels as sacred texts

They recognize the existence of adam and of moses

Which of the following is an accurate comparison of the political systems in western Europe and China during the time period 1000—1300? A Western Europe developed multiple monarchies, while China maintained a single empire. B Developments in the legal systems of China emphasized individual political rights, while western Europe concentrated on maritime law. C Both societies began an aggressive policy of imperialism and territorial expansion. D Both societies gradually adopted a representative democratic system. E Both regions experienced Mongol imperial rule.

WEstern Europe developed multiple monarchies while China maintained a single empire

In the three centuries after Columbus' voyages, most of the people who came to the Western Hemisphere originated in which of the following regions? A Southern Europe B Northern Europe C Western Africa D Eastern Africa E East Asia

Western Africa

Did Hinduism have an influence in Southeast Asia?

Yes

"Mulan weaves, facing the door. You only hear daughter's sighs. They ask daughter who's in her heart, They ask daughter who's on her mind. 'No one is in daughter's heart, No one is on daughter's mind. Last night I saw the draft posters, The Son of Heaven,*the great Khan,** is calling many troops, The army list is in twelve scrolls, On every scroll there's father's name. Father [is too old and] has no grown-up son, I have no elder brother. I want to buy a saddle and horse, And serve in the army in father's place.' At dawn she takes leave of the Yellow River, In the evening she arrives at Black Mountain. She doesn't hear the sound of father and mother calling, She goes ten thousand miles on the business of war...." Mulan's attitude toward her family and the ruler as illustrated in the ballad best exemplifies the values of what east Asian traditions?

confucianism

The founder of Buddhism developed a religion centered on.....

elimination of desire and suffering

"The commercial area of the capital extends from the old Qing River market to the Southern Commons and to the city border on the north. . . . Some famous fabric stores sell exquisite brocade fabric and fine silk, which are unsurpassed elsewhere in the country. . . . Most other cities can only boast of one special product; what makes the capital unique is that it gathers goods from all places. Furthermore, because of the large population and the busy commercial traffic, there is a demand for everything." Description of Hangzhou, capital of the southern Song dynasty, circa 1235 C.E. Which of the following assertions in the description of Hangzhou above would be most difficult to verify? A That Hangzhou had a large population B That the merchandise sold in Hangzhou was of higher quality than that sold in other Chinese cities C That the merchants of Hangzhou imported goods from many other places D That Hangzhou had a large market district

merchandise sole in Hangzhou was of higher quality than that sold in other chinese cities

In the period 900 to 1500 C.E., the Ottomans and the Aztecs were similar in that both peoples were.... A isolated from the major Eurasian trade routes B nomadic groups that migrated to already settled regions and conquered them C politically unified by the adoption of a monotheistic religion D able to dominate other societies with large horse-mounted armies

nomadic groups that migrated to already settled regions and conquered them

In the fourteenth century, merchants from China, Arabia, Persia, and Egypt were drawn to Calicut, India, primarily to purchase A iron B pepper C sugar D ivory E tobacco

pepper

What was a major form of profit during 1600's

rapidly expanding trans-Atlantic slave trade

The Chinese concept "Mandate of Heaven" was sometimes used to justify.....

rebellion

"This spring, those Indians who lived in their trading house here fell sick with smallpox, and died most miserably. They fear smallpox more than any other disease because it is very common among them. The condition of this people was so lamentable, and they suffered so greatly from this disease that they were, in the end, not able to help each other, or make a fire, or fetch water to drink. Those of us in the English settlement, seeing their woeful and sad condition, took pity on the Indians and daily fetched them wood and water, and food. Nonetheless, very few of the Indians survived. But by the marvelous goodness of God, not one of the English colonists was stricken or infected by the disease at all, though many performed these favors for the Indians for weeks." The author uses all of the following as evidence to support his argument about the impact of smallpox on Native American populations EXCEPT A many Native Americans who contracted smallpox died from it B the English settlers tried to help the Native Americans who were afflicted with smallpox C the Native Americans feared smallpox more than any other disease D smallpox was widespread among Native Americans

the English settlers tried to help the Native Americans who were afflicted with smallpox While Bradford mentions that some English took pity on the Native Americans and tried to help them, this fact does not provide evidence about the effects of smallpox on Native American populations. Since Bradford does not use this statement as evidence to support his argument, it is the correct answer to this question.

All of the following resulted from the growth of the Atlantic slave trade in Africa EXCEPT A the shift in trade focus from Saharan routes to the coast B destabilization of local African societies C the exclusion of Africa from the emerging global market D increased violence through widespread use of firearms

the exclusion of Africa from the emerging global market

"Women leave their families to marry, and the husband is the master of the household they marry into. . . . The husband is to be firm, the wife soft; conjugal affections follow from this. While at home, the two of you should treat each other with the formality and reserve of a guest. Listen carefully to and obey whatever your husband tells you. If he does something wrong, gently correct him. Don't be like those women who not only do not correct their husbands but actually lead them into indecent ways." Wife of a Tang dynasty official The excerpt above best illustrates which of the following attributes of Confucianism? A The equality of all members of the family B The power of wives over their husbands outside the home C The virtues and duties of family members D The legitimacy of selling women to worthy families

the virtues and duties of family members