AP Psych: Chapter 13 Emotions

parasympathetic

- relaxes the body after the excitement - It brings you back down from stress

cortex

- responsible for the executive function, meaning that it acts like a conductor communicating, guiding, and coordinating the functions of the different parts of the brain. It is responsible for higher cognitive functions like planning, distinguishing right from wrong, determining what is socially appropriate behavior, decision-making, and producing insights

Right vs. Left hemisphere

- right side of the brain correlates that you are experiencing negative emotions, Right side of the brain is creative thinking - Left side of the brain lights up when you experience more positive emotions, Left side is language producing and logical side.

major depressive disorder

- mood disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or a medical condition, two or more weeks of significantly depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities.

amygdala

- plays a key role in processing our emotions; forms part of the limbic system

arousal

- positive/negative or low/high in terms of emotion

spillover effect

- An arousal response to one event spills over into our response to the next event. - (ex: Arousal from a soccer match can fuel anger, which may lead to rioting. )

thalamus

- relates sleep, alert fulness, and wakefulness

Physiological Differences among specific emotions

- Differences: Physical responses, like finger temperature and movement of facial muscles, change during fear, rage, and joy. The amygdala shows differences in activation during the emotions of anger and rage. Activity of the left hemisphere (happy) is different from the right (depressed) for emotions.

adaptation-level phenomenon

- Like the adaptation to brightness, volume, and touch, people adapt to situations. (lottery winners and paraplegics)

non-verbaal communications

- Most of us are good at deciphering emotions through non-verbal communication. - In a crowd of faces a single angry face will "pop out" faster than a single happy face.

physiological Similarities among specific emotions

- Physiological responses related to the emotions of fear, anger, lust and boredom are very similar. (When you have these feelings your body expresses them as your brain does.) (This is why it is important communicate because these reactions physically to these reactions are similar)

Two-Factor theory (Dinger-Schatchter)

- Physiology and cognition create emotions - The idea that you end up with a cognitive label. (information comes into our brain and take this information and attach it to a label.) - Emotions have two factors-physical arousal and cognitive label.

behavior feedback hypothesis

- The phenomenon where your body voluntarily reacts to emotions. (ex: tensing your shoulder and gripping your fists if you angry and want to fight.)

James-Lange theory

- Theory proposes that physiological activity precedes the emotional experience. - This physical reaction occurs so we can respond to the danger

Cannon-Bard theory

- Theory that proposed that an emotion and the body's arousal take place simultaneously

affective (mood) disorders

- When emotions go well they are adaptive, but when emotions go wrong they are affective (mood) disorders. affect is your expression of your mood.

feel-good/do-good phenomenon

- When we feel happy we are more willing to help others

high road vs. low road according to Zajonc and LeDoux

- Zajonc and LeDoux emphasize that some emotions are immediate, without conscious appraisal. Lazarus, Schachter, and Singer emphasize that appraisal also determines emotions. - High road- some cerebral cortex activity, so you are going to have it thought out more thoroughly. - Low road- quick reaction without thinking.

bipolar disorder

- a mood disorder in which the person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania

Seligman- learned helplessness

- argued depression is common among westerners because of epidemic hopelessness stemming from the rise of individualism and the decline of commitment

Ekman's Universal emotions

- happiness - surprise - anger - disgust - fear - sadness - contempt (not content)

predictors of happiness

- happy people tend to have: high self esteem, optimistic, close friendships, good marriage, work/leisure, meaningful faith -HAPPINESS IS NOT RELATED TO: age, gender, education, parenthood, physical attractiveness

culture and emotional expression

- in some cultures it is better to express different emotions than it may be in others

sympathetic

- increases your stress levels by sending out stress hormones to prepare you for flight or fight

dysthymia (anhedonia)

- is a mood disorder consisting of the same cognitive and physical problems as in depression, with less severe but longer-lasting symptoms. (eore)

relative deprivation

- is the perception that we are relatively worse off than those we compare ourselves with

emotional dimension

- low and high arousal - positive and negative valence

MDD with bereavement

- major depressive disorder caused by a specific loss

autonomic nervous system

- the part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs (such as the heart)

SAD (seasonal affective)

- the phenomenon that we are happier when we have daylight

micro-expressions

- the real feelings that get expressed for a brief second.

treatment

- therapy - medicine - shock therapy

impact bias

- think things are changing us more than they actually are

catharsis

- venting anger through action or fantasy achieves an emotional release or "catharsis." - Expressing anger breeds more anger, and through reinforcement it is habit-forming.

facial feedback hypothesis

- where voluntary facial movements affect one's actual feelings and body response (ex: heart rate). - The voluntary facial movement can turn on the body's physically response to that emotion.

valence

- which end of the scale you would put emotions on - satisfied/unsatisfied - positive and negative

detecting emotion (who's good at it?)

- women are better than men

anger-causes

1) People generally become angry with friends and loved ones who commit wrongdoing, especially if they are willful, unjustified, and avoidable. 2) People are also angered by irritations: foul odors, high temperatures, traffic jams, and aches and pains.

emotion- 3 components

1) physiological activation (thoughts), 2) expressive behaviors (whole body is involved, ex: lip quivering) 3) conscious experience (physiological activation, heart race raises)