ap psych chapter 3

Orville is talking with his friends at a cafeteria table when suddenly he is distracted by hearing his name at a neighboring table. Orville's shift of attention most clearly illustrates which psychological concept?

The cocktail party phenomenon

Which of the following is the best definition for absolute threshold?

The lowest strength of a stimulus that a person can detect 50% of the time

Which of the following examples best illustrates the concept of interposition?

Because the chair partially obscured his view of the sofa, Brendan perceived the chair as being closer than the sofa.

Kimmie stood on the sidewalk rather than crossing the street because she saw that the approaching car was quite close to her. Which of the following concepts is best illustrated in this example?

Depth perception

Which of the following is the correct order of the eye-to-brain pathway of vision?

Retina, optic nerve, thalamus, occipital lobe

Which of the following anatomical structures is involved in the vestibular sense?

Semicircular canals

Which of the following is the process of detecting environmental stimuli and converting them into signals that can be detected by the nervous system?

Sensation

Marlene had an infection that led to deafness in her left ear. Which of the following will be the most likely impact of losing her hearing in her left ear?

She will have trouble locating the source of sounds.

Tracey was in pain from an ear infection, which her doctor said was in her inner ear. Which of the following is the most likely location of the infection?

The cochlea

Which of the following concepts refers to the diminished sensitivity to a stimulus that occurs due to constant exposure to that stimulus?

sensory adaptation

which gestalt principle is at work on the old phrase, "birds of a feather flock together"

similarity

the tendency to interpret an object as always being the same size, regardless of its distance from the viewer, is known as __________________

size constancy

vibrating molecules in the air are called__________?

sound waves

The "bumps" on the tongue that are visible to the eye are the _________________

taste receptors

According to the gate control theory of pain, which of the following contains a neurological gate that controls the transmission of pain messages to the brain?

the spinal cord

An automoblie manufactor has decided to add a little bit of horsepower to its cars. They have a device that alters horse power one unit at a time. Suppose drivers first notice the increase on a 200 horsepower car when reaches 220 horsepower. How much horse power must be added to a 150 horsepower car for drivers to notice the difference.

15

Which of the following scenarios is the best example of synesthesia?

Anastasia sees swirls of color when she hears music because stimulation of one sensory pathway leads to the experience of another sensation.

Dr. Ramen recruited 100 adults to participate in her study. The taste buds of each participant were measured, and the participants tasted a number of foods. She found there was a relationship between the size of a participant's taste buds and the number of foods that a participant could taste. What research method did Dr. Ramen use, and what was she most likely studying?

Correlational; the sensitivity of supertasters

Which of the following best illustrates the most predictable effect of schemas on perception?

Grant has more difficulty recognizing a penguin as a bird than he does a blue jay.

_____________ is the term used to refer to difficulties in hearing.

Hearing impairment

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the opponent-process theory of color vision?

Kayla sees afterimages of opposing colors when she stares at a poster for a long time.

Helena did not recognize her English teacher when she unexpectedly saw him while traveling in Paris, even though she knew him well back in the classroom. The fact that Helena can recognize her teacher back home more easily than in Paris best demonstrates what concept?

Perceptual set

In a study on taste, what would researchers need to do to test participants' ability to distinguish umami from similar sensations?

Place disks soaked in MSG on the participants' tongues. Then replace those disks with disks that have been soaked in water. Compare the participants' reactions.

Human tactile sense is actually a mix of which of the following distinct skin senses?

Pressure, warmth, cold, pain

Denise has damaged her auditory nerve and now has difficulty understanding what people are saying. Which of the following descriptions explains how that damage impairs her hearing?

Sound messages fail to be transmitted directly to the brain.

A researcher wants to study the human sense of taste over a life span. The researcher has a group of participants taste foods that are salty, bitter, sweet, sour, and umami. Which study would best allow the researcher to test the sensation of taste as people age, and what is the likely outcome?

The researcher follows the same group of people over the course of 40 years. The researcher also measures the number of the people's taste buds throughout the 40 years. The researcher finds that as people grow older, their sense of taste diminishes and their number of taste buds decreases.

Bryan perceived a duck instead of other animals when viewing an ambiguous image because he watched a documentary about ducks the previous night. Which of the following best explains why Bryan perceived a duck?

Top-down processing, because his perception of the duck was influenced by past experience.

People's tendency to perceive things a certain way because their previous experiences or expectations influences them is called ________________

a perceptual set

The point at which a person can detect a stimulus 50 percent of the time it is presented is called the ____________

absolute threshold

visual distance and dept cues that requires the use of both eyes are called _________________

binocular cues

The Muller-Lyer illusion exists in cultures in which there are _______________

buildings with a lot of corners

If a severe ear infection damages the bones of the middle of the ear, you may develop ______________ hearing impairment

conductionl

The most important role of sensory receptors______________

convert an external stimulus into a electrical-chemical message the nervous system can use

when light enters the eye, they first pass through the

cornea

Which is the correct order of the three bones of the middle ear, from the outside in?

hammer, anvil, stirrup

Which is the best description of vestibular senses?

having to do with movement and body position

The cocktail party effect shows _________________

how people have the ability to focus attention on a specific stimulus while filtering out a myriad of other stimuli

what might be the best explanation for motion sickness according to our text book?

human evolutionary history is that poisons make us dizzy, so when motion makes us dizzy we try to expel the position.

In gate-control theory, substance P

is similar in function to endorphins

one culture factor that influences perception is the ________________

level of technological development

A recent review of studies on ESP using the ganzfeld procedure concluded that ______.

no convincing evidence for psychic ability emerged from the majority of studies.

Ringing or buzzing sensations in the ears may be a sign of ________________

noise-produced hearing damage

Relative Clarity

objects appear distinct within the atmosphere are closer.

Linear Perspective

objects located away from the point where two parallel lines seem to come together (meet) are closer.

Relative Height

objects located lower in the visual field are closer.

Relative Brightness

objects that appear bright and reflect a greater amount of light are closer

Relative Size

objects that are larger compared to others in the visual field are closer.

Motion Parallax

objects that are moving in the opposite direction as the observer and appear to be moving faster are closer.

Interposition

objects that block the view of another object are closer.

Texture Gradient

objects that have a detailed, distinct surface appearance are closer.

An olfactory stimulus travels from receptor to ______________________

olfactory bulb

the existince of afterimages in complementary colors best supports the ___________ theory of the color vision.

opponent-process

We know when we are moving up and down in an elevator because of the movement of tiny crystals in the _______________________

otolith organs

Cochlear implants bypass the

outer and middle ear

Closure is the tendency to _____________

perceive objects, or figures, on some background

Light is said to have a dual nature, meaning it can be thought of in two different ways. These two ways are

photons and waves

which of the following properties of sound would be the most similar to the color or hue of light?

pitch

The _______________ theory explains how we hear sounds above 1000 Hz

place

if you started at a picture for a long period of time, you might think the image of the picture would fade due to sensory adaptation. This would be the case for the tiny vibrations of your eye called________________

saccades

which of the following is true about cones?

they are found mainly in the center of the eye

The membrane stretched over the opening to the middle of the ear is the________________?

tympanic membrane

Which theory proposes that above 400 Hz but below 4000 Hz, auditory neurons do not fire all at once but in rotation?

volley theory