AP Psych Final, AP Psych Midterm

Following the scientific discovery that a specific brain structure is significantly larger in violent individuals than in those who are nonviolent, a news heading announced: "Enlarged Brain Structure Triggers Violent Acts." The headline writer should most clearly be wrned about eh dangers of ____________.

Confusing correlation with causation

Five year old Hughberette mistakenly believes that her short, wide glass contains less soda than her brother tall, narrow glass. Actually, both glasses contain the same amount of soda. This illustrates that Hughberette lacks the concept of __________.

Conservation

Walking into your bedroom, you think, "I need to get my backpack in the kitchen." When you reach the kitchen, you forgot what you came there for. As you return to your bedroom, you suddenly remember, "Backpack!" This sudden recall is best explained by ___

Context effects

Procedure that establishes new responses to stimuli that trigger unwanted behaviors.

Counterconditioning

our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age

Crystallized Intelligence

The enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted form one generation to the next.

Culture

Many clinicians diagnose disorders by using criteria listed in the ____________.

DSM-5

After breaking up with his girlfriend, Hughbert came down with a severe respiratory infection. His illness may have been caused to a large extent by a(n) _________ in his bodys production of __________.

Decrease; lymphocytes

Masked bandits might be more likely than unmasked bandits to physically injure their victims due to

Deindividuation

The loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity

Deindividuation

In transmitting sensory information to the brain, an electrical signal travels from the ___ of a single neuron

Dendrites to the cell body to the axon

Hughbert was feeling depressed at the time he read a chapter of his history textbook. Hughbert is likely to recall best the contests of that chapter when he is __________.

Depressed

Hughbert was feeling depressed at the time when he read a chapter of his history textbook. Hughbert is likely to recall best the contents of that chapter when he is ___

Depressed

Because it is so pervasive, ________ is often considered "the common cold" of psychological disorders.

Depression

selective-serotonin-reuptake-inhibitors are frequently prescribed for the treatment of _______________.

Depression

Dr. McHughbertson believes in the importance of the unconscious and in the personality structures of the id, ego, and superego. She doubts sexual conflict shapes personality and focuses on the role of social interaction in personality development. Dr. Mc. Hughbertson is most likely a(n) ___________.

Neo-Freudian

The immaturity of an infant's nervous system is best demonstrated by its limited

Neural networks

The formerly used term, dementia, has a new name to be more specific and accurate. The new term is _______________.

Neurocognitive Disorder

Hughbertha decided on her career path after seeing two of her grandparents experience Alzheimers disease. Because she now works in the diagnosis and treatment of Alzheimers's disease, she must be considered a(n) _____________.

Neuropsychologist

In response to a harmful stimulus, ___ initiate neural impulses leading to the senation of pain

Nociceptors

Describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes; most scores fall near the mean and fewer scores lie near the extremes.

Normal Curve

The distribution of intelligence test scores in the general population forms a bell shaped pattern, This pattern is called a _________.

Normal curve

Understood rules for accepted and expected behavior

Norms

In the hypothesis "students who study a list of terms in the morning, just after waking up, will recall more terms than students who study the list just before falling asleep," what is the dependent variable?

Number of terms remembered

In the context of debates regarding the origins of knowledge, Aristotle is to _____________ as Plato is to ______________.

Nurture;Nature

Compton's daughter, Hannah, was highly distressed when her favorite stuffed animal (Ti Ti) was lost and could not be found. Even though Hannah could not see Ti Ti, she knew that he was "somewhere" This suggests that Hannah had developed a sense of ____________.

Object permanence

After one chimpanzee sees a second chimp open a box that contains a food reward, the first animal opens a similar box with great speed. This best illustrates ___

Observational learning

The billionaire aviator Howard Hughes insisted that his assistants carry out elaborate hand-washing rituals and wear white gloves when handling any document he would later touch. His behavior best illustrated the symptoms of ______________.

Obsessive-compulsive disorder

Portion of the cerebral cortex that receives information from the visual fields

Occipital Lobes

To assess reactions to a proposed tuition hike at her college, Hughbertha sent a question to every fifteenth person in the college registrars alphabetical listing of all currently enrolled students. Hughbertha empolyed the technique of ___________.

Random Sampling

To study the effects of noise on worker productivity, researchers have one group of subjects work in a noisy room and a second group work in a quiet room. To ensure that any differences in the productivity of the two groups actually result from the different noise levels to which the groups are exposed, the researchers would use ________________.

Random assignment

The confrontational cognitive therapy, developed by Albert Ellis, in which therapists challenge people's illogical statements is known as __________.

Rational emotive behavior therapy

Hughbert has been smoking since he was 15 years old. His doctor tells hi that he needs to quit for his health. Hughbert tells the doctor, "Look, smoking is the only bad thing I do, and besides, you have to die of something."This best illustrates the use of a defense mechanism known as __________.

Rationalization

Spontaneous recovers refers to the ___

Reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response

Fill-in-the-blank test questions measure ___; matching concepts with their definitions measures ___

Recall; recognition

The function of dendrites is to

Receive incoming signals from other neurons

Hughbertaki's optimism is both a contributor to and a product of his successful career accomplishments. This best illustrates ____________.

Reciprocal determinism

An expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them

Reciprocity norm

A brief resting pause after a neuron has fired

Refractory Period

When people's symptoms of psychological distress are at their worst, whatever they do to try to alleviate the condition is likely to be followed by improvement rather than further deterioration. This is best explained in terms of __________.

Regression toward the mean

The perception that one is worse off than those with whom one compares oneself.

Relative deprivation

Hughberette completed the Computer Programming Aptitude Test when she applied for a position with Beta Electronics. Six months later, she took the same test when she applied for a position with another company. The fact that her scores were almost identical on the two occasions suggests that the test has a high degree of ______________.

Reliability

Stress inoculation training focuses on helping people to ___________.

Replace negative self talk with more positive comments

Hughberette was skeptical about the accuracy of recently reported research on sleep deprivation. Which process would best enable her to assess the reliability of these findings.

Replication

In Atkinson and Shiffrin's three-stage memory processing model we record information in which order?

Sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory

As a door opens, it casts an increasingly trapezoidal shape on our retinas; however, we still perceive it as rectangular. Which of the following best explains this phenomenon?

Shape constancy

Five-year-old Hughbertha is emotionally disturbed and refuses to communicate with anyone. To get her to speak, her teacher initially gives her candy for any utterance, then only for a clearly spoken word, and finally only for a complete sentence. The teacher is using the method of ___

Shaping

After Hughbertina gave her friend the password to a protected web site, the friend was able to remember it only long enough to type it into the password box. In this instance, the password was clearly stored in her _________ memory.

Short term

After Hughbertina gave her friend the password to a protected web site, the friend was able to rememeber it only long enough to type it into the password box. In this instance, the password was clearly stored in her ___ memory

Short-term

Who would be most likely to emphasize the role of the unconscious in affecting behavior?

Sigmund Freud

An exhausted forest ranger may notice the faintest scent of a forest fire, whereas much stronger but less important odors fail to catch her attention. This fact would be of great relevance to ___

Signal detection theory

No matter how long and hard Hughbertina studies, she always feels she hasn't studied as much as she should have. A Freudian psychologist would suggest that Hughbertina shows signs of a _____________.

Strong Superego

An early school of through promoted by Wundt and Titchener that sought to reveal the basic elements of the mind

Structuralism

Professor McHubertson noticed that the distribution of students' scores on her last biology test had an extemely small standard deviation. This indicates that the _____________.

Students' scores tended to be very similar to one another

Research has demonstrated that intelligence test scores of identical twins reared together are virtually similar as those of the same person taking the same test twice. This evidence ________________.

Supports the genetic contribution to intelligence

A researcher interested in proving a casual relationship between two variables should choose which research method?

Survey

When Compton thought he was about to be attacked by a black bear, his heartbeat accelerated, his blood pressure rose, and he began to perspire heavily. Compton's state of arousal was activated by his ____ nervous system

Sympathetic

A European visitor to the United States asked a taxi driver, "Can you please a ride to the airport me give?" This visitor has apparently not yet mastered the ________ of the English language.

Syntax

Portion of the cerebral cortex lying roughly above the ears; includes auditory areas

Temporal Lobes

Enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply re reading information

Testing Effect

Which brain structure relays information from the eyes to the visual cortex?

Thalamus

Noticing that his heart was pounding and that his palms were sweaty while he was taking a difficult test, Hughbertaki concluded that he was "anxious." Noticing that his heart was pounding and that his palms were sweaty when an attractive lady asked him to dance, Hughbertaki concluded that he was "falling in love." The differing emotions experienced by Harley can best be explained by ____________.

Two factor theory

A caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude that may help clients develop self-awareness and self-acceptance.

Unconditional positive regard

In Aldous Huxley's Brave New World, infants develop a fear of books after books are repeatedly presented with a loud noise. In this fictional example, the loud noise is a(n) ___

Unconditioned stimulus

Charles Darwin believed that behaviors, such as emotional expressions associated with human rage, could be explained by natural selection. which early psychologist would be most likely to agree with Darwin's assessment?

William James

The early school of psychology known as functionalism was developed by __________

William James

In a group of five individuals, two report annual incomes of $10,000, and the other three report incomes of $14,000, $15,000, and $31,000, respectively. The mode of this group's distribution of annual incomes is

$10,000

Which of the following persons is most clearly acting aggressively?

A child who tries to hit another child with a rock

A schizoid personality is most likely to be characterized by _________.

A detachment form social relationships.

An experimenter plans to condition a dog to salivate to a light by pairing the light with food. The dog will learn to salivate to the light most quickly if the experimenter presents the light ___

A half-second before the food

Psychoanalysts are most likely to view patient transference as ___________.

A helpful aid to the process of therapy

Professor McHughbertson explains that the need for physical safety must be met before city dwellers will be motivated to form close friendships with fellow citizens. Professor McHughbertson is providing an example of ___________.

A hierarchy of motives

Professor Hughberowski suggests that because people are especially attracted to those who are good-looking, handsome men will become more successful than average-looking men in getting a job. The professors prediction regarding employment success is an example of _______________.

A hypothesis

In the mid- 1900's, Dr. Freeman treated patients by inserting a medical instrument through his patients' eye sockets as part of a treatment known as _____________.

A lobotomy

Motivation is defined by psychologists as ____________.

A need or desire that energizes and directs behavior toward a goal

A disorder marked by extreme inattention and/or hyperactivity and impulsivity.

ADHD

Fluid intelligence refers most directly to a person's ___________.

Ability to reason speedily and abstractly

Although Hughbert was sitting right next to his parents, he smelled a skunk minutes before they did. Apparently, Hughbert has a lower ___ for skunk odor than his parents have.

Absolute threshold

Adapting our current schemas to incorporate new information.

Accommodation

Designed to measure what a person has learned

Achievement Test

The depolarization of a neural membrane can create a(n) ____

Action Potential

In the years immediately following the introduction of school desegregation in the United States and the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, white Americans expressed diminishing racial prejudice. According to the text author, this best illustrated the impact of ___

Actions on attitudes

our tendency to form judgements (of sounds, of lights, of income) relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experience

Adaptation level phenomenon

The WAIS was designed for testing _______________ intelligence, whereas the WISC was designed for testing _________________ intelligence.

Adults; children's

What are the molecules that are similar enough to a neurotransmitter to bind to its receptor sites on a dendrite and mimic that neurotransmitter's effects called?

Agonists

Anxiety about being in places or situations from which escape might be difficult is indicative of _________________.

Agoraphobia

fear or avoidance of situations, such as crowds or wide open places, where one has felt loss of control and panic

Agoraphobia

The three successive phases of the general adaptation syndrome are ____________.

Alarm reaction, resistance, and exhaustion

Which neo-Freudian theorist emphasized that personality development is strongly influenced by feelings of inferiority?

Alfred Adler

Indiana University biologist that surveyed Americans about their sexuality, which led to the studies by Masters and Johnson on the human sexual response cycle.

Alfred Kinsey

Pure science that aims to increase the foundation of scientific knowledge

Basic research

Terman and others observed that children with IQ scores over 135 are likely to ______________.

Be academically successful

Hughbert is the only juror to favor acquittal on a murder trial. To influence the majority, he should ___

Be self-confident and consistent in expressing his viewpoint

Psychoanalytic techniques are designed primarily to hep patients _________.

Become aware of their repressed conflicts and impulses

Hughberette suggested that her nail biting might be a symptom of unconscious resentment toward her parents. Her therapist chuckled and said, "No, Hughberette, your problem isn't unconscious hostility; your problem is nail biting." Hughberette's therapist sounds most like a ___________ therapist.

Behavior

Contemporary psychology is best defined as the scientific study of ________

Behavior and mental processes

The tendency of our actions to influence our own and others' thoughts, feelings, and actions.

Behavior feedback effect

Mrs. Hughbertson believes that her son has become an excellent student because she consistently uses praise and affection to stimulate his learning efforts. Her belief best illustrates a ______________ perspective.

Behavioral

The interdisciplinary field that integrates and applies behavioral and medical knowledge to health an disease is ____________.

Behavioral medicine

The three components of prejudice are ___

Beliefs, emotions, and predispositions to action

Consumption of excessive quantities of food in a brief period of time, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt.

Binge-Eating disorder

In a class lecture, Professor Hughbertowski emphasized the extent to which abnormal blood chemistry can contribute to psychological disorders. the professors lecture highlighted a perspective on psychological disorders.

Biological

prescribed medications or procedures that act directly on the person's nervous system

Biomedical therapy

Depression is an illness that may be related to chemical imbalances in the brain, illogical thinking, and impaired social skills. Such an integrated explanation best illustrates the __________.

Biopsychological approach

After several weeks of feeling apathetic and dissatisfied with his life, Hughbie has suddenly become extremely cheerful and so talkative he can't be interrupted. He seems to need less sleep and becomes irritated when his friends tell him to slow down. Hughbie's behavior is indicative of

Bipolar disorder

Trait theorists are more concerned with ________ personality than with ________ it.

Describing; Explaining

Which theorist emphasized that an individual's personal growth is promoted by interactions with others who are genuine, accepting, and empathic?

Carl Rogers

Researcher that discovered an area of the brain that allows us to understand language

Carl Wernicke

By dividing broad concepts into increasingly smaller and detailed subgroupings, we create ________.

Category hierarchies

The "little brain" that coordinates movement output and balance

Cerebellum

A Skinner box is a(n) ___

Chamber containing a level or lighten disk that an animal can manipulate in order to obtain a reward

While a man provided directions to a construction worker, to experimenters rudely interrupted by passing between them carrying a door. The student's failure to notice that the construction worker was replaced by a different person during this interruption illustrates ___

Change blindness

Who would have been most enthusiastic about the value of a single intelligence test score as an index of an individuals mental capacities?

Charles Spearman

Solomon Asch asked people to identify which of three comparison lines was identical to a standard line. His research was designed to study ___

Conformity

A factor other than the factor being studied that might influence a study's results.

Confounding Variable

Glancing at the television in the next room in hopes of seeing the beginning of the 7:00 evening news is likely to be reinforced on a ___ schedule.

Fixed-interval

Coffee shops that reward customers with one free cup of coffee after every ten coffee purchases are using a ________ reinforcement schedule.

Fixed-ratio

Exceptionally clear memories of emotionally significant events are called ___

Flashbulb memories

Exceptionally clear memories of emotionally significant events are called ______________.

Flashbulb memories

Psychological tests show that 18 year old Hughbert has an intelligence score of 65. Nevertheless, Hughbert can, with a few seconds of mental calculation, accurately tell the day of the week on which Christmas falls for any year in this century. It would be fair to conclude that _______________.

Hughbert is a person with savant syndrome

Who is likely to be the most popular student in the fifth-grade class?

Hughbert, who is the tallest boy in the class

Xanax would most likely be prescribed in order to help ___________.

Hughbertaki overcome feelings of nervous apprehension and inability to relax

Every day as she walks to school, Hughbertina passes a mural painted on the side of a building. However, when asked, she says she does not remember ever seeing it. Which of the following is the best explanation for this occurrence?

Hughbertina has not paid attention to the incoming information so it was not encoded into long term memory

Every day as she walks to school, Hughbertina passed a mural painted on the side of a building. However, when asked, she says she does not remember ever seeing it. Which of the following is the best explanation for this occurrence?

Hughbertina has not paid attention to the incoming information so it was not encoded into long-term memory

Of the following, who best illustrates Sternberg's concept of analytical intelligence?

Hughbie, a fifth grader who solves complicated mathematical problems in record time.

Hughbertha's therapist says little during their sessions and never makes an recommendations about what Hughbertha ought to do. What kind of therapy does hughbertha's therapist most likely practice?

Humanistic

Prior to his use of free association, Freud had encouraged patients to retrieve their forgotten memories by means of _________, but rejected this practice due to lack of reliability.

Hypnosis

Hunger controls are located within the brain's ____________.

Hypothalamus

Momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli that lasts only 0.3 seconds.

Iconic memory

Momentary sensory memory or visual stimuli that lasts only 0.3 seconds

Iconic memory

The similarity between intelligence scores of fraternal twins reared together is ____________.

Less than that between identical twins reared apart

Mr. McHughbertson's excessive feelings of helplessness and despondency are periodically interrupted by episodes in which he experiences extreme feelings of personal power and a grandiose optimism about his future. Which drug would most likely be prescribed to alleviate his symptoms?

Lithium

A psychosurgical procedure that cuts the nerves connecting the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling areas of the brain.

Lobotomy

The increase in synaptic firing potential that contributes to memory formation is known as _______.

Long term potentation

The increase in synaptic firing potential that contributes to memory formation is known as ___

Long-term potentiation

Hughberette tells everyone how important she is. She constantly seeks compliments from others and feels that she should be regarded as special, while she thats others without empathy. Her maladaptive patterns of behavior are consistent with ___________ personality disorder.

Narcissistic

The principle that inherited traits that better enable an organism to survive and reproduce will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations.

Natural Selection

Efforts to discover whether the intelligence of children is more heavily influenced by their biology or by their home environments are most directly relevant to the debate regarding _______________.

Nature versus Nurture

Hughbetaki, a stockbroker, runs two miles every day after work because it reduces his level of stress. Hughbertaki's running habit is maintained by a(n) ___ reinforcer

Negative

The last time you came home after your curfew, your parents grounded you for the next two weekends. Ever since then you have been careful to come home on time. The change in your behavior is best explained by ___

Negative Punishment

After Hughberette flirted with someone else at the party, her boyfriend stopped talking to her. Hughberette didn't flirt with other people at the next party. Her behavior was modified by ___

Negative punishment

Revoking the driver's license of a reckless driver is intended to serve as a ___

Negative punishment

Which of the following is true of negative reinforcement and punishment?

Negative reinforcers increase the rate of operant responding; punishments decrease the rate of operant responding

If psychologist discovered that wealthy people are less satisfied with their marriages than poor people are, this would indicate that wealth and marital satisfaction are _______________.

Negatively correlated

Three-year-old Hughbie, who lives in Alaska where moose roam freely, has learned the schema for moose. When his family visits his cousin Hughbertha on a horse farm, Hughbie modifies his schema for large, shaggy animals to include horses. This process is called _______________.

accommodation

Hughbert is a college freshman who seems more interested in partying with friends than studying, even though he is in danger of failing out of school. Freud would suggest that Hughbert's focus on present pleasures rather than on future success reveals _____________.

an id-dominated person

Noam Chomsky has emphasized that the acquisition of language by children is facilitated by _____________.

an inborn readiness to learn grammatical rules

The inability to form new memories

anterograde amnesia

Carl Jung referred to a shared reservoir of memory traces from our species history as the _____________.

collective unconscious

If a road test for a driver's license adequately samples the tasks a driver routinely faces, the test is said to have ______.

content validity

Walking into your bedroom you think, "I need to get my backpack in the kitchen." When you reach the kitchen, you forget what you came there for. As you return to your bedroom, you suddenly remember, "Backpack!" This sudden recall is best explained by ___________.

context effects

Psychiatrists and psychologists label behavior as disordered when it is ______________.

deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional

Whorf's linguistic determinism hypothesis emphasizes that ____________.

words shape the way people think

During the course of successful prenatal development, a human organism begins as a(n) __________

zygote and finally develops into a fetus.

The psychologist who would be least likely to participate in devising ways to improve teaching and learning in a classroom would be a(n) _____________ psychologist.

experimental

Systematic desensitization is a form of ________.

exposure therapy

Newborns have been observed to show the greatest visual interest in a __________.

facelike image

The most universally understood way of expressing emotion is through _________.

facial expressions

Some people are unable to arrange six matches to form four equilateral triangles because they fail to consider a three-dimensional arrangement. This best illustrates the effects of ________ on problem solving.

fixation

One difference between psychoanalytic and cognitive modes of treatment is that cognitive therapists ____________.

focus on the present

The subfield of psychology that provides psychology's contribution to the prevention and treatment of illness is known as _______.

health psychology

A researcher who administers a personality test to the same children every three years as they progress through school is conducting a(n) __________ study.

longitudinal

Ancel Keys and his colleagues observed that men on a semistarvation diet ______________.

lost interest in sex and social activities.

Aerobic exercise programs during late adulthood stimulate improvement in ___________.

memory

In the early 1960s, the cognitive revolution in psychology involved a renewal of interest in the scientific study of _________________

mental processes.

Current research on cognitive development indicates that ___________.

mental skills develop earlier than Piaget believed

Food deprivation is to ________ as hunger is to ________.

need; drive

Internal push is to external pull as ________ is to ________.

need; incentive

Hughberta is so fearful of taking tests for her AP courses that she experiences mild anxiety when registering for an AP course, intense anxiety when studying for a test, and extreme anxiety when answering actual test questions. Her greatest fear however is experienced while waiting for a teacher to hand out tests. During the process of systematically desensitizing her test anxiety, the therapist is likely to ask hughberta first to imagine ____________.

registering for an AP course

Which of the following best accounts for people's greater fear of commercial air flights than of driving an automobile?

perceived control

Using DSM-5 guidelines, two different clinicians are likely to give a specific patient the same diagnosis. This indicates that the DSM-5 is ____________.

reliable

_____________ intelligence is often required for everyday tasks, which are frequently ill defined and with multiple solutions.

practical

Hughbert more quickly recognizes that a blue jay is a bird than that a penguin is a bird because a blue jay more closely resembles his _________ of a bird.

prototype

Christmas is to holiday as ________ is to ________.

prototype;category

Emotionally charged confiding interaction between a trained therapist and someone who suffers from psychological difficulties.

psychotherapy

In looking at the relationship between hunger and conditions of the stomach, researchers have discovered that ___________.

rats whose stomachs are removed continue to eat regularly.

Ego is to id as ________ is to ________.

reality principle; pleasure principle

Fill-in-the-blank test questions measure ________; matching concepts with their definitions measures ________.

recall; recognition

The French government commissioned Binet to develop an intelligence test that would ________.

reduce the need to rely on teachers' subjectively biased judgments of students' learning potential

The "we" aspect of our self-concept; the part of our answer to "Who am I?" that comes from our group memberships.

social identiy

A mental set is a _______.

tendency to approach a problem in a way that has been successful in the past

A mental set is a _____________.

tendency to approach a problem in a way that has been successful in the past

In the hypothesis "Students who study a list of terms in the morning, just after waking up, will recall more terms than students who study the list just before falling asleep," what is the independent variable?

time of day

Nerve cells in the brain's visual cortex that respond to specific components of the stimulus, such as shape, angle, or movement

Feature detectors

Peoples tendency to offer assistance when they are in a pleasant emotional state.

Feel good do good phenomenon

Freud emphasized that unresolved childhood conflicts often lead to ____________.

Fixation

Frequent flyer programs that provide a free flight after a passenger has flown a specific number of miles flown is being reinforced on a ___ schedule of reinforcement

Fixed ratio

Researcher that studied the bystander effect

John Darley

Wolves that were tempted into eating sheep carcasses laced with poison develop an aversion to sheep meat. Which of the following provided the initial evidence leading to this practice?

John Garcia's studies on the importance of biological predispositions in conditioning

Which philosopher is most well-known for theorizing that the mind at birth is tabula rasa to a "blank slate"

John Locke

A synapse is a(n) ___

Junction between a sending neuron and a receiving neuron.

If rats are allowed to wander through a complicated maze, they will subsequently run the maze with few errors when a food reward is placed at the end. Their good performance demonstrates

Latent learning

Bullying younger children earns Hughbert the attention and respect of many classmates. As a result, his bullying behavior increases. This most clearly suggests that his aggression is a(n) ___

Learned response

Conditioning is the process of ___

Learning associations

John B. Watson emphasized that ___

Learning should be explained without any reference to mental processes

As people experience positive emotions, an increase in brain activity is most evident in the ________.

Left frontal lobe

Compared with rods, cones are ___

Less sensitive to dim light and more sensitive to fine detail

The fear of unfamiliar people that infants commonly begin to display at about 8 months of age.

Stranger Anxiety

During the Central High school basketball game, the starting five players scored 11, 7, 21, 14, and 7 points , respectively. For this distribution of scores the range is _________________.

14

Hughbie has a mild intellectual disability. He has achieved the equivalent of a fifth grade education and will soon begin vocational training so that he can earn a living. hughbie's intelligence score is most likely between ______________.

50 and 70

The word "chimps" contains ________ phoneme(s) and _______ morpheme(s).

5;2

Five year old Hughbertaki has an IQ of 120 on the original version of the Stanford Binet. His mental age is _________________.

6

About ________ percent of WAIS scores fall between 85 and 115.

68

If scores on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) are normally distributed, with a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 15, what percentage of scores will fall between 85 and 115?

68

If the just-noticeable difference for a 10-ounce weight i 1 ounce, the just noticeable difference for an 80-ounce weight would be ___ ounce(s)

8

During the past year, Hughbert and Hughberina each read 2 books, but Hughbie read 9, Hughbertha read 12, and Hughberette read 25. the median number of books read by these individuals was ____________.

9

About ____________ percent of WAIS scores fall between 70 and 130

95

It would be reasonable to suggest that the Flynn effect is due in part to __________.

?

Then year old Hughbertina scores as well as most twelve year olds on the original version of the Stanford Binet. Her IQ is _____________.

?

If a test is standardized, this means that _________.

A persons test performance can be compared with that of a representative pretested group

According to your textbook and your notes, learning involved ___

A relatively permanent change in behavior due to experiences

Compton offers his class the option of 3 or 10 extra credit points. He explains that if most of the class asks for only 3 points, then they will all get the extra credit they asked for, but if most of the class asks for 10 points, then no one will earn any extra credit. Most of the students, hoping to gain more themselves and not thinking of the collective well-being of the class, ask for 10 points and the whole class gets nothing. The class is demonstrating ___

A social trap

IN which of the following situations would you perform best with lower levels of arousal?

A task that you find difficult

Which neural center in the limbic system plays a central role in emotions such as aggression and fear?

Amygdala

Using the mnemonic ROY G. BIV to remember the colors of the rainbow in the order of wavelength illustrates the use of ___

An acronym

Using the mnemonic ROY G. BIV to remember the colors of the rainbow in the order of wavelength illustrates the use of ______________.

An acronym

A chess-playing computer program that routinely calculates all possible outcomes of all possible game moves best illustrates problem solving by means of ____________.

An algorithm

Noam Chomsky has emphasized that the acquisition of language by children is facilitated by ________.

An inborn readiness to learn gammatical rules

At age 12, Hughberina is happy, self-reliant, and has a positive self image. It is most likely that Hughberina's parents are _______________

Authoritative

A disorder in which a person maintains a starvation diet despite being significantly underweight.

Anorexia Nervosa

Molecules that are similar enough to a neurotransmitter to bind to its receptor sites on a dendrite and block that neurotransmitter's effects are called what?

Antagonists

The inability to form new memories

Anterograde amnesia

Hughbertina's doctor prescribes medication that blocks the activity of dopamine in her nervous system. Evidently, Hughbertina is being treated with a(n) ___________ drug.

Antipsychotic

The distinctive older term psychopath refers to an individual with ________________.

Antisocial personality disorder

Marvin happens to wear a red shirt when he takes a test he expects to fail. Surprisingly, he does well on the test, so he wears the red shirt every time he takes a test. Which of the following explains Marvin's superstitious behavior?

Any behavior that is accidentally reinforced is more likely to be repeated

Hughbertaki has just taken the SAT test and his score will be used by universities to predict his likelihood of success in college. Therefore, one could reasonably claim that the SAT is being used a(n) ____________ test.

Aptitude

Achievement tests are designed to ___________.

Assess learned knowledge or skills

Interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas

Assimilation

Prejudice is an _____; discrimination is a _______

Attitude; behavior

"I don't care whether you want to do the dishes, you will do so because I said so!" This statement is most representative of a(n) ___________ parenting style.

Authoritarian

Part of the nervous system that controls the glands and muscles of the internal organs, such as the heart

Autonomic Nervous System

Association of an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol)

Aversive conditioning

Tho counterconditioning techniques for replacing unwanted responses include __________.

Aversive conditioning and exposure therapy

Which of the following is most clearly supported by research on social attraction?

Birds of a feather flock together

The Oedipus complex is the term used by Freud to describe ___________.

Boys' feelings of guilt and fear of punishment over their sexual desire for their mother

The oldest part of the brain; responsible for automatic survival functions

Brainstem

The amplitude of electromagnetic waves determines the ___ of light

Brightness

Consumption of excessive quantities of food in a brief period of time, followed by inappropriate weight-loss promoting behavior, such as vomiting, laxative use, or fasting

Bulimia Nervosa

Mr. Hughbertson claims that his special psychic powers enable him to perceive exactly where the body of a recent murder victim is secretly buried. Mr. Hughbertson is claiming to possess the power of ___

Clairvoyance

Dr. Hughbertson hypothesized that students in a classroom seating 30 would get higher course grades than students seated in an auditorium seating 300. In this example, ___________________.

Classroom size has been operationally defined

As a psychotherapist, Dr. Hughbertson does not analyze people's motives or diagnose the nature of their difficulties because he believes that they are in the best position to diagnose and solve their own problems. Dr. Hughberson s position is most characteristic of _____________ therapy

Client-oriented

Therapists' perceptions of the effectiveness of psychotherapy are likely to be misleading because ________.

Clients typically emphasize their problems at the start of therapy and their well-being at the end of therapy

Working in a community mental health center, Hughbert treats adults who suffer from severe depression. Hughbert is most likely a(n) __________ psychologist.

Clinical

After Hughbie dropped a pass in an important football game, he became depressed and vowed to quit the team because of his athletic incompetence. The campus psychologist challenged his illogical reasoning and pointed out that Hughbie's "incompetence" had earned him an athletic scholarship. The psychologist's response was most typical of a _________ therapist.

Cognitive

Dr. Hughbertaki believes that the way students organize and think about the information in their textbooks will strongly influence their ability to later remember and use what they have studied. Dr. Hughbertaki's ideas most directly exemplify the __________ perspective.

Cognitive

A popular therapy that focuses on changing self defeating thinking and on changing the actions of patients.

Cognitive Behavior therapy

Feeling responsible for behavior that violates our conscience is most likely to contribute to ___

Cognitive dissonance

Studies of latent learning highlight the importance of

Cognitive processes

Several years after his wife's death, Mr. Hughbertaki remains incapacitated by feelings of guilt and sadness. To reduce Mr. Hughbertaki depression, a therapist is actively encouraging him to stop blaming himself for not being able to prevent his wife's death. The therapist's approach is most representative of

Cognitive therapy

The original IQ formula would be LEAST appropriate for representing the intelligence test performance of _____.

College students

The affectionate attachment that keeps a relationship going after passionate feelings cool is known as ___

Companionate love

Hughbertha, who is attractive and likable, has just telephoned Hughbert and asked him for a date. According to the two-factor theory of emotion, Hughbert is likely to experience the most intense romantic feelings for Hughbertha during their telephone conversation if he has just ___

Completed a series of aerobic exercises

In Milgram's first study of obedience, the majority of "teachers" who were ordered to shock a "learner" ___

Complied fully and delivered the highest level of shock

Hughbie often goes back to check if he has locked the front door. He must go back and check 10 times, even though he knows the door is locked, before he can go to work. Hughbie's checking behavior is best identified as a(n) ___________.

Compulsion

Hughbertaki notices that his sausage is sliced into six pieces, whereas his brother's is sliced into nine pieces. He understands, however, that his brother's sausage is not actually any larger than his own. This indicates that Hughbertaki has by now reached the ________ stage of development.

Concrete operational

Because his football coach frequently yells at him for swearing, Hughbert now becomes anxious when he's near his coach. The coach is a(n) ________ for Hughbert's anxiety.

Conditioned stimulus

University students were asked to figure out the rule used to devise the three-number sequence 2-4-6. After generating sets of three numbers to learn whether their sets met the rule, they typically convinced themselves of the wrong rule. Their errors best illustrated the impact of _______.

Confirmation bias

Sensation is to ___ as perception is to ___

Detection; interpretation

Dr. Hughbertson conducts basic research on how children's moral thinking changes as they grow older. It is most likely that Dr. Hughbertson is a(n) __________________ psychologist.

Developmental

Damage to the hippocampus would result in ___

Difficulty in creating new memories

A correlation coefficient is a measure of the ___________.

Direction and strength of the relationship between two variables

Hughbertina is sexually aroused by the sight of her handsome boyfriend but not by the sight of her equally handsome brother. This best illustrates the value of ___

Discrimination

Even a top baseball player will sometimes strike out on an easy pitch. When this happens, his next action may be to throw his bat or kick the water cooler with all his might. Such behavior illustrates the defense mechanism known as ____________.

Displacement

Fritz Heider concluded that people tend to attribute others' behavior either to their ___

Dispositions or their situations

A sense of being separated from your body and watching yourself with a sense of detachment is a symptom of _____________.

Dissociation

Hughbert's family members are quite unhappy with his behavior. There have been instances when he behaves violently and talks in a different voice, saying his name is Super Hughber. However, the next moment he behaves normally, as though nothing happened. Which his family members tell him how he behaved, he denies any awareness of this bad behavior. It is likely that Hughbert is experiencing

Dissociative Identity Disorder

It has been suggested that the desperate efforts of traumatized victims to detach themselves from the experience of severe and prolonged abuse may contribute to ____________.

Dissociative identity disorder

Schizophrenia is associated with an excess of receptors for __________.

Dopamine

Schizophrenia is most closely linked with excess receptor activity for the neurotransmitter ___

Dopamine

Cognitive impairment caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21

Down Syndrome

Which theory most clearly emphasizes the importance of homeostasis in motivation?

Drive-reduction theory

The biomedical treatment most widely used today is _________.

Drug Therapy

A treatment for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetizes patient.

ECT

____________ is a better predictor than __ when it comes to subjective well being and career success than.

EG; IQ

Which of the following is the correct sequence of structures that sound waves pass through on the way to the auditory nerve?

Eardrum, hammer, anvil, stirrup, cochlea

Which pioneering researcher made extensive use of nonsense syllables in the study of human memory?

Ebbinghaus

uses a variety of techniques from various forms of therapy.

Eclectic approach

Who used the method of introspection to scientifically identify basic elements of mind?

Edward Titchener

To remember the information presented in her psychology textbook, Hughberette often relates it to her own life experiences. Hughberette's strategy is an example of ___

Elaborative rehearsal

To remember the information presented in her psychology textbook, Hughberette often relates it to her own life experiences. Hughberette's strategy is an effective memory aid because it facilitates

Elaborative rehersal

Classical conditioning is to ___ behavior as operant conditioning is to ___ behavior

Elicited; emitted

After about 10-14, a fertilized egg cell attaches to the uterine wall. What is the developing human called at this point in development?

Embryo

Humanistic therapists are most likely to ____________.

Emphasize the importance of self awareness for psychological adjustment

The inability to remember how Lincoln's head appears on a penny is most likely due to a failure in ___

Encoding

The inability to remember how Lincoln's head appears on a penny is most likely due to a failure in __________.

Encoding

Opiate drugs occupy the same receptor sites as ___

Endorphins

the study of environmental influences on gene expression that occur without a DNA change

Epigenetics

The human capacity for storing long-term memories is ___

Essentially unlimited

The human capacity for storing long-term memories is _____________.

Essentially unlimited

Sex hormones that contribute to female sex characteristics and are secreted in greater amounts by females than by males.

Estrogens

According to Milgram, the most fundamental lesson to be learned from his study of obedience is that ___

Even ordinary people, who are not usually hostile, can become agents of destruction

After performing a meta-analysis of some 475 psychotherapy outcome studies, Smith and her colleagues reported in 1980 that individuals who receive therapy have better outcomes than 80% of individuals that do not receive therapy. This research shows __________.

Evidence supporting the efficacy of psychotherapy

Which perspective highlights the reproductive advantages of inherited psychological traits?

Evolutionary

Hughbie spends much of his time studying the behavior of rats who are learning to turn mazes in his lab on campus, as well as teaching courses at the university. Because of his focus on the basic behaviors of animals, Hughbie is considered to be a(n) ___________ psychologist.

Experimental

The ability to learn how to do something new without any conscious memory of having learned it suggests the need to distinguish between ___

Explicit and implicit memory

The ability to learn how to do something new without any conscious memory of having learned it suggests the need to distinguish between ________________.

Explicit memory and implicit memory

systematic desensitization is a form of _______, which is a type of _________.

Exposure therapy; behavior therapy

To break the vicious cycle of depression, the social-cognitive perspective suggests that people should be encouraged to explain their failures in terms that are both ___________.

External and temporary

Statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items on a test.

Factor analysis

Which of the following is a statistical procedure that allows researchers to identify clusters of correlated test items that tap basic components of personality, such as outgoingness, talkativeness, and sociability that reflect extraversion.

Factor analysis

The tendency for initial compliance with a small request to facilitate subsequent compliance with a larger request is known as the ___

Foot-in-the-door phenomenon

Fourteen year old Hughbertha was asked, "What would happen if everyone in the world suddenly went blind?" She responded, "Those who had previously been blind would become leaders." Hughberthas answer indicates she is in the __________ stage of development.

Formal operational

Consumers are more likely to choose a snack that is said to be healthy when informed that it is 95 percent non-fat than when told it is 5 percent fat. This best illustrates the impact of __________.

Framing

In 1848, Phineas Gage, a railroad construction foreman, survived when an explosion drove an iron rod through his head. The once friendly, soft-spoken Gage became irritable and dishonest. Gage's case provided evidence that which region of the brain plays a role in personality and behavior?

Frontal Lobes

Established the first formal U.S. psychology labratory at Johns Hopkins University

G. Stanley Hall

An undersupply of the major inhibitory neurotransmitter known as ________ is linked to seizures

GABA

The characteristics of savant syndrome have been used to support ____________.

Gardner's argument for multiple intelligence.

Those who define intelligence as academic aptitude are most likely to criticize ___________.

Gardner's concept of multiple intelligence's.

Of the following individuals, who is most likely to benefit from therapeutic drugs that block receptor sites for dopamine?

Hughberina, who hears imaginary voices telling her she will soon be killed

After receiving a painful shot from a female nurse in a white uniform, 3-year-old Hughberette experiences fear of any woman wearing a white dress. Hughberette's reaction best illustrates ___

Generalization

Hughberta, a third-grade teacher, frequently suffers from slight dizziness, heart palpitations, muscular tension, and fatigue. She is also continually agitated and unable to relax outside of the classroom, but she cannot pinpoint a reason for her problems. Her behavior is most indicative of a(n) ____________.

Generalized anxiety disorder

An organized whole, constructed by integrating pieces of information into something meaningful

Gestalt

Cells in the nervous system that support, protect, and nourish neurons

Glial Cells

Hughie, Hughberette, Hughbertha, and Hughbertina each think that Ms. Hughbertson may be a slightly better teacher than Mr. Hughbertaki. After discussing why each of them believes this to be so, they all conclude that Ms. Hughbertson is definitely a much better teacher than Mr. Hughbertaki. This episode provides an example of ___

Group polarization

The NASA executive who made the final decision to launch the space shuttle Challenger was shielded from information and dissenting views that might have led to a delay of the tragic launch. This best illustrates the dangers of ___

Groupthink

Scientist and philosopher that studied the minimum stimulation necessary to detect stimuli

Gustav Fechner

Decreasing responsiveness with repeated exposure to a stimulus

Habituation

Schizophrenia is most likely to be treated with ____________.

Haldol

Humanistic psychologists focused on the importance of ______________.

Healthy growth potential

Neural structure that directs several maintenance activities, helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion and reward

Hippothalamus

Three benefits attributed to all psychotherapies are __________.

Hope, a new perspective, and a caring relatioship

Chemical messengers that are manufactured by the endocrine glands, ravel through the bloodstream, and affect other tissues

Hormones

The simultaneous stimulation of adjacent cold and warmth spots on the skin produces the sensation of ___

Hot

Research on the relationship between aversive events and aggression indicated that ___

Hot temperatures often lead people to react to provocations with greater hostility

Frequency theory best explains ___, while place theory best explains ___

How we perceive low-pitched sounds; how we perceive high-pitched sounds

Hughbertiva is convinced that her occasional headaches are caused by a malignant brain tumor. Although several physicians have assured her that she has no serious physicals problem, Hughbertiva continues to seek medical attention for a brain tumor. Her behavior provides an example of _______________.

Illness anxiety disorder

Perceiving a relationship where none exists

Illusory Correlation

The macrophage and lymphocytes are major agents of the __________.

Immune system

Cerebellum is to ___ memory as hippocampus is to ___ memory

Implicit; explicit

On the telephone, Hughbert rattles off a list of 10 grocery items for Hughbertaki to bring home from the store. Immediately after hearing the list, Hughbertaki attempts to write down the items. He is most likely to forger the items _____________.

In the middle of the list

On the telephone, Hughbert rattles off a list of 10 grocery items for Hughbertaki to bring home from the store. Immediately after hearing the list, Hughbertaki attempts to write down the items. He most most likely to forget the items ___

In the middle of the list

The smell of chocolate chip cookies draws you into the kitchen to eat some. Which theory best explains your motivation?

Incentive

Which an organism's weight falls below its set point, the organism is likely to experience a(n) ________ hunger and a(n) ____________ its basal metabolic rate.

Increase in; decrease in

When someone is angry, their respiration, heart rate, and sweating increase. The same responses are also seen when someone is afraid. Walter Cannon suggested that such findings brought which theory into question?

James Lange

Which psychologist was most influential in shaping our understanding of cognitive development?

Jean Piaget

What is the primary limitation of the case study research method?

Individual cases can be misleading and result in false generalizations.

Dr. Hughberezza develops tests to accurately identify the most qualified job applicants in a large manufacturing firm. which psychological specialty does Dr. Hughberezza's work best represent?

Industrial-orginizational psychology

Accepting others' opinions about reality is to ___ as the desire to gain approval is to ___

Informational social influence; normative social influence

Which of the following defines ethical principles that should guide human experimentation?

Informed consent, protection from harm, confidentiality, debriefing

Six-year-old Hughbie believes that boys are better than girls, while 5-year-old Hughberette believes that girls are better than boys. Their beliefs most clearly illustrate ___

Ingroup bias

Instead of happily exploring the attractive toys located in the pediatrician's waiting room, little Hughbertha tenaciously clings to her mother's skirt. Hughbertha most clearly shows signs of _______.

Insecure attachment

Which of the following behaviors is typically reinforced on a variable-ratio schedule?

Inserting coins into a slot machine

Professor Kohler observed chimpanzees discover a novel way to reach a banana hung out of their reach. This scenario is most likely an example of which type of learning?

Insight learning

The tendency of learned behavior to gradually revert to biologically predisposed patterns

Instinctive drift

Indicated by an IQ score of 70 or below and difficulty adapting to the demands of life.

Intellectual Disability

The perception that we control our own fate

Internal locus of control

The peripheral nervous system is to sensory neurons as the central nervous system is to ___

Interneurons

Which of the following are located exclusively within the brain and spinal cord?

Interneurons

A brief variation of psychodynamic therapy that has been effective in treating depression is known as __________.

Interpersonal Psychotherapy

A condition present at birth due to unusual combinations fo chromosomes, hormones, and anatomy; possessing sexual characteristics of both sexes.

Intersex

Using rewards to bribe people to engage in an activity they already enjoy is most likely to inhibit

Intrinsic motivation

Contemporary psychologists are most likely to reject which of the following as appropriate for the study of psychology.

Introspection

In Wilhelm Wundt's experiments, participants were asked to press a key as soon as they were consciously aware of perceiving a sound. By asking participants to examine and report their conscious experiences, Wundt was making use of which of the following?

Introspection

In contrast to our explicit conscious reasoning, our seemingly effortless and automatic feelings or thoughts are called ________.

Intuitions

The amount of light entering the eye is regulated by the ___

Iris

Which of the following is true of adolescence in contemporary industrialized societies as compared with previous centuries?

It begins earlier in life and ends later in life

How does the presence of observers affect a person's performance?

It improves performance on easy tasks and hinders a person's performance on difficult tasks

Hughbie, a high school junior, is on both the track and golf teams. How will a high level of physiological arousal affect his running the 100-meter dash and his accuracy in making long putts in a golf tournament.

It will enhance his running and enhance his putting.

Russian psychologist who accidentally discovered an important learning process in psychology.

Ivan Pavlov

The researcher most closely associated with the study of classical conditioning is ___

Ivan Pavlov

Hughbertha's mother told her, "you know you are in love when your heart beats fast and you experience that unique trembling feeling inside." This remark best illustrates the _______ theory of emotion.

James Lange

who would have been most likely to ignore mental processes and to define psychology as "the scientific stud of observable behavior"?

John B. Watson

In terms of neurotransmitter levels, depression is associated with _________.

Low norepinephrine levels and low serotonin levels.

The best way to detect enlarged fluid-filled brain regions in some patients who have schizophrenia is to use a(n) ___

MRI

For the last month, Hughbertaki has felt lethargic and has been unable to get our of bed in the morning. He has withdrawn from friends and family because he feels worthless and unlovable. Hughbertaki is most likely suffering from _________.

Major depressive disorder

During the earliest stage of speech development, infants __________.

Make some speech sounds that do not occur in their parents native language

A hyperactive, wildly optimistic state in which dangerously poor judgment is common.

Mania

Hughbie reported that he had a dream in which he was chased by a large dog. According to Freud, Hughbie's account represents the ________ content of his dream.

Manifest

For you to be able to run, ___ must relay messages from your central nervous system to your leg muscles

Motor neurons

Which psychologist was the first woman to receive a Ph.d. in psychology after Harvard University declined to give Mary Calkins the Ph.D.?

Margaret Washburn

Hughbert, the youngest child of a high school athletic director, was able to roll over at 3 months, crawl at 6 months, and walk at 12 months. This ordered sequence of motor development was largely due to _________

Maturation

Your life would be most immediately threatened if you suffered destruction of the ____

Medulla

For the original version of the Stanford binet, IQ was defined as ___________.

Mental age divided by chronological age and multiplied by 100

In its early years, psychology focused on the study of ________, but from the 1920s into the 1960s, American psychologists emphasized the study of ________.

Mental life; Observable behavior

An empathic husband who sees his wife in pain will exhibit some of the same brain activity she is showing. This best illustrates the functioning of ___

Mirror neurons

Mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive

Mirror-image perceptions

Albert Bandura researched aggression in children by showing some children a video of an adult beating a Bobo doll in novel ways. Based upon those research findings, one could conclude that parents who discipline their children with beatings are often teaching aggression through the process of ___

Modeling

In their classic nine-year study, Friedman and Rosenman reported that, compared with Type A men, Type B men were ___________.

More susceptible to heart attacks

In the words "lightly," "neatly," and "shortly," the "ly" ending is a(n) __________.

Morpheme

When the release of ACh is blocked, the result is ___

Muscular paralysis

Clients' perceptions of the effectiveness of psychotherapy are often misleading because clients _____________.

Often need to convince themselves that they didn't waste their money on therapy

Because Hughbie was spanked on several occasions for biting electric cords, he no longer does so. Highbie's behavior change best illustrates the value of ___

Operant conditioning

Mr. Hughbertowski, a fifth grade teacher, give a blue plastic star to each student who achieves a high score on a math or spelling test. At the end of the semester, students can exchange their stars for prizes. Mr. Hughbertowski's classroom strategy illustrates an application of _________.

Operant conditioning

Two years ago, the de Hughberleone Manufacturing Company included its employees in a profit-sharing plan in which workers receive semi-annual bonuses based on the company's profits. Since this plan was initiated, worker productivity at de Hughberleone has nearly doubled. This productivity increase is best explained in terms of

Operant conditioning

A learned association between a response and a stimulus is to ___ as a learned association between two stimuli is to ___

Operant conditioning; classical conditioning

Deliberate social exclusion of individuals or groups

Ostracism

In one experiment, college men were injected with epinephrine before spending time with either a joyful or an irritated person. The results of this experiment support the idea that ______________.

Our experience of emotion depends on how we interpret the body's arousal.

Although Hughbert was certain that he answered between 70 and 80 items correctly on his AP Biology test, he actually was right on only 55 items. Hughbert's misjudgment of his test performance illustrates ___________.

Overconfidence

When provided with the unscrambled solution to anagrams, people underestimate the difficulty of solving the anagrams by themselves. This best illustrates __________________.

Overconfidence

According to Freud, our gender identity develops most rapidly during the ________ stage.

Phallic

Which of the following disorders is characterized by the most sudden and unpredictable episodes of distress?

Panic disorder

Simultaneously perceiving the color, motion, and form of a bird in flight illustrates ___

Parallel processing

Parents should not take too much blame for the failures and shortcomings of their children because

Parental behavior is only one of the many factors that influences children's behavior

Which lobes of the brain receive the input that enables you to feel someone scratching your back?

Parietal

Portion of the cerebral cortex that receives sensory input for touch and body position

Parietal Lobes

Freud believed that personality forms as children _____________.

Pass through a series of psychosexual stages

which of the following best accounts for people's greater fear of commercial air flights than of driving an automobile?

Perceived control

Although he was wearing a pair of glasses that shifted the apparent location of objects 20 degrees to his right, Hughbie was still able to play tennis very effectively. This best illustrates the value of ___

Perceptual adaptation

The sensory and motor neurons that connect the brain to the rest of the body

Peripheral Nervous System

Occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker's attractiveness

Peripheral route persuasion

Hughberette enjoys socializing with friends and talking with them on her cell phone. Hughbertha prefers quiet times by herself when she can reflect on her own thoughts. The characteristics of Hughberette and Hughbertha indicate that each has a distinctive _____________.

Personality

Studies an individuals characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling and acting.

Personality Psychology

A dispositional attribution is to ___ as a situational attribution is to ___

Personality traits; assigned roles

The nineteenth-century theory that bumps on the skull reveal a person's abilities and traits is called ___

Phrenology

Which is the most influential of the endocrine glands?

Pituitary

The capacity of one brain area to take over the functions of another damaged brain area is known as brain ___

Plasticity

Resting potential is to action potential as ___ is to ___

Polarization; depolarization

In order to learn about the political attitudes of all students enrolled at Arizona State University, Professor Hughbertaki randomly selected 800 of these students to complete a questionnaire. In this instance, all the students enrolled at Arizona State University are considered to be a(n) _______________.

Population

A young child who is spanked after running into the street learns not to repeat this behavior. In this case, the spanking is a ___

Positive punishment

Which of the following is true of positive and negative reinforcers?

Positive reinforcers increase the rate of operant responding; negative reinforcers increase the rate of operant responding

Brain size (adjusted for body size) is ________ correlated with intelligence. The speed of taking in perceptual information is ________ correlated with intelligence.

Positively; negatively

Two years after being brutally beaten and raped, Hughberette still experiences jumpy anxiety and has trouble sleeping and vivid flashbacks of her assault. Hughberette is most clearly showing signs of ________________.

Post-traumatic stress disorder

Despite huge legal costs and social disapproval, Mr. McHughbertson refuses to pay income taxes because his conscience will not allow him to support a government that spends billions of dollars on military weapons. Mr. McHughbersons' reasoning best illustrates Kohlberg's ________ stage.

Postconventional

Which of the following is NOT considered to be one of the Howard Gardner's multiple intelligence?

Practical

Hughbert disapproves of stealing jelly beans from his sister's Easter basket because he thinks his mother will spank him if he does. Hughbert best represents a ___________ morality.

Preconventional

Infant monkeys raised with a nourishing wire mother and a nonnourishing cloth mother ___________.

Preferred the non-nourishing cloth mother

A biological predisposition to learn associations, such as between taste and nausea, that have survival value

Preparedness

Positive symptoms of schizophrenia are the ____________ of inappropriate behaviors, and negative symptoms are the ____________ of appropriate behaviors.

Presense; absence

A group of disorders marked by irrational ideas, distorted perceptions, and a loss of contact with reality.

Psychotic Disorders

Placing participants into experimental and control groups by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between the different groups.

Random Assignment

IN Atkinson and Shiffin's three stage memory processing model we record information in which order?

Sensory memory, Short term memory, Long term memory

Professor McHughbertson has so many memories of former students that she has difficulty remembering the names of new students. The professor's difficulty best illustrates ___

Proactive interference

Professor McHughbertson has so many memories of former students that she has difficulty remembering the names of new students. The professor's difficulty best illustrates ___________.

Proactive interference

Attempting to alleviate stress directly by changing the stressor or the way we interact with that stressor

Problem-focused coping

Mrs. Hughbertowski often accuses other women of talking too much and spreading rumors. It is rather obvious to those who know her that she is revealing her own inclinations in that area, making this an example of the defense mechanism known as ____________.

Projection

The specialist most likely to have a medical degree is a(n)

Psychiatrist

Branch of psychology that studies how unconscious drives and conflicts influence behavior and uses that information to treat people with psychology disorders.

Psychodynamic Psychology

A football player was tackled hard during a very physical game, but he did not feel any pain until the post-game celebration party. Which of the following best explains this phenomenon?

Psychological factors, such as distraction, can diminish pain sensation

The study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes combine to affect our immune system and health is called

Psychoneuroimmunology

Studies the effects of drugs on mind and behavior

Psychopharmacology

During a session with his psychoanalyst, Hughberetta hesitates while describing a highly embarrassing thought. In the psychoanalytic framework, this is an example of ________.

Resistance

Which region of the brain plays a significant role in our sense of alertness and arousal?

Reticular Formation

Which of the following is a binocular cue for the perception of distance?

Retinal disparity

Words, events, places, and emotions that trigger our memory of the past are called ___

Retrieval cues

Words, events, places, and emotions that trigger our memory of the past are called ______________.

Retrieval cues

Prozac, a drug commonly prescribed to treat depression, prevents the sending neuron from taking in excess seretonin. Which process does this drug prevent from taking place?

Reuptake

Phillip Zimbardo devised a simulated prison and randomly assigned college students to serve as prisoners or guards. This study best illustrated the impact of ___

Role-playing on attitudes

Hughberette's home was broken into and many items were taken. After the break in , Hughberette was afraid to be at home alone and so installed a new alarm system. Abraham Maslow would suggest that Hughberette is trying to satisfy her _________.

Safety needs

A framework that offers children temporary support as they develop higher levels of thinking.

Scaffold

Following 9/11, some outraged people lashed out at innocent Arab-Americans. This venting of hostility can best be explained in terms of ___

Scapegoat theory

Mr. McHughberson, a 25-year-old auto mechanic, things he is Napoleon. He further believes he is being imprisoned against his will in the mental hospital where his relatives have brought him for treatment. Mr. McHughberson is most likely suffering from _____________________.

Schizophrenia

Money is to food as ___ is to ___

Secondary reinforcer; primary reinforcer

All our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, "Who am I?"

Self-concept

Memory of facts and general knowledge

Semantic memory

Memory of facts and general knowledge.

Semantic memory

Which of the following represents the correct order of Piaget's stages of development?

Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational

Prolonged exposure to loud sounds causes damage to receptor cells in the inner ear or to the auditory nerve

Sensorineural Hearing Loss

The McGurk Effect best illustrates ___

Sensory interaction

People are more vulnerable to obesity if they experience ___________.

Sleep deprivation

It is springtime and the pollen from the flowers causes you to sneeze. Soon you are sneezing at the mere sight of a flower... real or fake. In this instance, the conditioned response is ___

Sneezing at the sight of a flower... real or fake

Dr. Hughberette conducts basic research on the impact of racial prejudice on behavior. Dr. Hughberette is most likely a(n) __________ psychologist.

Social

Hughbertowski has an incapacitating and highly distressing fear about being embarrassed in presence of others and often avoids interacting with anyone that he does not know well. Hughbertowski's symptoms are most characteristic of ______________-.

Social anxiety disorder

The culturally preferred timing of events such as marriage, parenthood and retirement.

Social clock

Prejudice is most likely to develop as a way of justifying ___

Social inequalities

Hughberta hates to do group projects with Hughbert because she ends up doing much more of the work than he does. Hughbert is engaging in ___

Social loafing

A significant danger of media violence is that impressionable viewers are subsequently more likely to enact the ___ provided by the media

Social scripts

Dr. Hughbertovich has concluded that the unusually low incidence of alcohol dependence among citizens of a small African country can be attributed to strong fundamentalist religious influences in that region. This belief best illustrates a(n) _________ perspective.

Social-cultural

An expectation that people will help those who depend on them is known as the ___

Social-responsibility norm

Surgical simulation of the somatosensory cortex might result in the false sensation of____

Someone tickling you

Evidence that people can develop an emotional preference for stimuli to which they have been unknowingly exposed has convinced Robert Zajonc that _______.

Sometimes emotions precede cognition

Tendency for distributed study to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study

Spacing effect

The tendency for distributed study to yield better long-term retention than massed study

Spacing effect

What is the purpose of the myelin sheath?

Speed up the transmission of information within a neuron

overestimating others' noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders

Spotlight effect

Co-creator of the Two-Factor theory of emotion.

Stanley Schacter

A group of Asian women, who were reminded of the belief that Asians are good at math, performed better on a difficult mathematics test than a comparable group of Asian women who were reminded of the belief that women are bad at math. This best illustrates the impact of ___________________.

Stereotype threat

Deceloped the triarchic theory of intelligence that proposes three kinds of intelligence

Sternberg

The process of retaining encoded information over time

Storage

the process of retaining encoded information over time

Storage

Hughberette came home late. As she reached to turn on the kitchen light, her hand brushes up against something unexpected. Her adrenal glands, as part of the "fight-or-flight" response, released epinephrine and norepinephrine, which increased her heart rate and blood pressure. Even after she realized it was just the curtain, her excited feelings lingered. This example illustrates ___

That endocrine messages tend to outlast the effects of neural messages

In Milgram's obedience experiments, "teachers" were MOST likely to deliver high levels of shcok when

The "learner" was placed in a different room from the "teacher"

In Milgram's obedience experiments, "teachers" were LEAST likely to deliver the highest levels of shock when ___

The "teachers" observed other participants refuse to obey the experimenter's orders

B.F. Skinner's work elaborated what E.L. Thorndike had called ___

The Law of Effect

Which of the following does a PET scan best allow researchers to examine?

The activity of various brain regions by monitoring glucose usage

Both the inseparability of mind and body and the interaction of nature and nurture are most clearly emphasized by __________.

The biopsychosocial approach

When 12-year-old Hughbertina saw an old man lying on the sidewalk, she prepared to offer help. But when she noticed several adults walk past the man, she concluded that the man did not need any help. Her reaction most clearly illustrates one of the dynamics involved in ___

The bystander effect

To understand the unusual behavior of an adult client, Hughbert (a clinical psychologist) carefully investigates the clients current life situation and his physical, social-cultural, and educational history. Which survey method has the Psychologist used?

The case study

Humans experience the longest visible electromagnetic waves as ___

The color red and the shortest visible waves as blue-violet

One group of ocean voyagers is given a new but untested pill for seasickness and a second group is given an inactive pill. Neither the voyagers nor the experimental researchers know which group has received the new pill. In this experiment, the investigators are making use of _______.

The double blind procedure

Both the researchers and the participants in a memory study are ignorant about which participants have actually received a potentially memory-enhancing drug and which have received a placebo. This investigation involves the use of ______________.

The double-blind procedure

Hughbert and Hughbie tried to buy tickets to see their favorite band, but were unable to do so because the show sold out by the time they filled in the online form. Hughbert throws his laptop onto the floor in anger. The best explanation for why he does this is ___

The frustration-aggression principle

A tendency to overestimate the extent to which a stranger's violent behavior stems from his or her aggressive personality best illustrates ___

The fundamental attribution error

Which of the following offers the best explanation for infantile amnesia?

The hippocampus is one of the last brain structures to mature

Which fo the following offers the best explanation for infantile amnesia?

The hippocampus is one of the last brain structures to mature.

The importance of environmental influences on intelligence is provided by evidence that __________.

The intellectual development of neglected children in impoverished environments is often delayed

Hughbertaki does not feel any obligation to help the homeless people he sees each morning on the way to the subway. He assumes it is their fault that they are homeless and they must have done something to deserve. Hughbertaki's assumptions represent ___

The just-world phenomenon

At one time, disordered people were simple warehoused in asylums. Asylums have been replaced with psychiatric hospitals, where attempts are made to diagnose and cure people suffering from psychological disorders. This best illustrates one of the beneficial consequences of _____________.

The medical model

After three months of riding the 8:30 bus to work, Hughbertina has actually started to feel affection for the gruff and scowling old bus driver. Hughbertina's reaction best illustrates

The mere exposure effect

After Hughbertha was verbally threatened by someone in a passing car, she was asked whether she recognized the man who was driving the car. Several hours later, Hughbertha mistakenly recalled that the driver was a male rather than a female. Hughberthas's experience best illustrates ________________.

The misinformation effect

After Hughbertha was verbally threatened by someone in a passing car, she was asked whether she recognized the man who was driving the car. Several hours later, Hughbertha mistakenly remembered that the driver was a male rather than a female. Hughbertha's experience best illustrates ___

The misinformation effect

The fact that people who are colorblind to red and green may still see yellow is most easily explained by ___

The opponent-process theory

The axons of ganglion cells converge to form ___

The optic nerve

Mr. Hughbertowski is a member of the faculty committee on academic standards at a local private school. He personally disagrees with the other committee members' proposed plan to begin accepting students with below-average grades. Mr. Hughbertowski is most likely, however, to vote in favor of their plan if ___

The other committee members are unanimous in their opinion

Memory is best defined as ___

The persistence of learning through the storage and retrieval of information

The healing power of positive expectations is best illustrated by

The placebo effect

Which of the following statements best represents contemporary thinking ion the nature-nurture issue?

The relationship between genetics and environment is interactive; each influences the other.

The tendency to conclude that a person who likes to read poetry is more likely to be a college professor of classics than a truck driver illustrates the use of __________.

The representativeness heuristic

According to the Young-Helmholtz theory, ___

The retina contains three kinds of color receptors

You are most likely to automatically encode information about ___

The sequence of your day's events

You are most likely to automatically encode information about ___________.

The sequence of your day's events

which research method would be most appropriate for investigating the relationship between the religious beliefs of Americans and their attitudes toward abortion.

The survey

an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events

Theory

In an experiment, children see a doll named Hughberta leave her ball in a red cupboard and go away. They then observe another doll, Hughberina move the ball to a different location. In asking children where Hughberta will look for the ball upon her return, the investigators are testing the children's _____________.

Theory of MInd

Research on the causes of schizophrenia strongly suggests that _________________.

There is a genetic predisposition to schizophrenia

Identified seven clusters of primary mental abilities

Thurstone

Our experiences, assumptions and expectations may give us a perceptual set that influences what we perceive. This is an example of ____

Top-down processing

A characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act certain ways.

Trait

Conversion of one form of energy into another

Transduction

A patient places emotions linked with other relationships onto the analyst.

Transference

The extent to which a test or experiment measures or predicts what it is supposed to.

Validity

The success with what a test forecasts the behavior is it designed to forecast.

Validity

Waiting for a sunny day to go to the beach will be reinforced on a ___ schedule or reinforcement

Variable interval

On the first day of class, Professor Hughbertowski tells her geography students that pop quizzes will be given at unpredictable times throughout the semester. Clearly, studying for Professor Hughbertowski's surprise quizzes will be reinforced on a ___ schedule

Variable-interval

A picture of a dog is briefly flashed in the left visual field of a split-brain patient. At the same time a picture of a boy is flashed in the right visual field. In identifying what she saw, the patient would be most likely to ___

Verbally report that she saw a boy

A conversion disorder is most likely to be characterized by ______________.

Very extreme physical symptoms that have no apparent physiological basis.

The area of the brain that receives information from the nose is directly connected with the limbic system. This connection may explain why smells are often involved in which of the following?

Vivid memories

The most widely used intelligence test; contains verbal and performance subtests

WAIS

The flight or flight response is to ______ as the general adaptation syndrome is to ___________.

Walter Cannon; Hans Selye

Compton was able to jerk his hand (yes, I said it) off of the hot stove surface before sensing any pain because this withdrawal reflex ___

Was activated by interneurons in her spinal cord

The first psychological laboratory was established by ___________

Wilhelm Wundt

Research on sex hormones and human sexual behavior indicates that ____________.

Womens sexual interests are somewhat influenced by the phases of their menstrual cycles.

While your Mom is lecturing you about cleaning your room, you lose concentration. Then, suddenly, you hear the significant words, "no car keys." When she asks, "Are you listening to me?" you are able to repeat the last few things she said before mentioning car keys. Which of the following best explains this phenomenon?

Words stored in echoic memory will last for 3 to 4 seconds, so you can still recall her words.

While your mo is lecturing you about cleaning your room , you lose concentration. Then, suddenly you hear the significant words, "no car keys." When she asks, "Are you listening to me?" you are able to repeat the last few things she said before mentioning car keys. Which of the following best explains this phenomenon?

Words stored in the echoic memory will last for 3 to 4 seconds, so you can still recall her words.

"The magical number seven, plus or minus two" refers to the storage capacity of ___ memory

Working

"The magical number seven, plus or minus two" refers to the storage capacity of _____________ memory.

Working

The integration of new incoming information with knowledge retrieved from long-term memory involves the activity of ___

Working memory

The integration of new incoming information with knowledge retrieved from long-term memory involves the activity of ___________.

Working memory

Kids choose peers who share their own attitudes and interests as their friends. This best illustrates _____________.

a selection effect

A need refers to ___________.

a physiological state that usually triggers motivational arousal

Generalized anxiety disorder is often accompanied by __________.

depression

Freud believed that ________ are the "royal road to the unconscious."

dreams

Marriage bonds are especially likely to endure when members of a couple ________.

engage in more positive than negative interactions with each other

During the early psychosexual stages, the id's psychic energy is focused on __________.

erogenous zones

Freud is to ____ as Rogers is to _______.

free association; active listening

During adolescence, maturation of the ________ lags behind maturation of the ________.

frontal lobe; limbic system

Infant novelty preferences have been discovered by assessing infants' ___________.

habituation

Seeing one-eyed monsters would be a(n) ________. Believing that you are Christopher Columbus would be a ________.

hallucination; delusion

In assessing a client's personal growth, Carl Rogers measured the correspondence between _______.

ideal self and actual self

Cerebellum is to ________ memory as hippocampus is to ________ memory.

implicit; explicit

Judicial systems are responsible for making decisions regarding _________________.

insanity

Mr. Hughbertaki believes that aggression is an unlearned behavior characteristic of all children. He obviously believes that aggression is a(n) ________.

instinct

The sort of problem solving that demonstrates "school smarts" is what researches have historically assessed in their tests of _____.

intelligence

According to Piaget, assimilation involves ____________.

interpreting new experiences in terms of one's current understanding

When a rat's blood sugar level decreases, the ____________ hypothalamus releases the hunger-triggering hormone _________.

lateral; orexin

After watching her sister's fearful response to the sight of a spider, Hughbertha became intensely fearful of spiders. This best illustrates that a specific phobia can be learned through __________.

observational learning

Obsessions are ______________.

offensive and unwanted thoughts that persistently preoccupy a person

At 17 months of age, Hughbertina says "wada" whenever she wants a drink of water. Hughbertina is most likely in the ___________ stage of language development.

one-word

The proper order of psychosexual stages of development is ____________.

oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital

Survivors of traumatic events, such as rape or attempted murder, are often haunted by persistent and vivid memories of this experience. This most clearly serves to challenge Freud's concept of __________.

repression

The use of heuristics rather than algorithms is most likely to ___________.

save time in arriving at solutions to problems

Female breasts are to ________ as male testes are to ________.

secondary sex characteristics; primary sex characteristics

A readiness to perceive oneself favorably.

self-serving bias

Your "weight thermostat"

set point

People who experience physical symptoms in the absence of any physical cause are said to be suffering from a __________ disorder.

somatic symptom

A teratogen is a(n) __________.

substance that can cross the placental barrier and harm an unborn child

Homeostasis, which is the goal of drive reduction, is defined as _____________.

the body's tendency to maintain a constant internal state.

Those who score above average on tests of mathematical aptitude are also likely to score above average on tests of verbal aptitude. According to Spearman, this best illustrates the importance of _____.

the g factor

Formulating testable hypotheses before conducting research is most directly useful for restraining a thinking error known as ____________.

the hindsight bias

Memory is best defined as ___________.

the persistence of learning through the storage and retrieval of information

In a complete sexual response cycle ________.

the plateau phase immediately precedes orgasm

An instinctive behavior is one that is ___________.

unlearned

A therapist who takes an eclectic approach is one who ___________.

uses a verity of psychological theories and therapeutic approaches